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insanity is a (n) _____ term legal |
legal |
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it is best to view abnormal behavior and normal behavior as discrete categories |
marking two ends of a continuum |
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which of the following perspectives on psychological disorders assumes that physiological causes are at the root of psychological disorders? medical perspective |
medical perspective |
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which perspective on psychological disorders primary argues that psychological disorders stem from childhood conflicts over opposing wishes regarding sex and aggression? sociocultural perspective |
psychoanalytic perspective |
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psychoanalytic treatment typically involves administering drugs to maintain hormonal balance |
examining early childhood experiences |
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the behavioral perspective on psychological disorders assumes that abnormal behaviors are genetic anomalies |
learned responses |
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the greatest strength of the behavioral perspective on psychological disorders is its emphasis on observable behavior |
emphasis on observable behavior |
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the cognitive perspective on psychological disorders assumes that abnormal behaviors are the result of vitamin deficiency |
maladaptive thoughts |
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a primary goal of treatment using the cognitive perspective on psychological disorders is to: explicitly teach new, more adaptive ways of thinking |
explicitly teach new, more adaptive ways of thinking |
|
the humanistic perspective on psychological disorders is associated with the work of sigmund freud |
abraham maslow |
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the humanistic perspective on psychological disorders emphasizes the responsibility people have for anomalies in their own behavior |
responsibility people have for anomalies in their own behavior |
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which perspective on psychological disorders assumes that people’s normal and abnormal behavior is shaped by factors such as poverty and prejudice? sociocultural perspective |
sociocultural perspective |
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according to the sociocultural perspective on psychological disorders, which of the following factors is viewed as a possible cause of abnormal behavior? genetic mutation |
poverty |
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which of the following perspectives on psychological disorders is correctly matched to its strength? behavioral; recognizes that people have rich inner lives |
cognitive; focuses on thoughts and beliefs, not just behaviors |
|
the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition removes the outdates term "mental retardation" with neurocognitive disorder |
intellectual disability |
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the feeling of apprehension and tension experienced in reaction to stressful situations is referred to as mania |
anxiety |
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which of the following is major types of anxiety disorder? phobic disorder |
phobic disorder |
|
intense, irrational fears of specific objects or situations are referred to as compulsions |
phobias |
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brett has an intense, irrational fear of needles and other sharp objects. brett is most likely to be diagnosed with manic disorder |
phobic disorder |
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social phobia is the fear of being suffocated in confined spaces |
judged or embarrassed by others |
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fear of places, such as unfamiliar or crowded spaces, where help might not be available in case of emergency is referred to as acrophobia |
agoraphobia |
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______ is a statistically based approach that observes what behaviors are rare or occur infrequently in a specific society or culture and labels those deviations from the norm "abnormal" abnormality as deviation from the average |
abnormality as deviation from the average |
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_____ refers to behavior considered abnormal if it produces a sense of distress, anxiety, or guilt in an individual or if it is harmful to others in some way abnormality as the inability to function effectively |
abnormality as a sense of personal discomfort |
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phobic disorders differ from generalized anxiety and panic disorders in that they are always preceded by a panic disorder |
there is a specific, identifiable stimulus that sets off the anxiety reaction |
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which of the following is a symptom if panic disorder a sense of impending, unavoidable doom |
a sense of impending, unavoidable doom |
|
thomas has been suffering from insomnia for the last two years. he has also been experiencing tension, headaches, and heart palpitations. his medical reports show that he is not suffering from any physiological or genetic disorder. thomas is most likely suffering from down’s syndrome |
generalized anxiety disorder |
|
an irresistible urge to repeatedly carry out some act that seems strange and unreasonable is referred to as mania |
compulsion |
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sam washes his hands very frequently. in spite of this he feels that his hands are not clean and that he might acquire a viral disease due to poor hygiene. given this information, we can conclude that sam has bipolar disorder |
obsessive-compulsive disorder |
|
posttraumatic stress disorder is classified as any anxiety disorder |
any anxiety disorder |
|
people with _____ typically re-experience a stressful event in vivid flashbacks or dreams agnosia |
posttraumatic stress disorder |
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which of the following is true of the causes of anxiety disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder? if one member of a pair of identical twins has a panic disorder, the other twin will not have it |
an overactive autonomic nervous system may be at the root of panic attacks |
|
increased levels of gray matter occur in the ____ in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder as compared to people without it amygdala |
thalamus |
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____ is a disorder in which people have a constant fear of illness and a preoccupation with their health akinesia |
hypochondriasis |
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paige has hypochondriasis. this means that she is faking physical symptoms to gain attention |
she misinterprets minor symptoms as evidence of serious illness |
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_____ are psychological dysfunctions characterized by the separation of different facets of a person’s personality that are normally integrated conversion disorders |
dissociative disorders |
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____ is a disorder in which a person displays characteristics of two or more distinct personalities bipolar disorder |
dissociative identity disorder |
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____ is a disorder in which a significant, selective memory loss occurs agnosia |
dissociative amnesia |
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_____ is a form of amnesia in which the individual leaves home and sometimes assumes a new identity anorexia |
dissociative fugue |
|
the common thread among dissociative disorders is that they allow people to escape from some anxiety-producing situation |
they allow people to escape from some anxiety-producing situation |
|
mood disorder refers to a form of amnesia in which the individual leaves home and assumes a new identity |
disturbance in emotional experience that is strong enough to intrude on everyday living |
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the term _____ is sometimes used to describe the lost memories of people with dissociative amnesia "free-floating" memories |
repressed memories |
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which of the following is true of major depression? it is abnormal to experience sadness after experiencing disappointment in life |
major depression may have no clear trigger and is more intense than normal depression |
|
____ is an extended state of intense, wild elation mania |
mania |
|
___ is a disorder in which a person typically alternates between periods of euphoric feelings of mania and periods of depression amnesia |
bipolar disorder |
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which of the following is true of mood disorders? mania refers to a severe state of depression |
bipolar disorder refers to a condition in which a person alternates between periods of depression and mania |
|
which of the following neurotransmitters plays a major role in depression? endorphins |
serotonin |
|
____ is a class of disorders in which severe distortion of reality occurs schizophrenia |
schizophrenia |
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which of the following occurs in schizophrenia? an extended sate of intense, wild elation |
a severe distortion of reality |
|
a characteristic that reliably distinguishes schizophrenia from other disorders is disturbances of thought and speech |
disturbances of thought and speech |
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which of the following statements is true of process schizophrenia? it is also known as type ii schizophrenia |
it has proved more difficult to treat than reactive schizophrenia |
|
in _______, negative symptoms are more prominent reactive schizophrenia |
type ii schizophrenia |
|
in ______, positive symptoms are dominant type ii schizophrenia |
type i schizophrenia |
|
which of the following brain abnormalities is associated with schizophrenia? reduce activity in the brain’s dopamine pathways |
abnormalities in limbic systems |
|
according to a massive study done on the prevalence of psychological disorders in the us, which of the following is the most common disorder reported? depression |
depression |
|
based on the study conducted with more than 8,000 men and women between the ages of 15 and 54 in the us, it was found that 48% of those interviewed had experienced a disorder at some point in their lives |
48% of those interviewed had experienced a disorder at some point in their lives |
|
____ is characterized by temperamental outbursts grossly out of proportion to the situation, both verbally and physically, in children between the ages of 6 and 18 disruptive mood dysregulation disorder |
disruptive mood dysregulation disorder |
|
____ is treatment in which a trained professional—a therapist—uses psychological techniques to help someone overcome psychological difficulties and disorders, resolve problems in living, or bring about personal growth phototherapy |
psychotherapy |
|
therapy that relies on drugs and other medical procedures to improve psychological functioning is referred to as phototherapy |
biomedical therapy |
|
today therapists use a (n) ___ approach to therapy, which means they use a variety of methods with an individual patient existential |
eclectic |
|
___ are professionals with a ph.d. or psy.d who have also completed a postgraduate internship. they specialize in assessment and treatment of psychological difficulties, providing psychotherapy and, in some us states, can prescribe drugs psychoanalysts |
clinical psychologists |
|
___ are professional with a ph.d. or ed. d who typically treat day-to-day adjustment problems, often in a university mental health clinic counseling psychologists |
counseling psychologists |
|
professionals with a master’s degree who provide therapy to individuals, couples, and families and who hold a national or state certification are called counseling psychologists |
licensed professional counselors |
|
professionals with a master’s degree and specialized training who may provide therapy, usual regarding common family and personal problems are called counseling psychologist |
psychiatric social workers |
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____ therapy seeks to bring unresolved past conflicts and unacceptable impulses from the unconscious into the conscious, where patients may deal with the problems more effectively cognitive |
psychodynamic |
|
psychodynamic therapy involves the consideration of unresolved past conflicts and unacceptable impulses |
the consideration of unresolved past conflicts and unacceptable impulses |
|
the most common defense mechanism is dissociation |
repression |
|
the surface description of a dream is called the ____ content latent |
manifest |
|
the underlying meaning of a dream which is the true unconscious meaning of the dream is called ____ content latent |
latent |
|
___ is an inability or unwillingness to discuss or reveal particular memories, thoughts, or motivations resistance |
resistance |
|
what is transference? the transfer of a learned response from one tsk to another similar task |
the transfer of strong feelings about parents or authority figures to a psychoanalyst |
|
why has psychodynamic therapy remained a viable approach to psychological treatment, despite criticism of it? it facilitates the development of deep insight into one’s life |
it facilitates the development of deep insight into one’s life |
|
____ treatment approaches make use of the basic processes of learning, such as reinforcement and extinction, and assume that normal and abnormal behavior are both learned cognitive |
behavioral |
|
____ is a form of therapy that reduces the frequency of undesired behavior by pairing an unpleasant stimulus with undesired behavior systematic desensitization |
aversive conditioning |
|
____ is a behavioral technique in which gradual exposure to an anxiety-producing stimulus is paired with relaxation to extinguish the response of anxiety systematic desensitization |
systematic desensitization |
|
a hierarchy of fears may be used in aversion conditioning |
systematic desensitization |
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which of the following terms most nearly captures the essence of unconditional positive regard? directional |
empathetic |
|
therapy in which people meet collectively with a therapist to discuss problems is specifically known as ____ therapy client-centered |
group |
|
alcoholics anonymous (aa) is an example of ___ therapy client-centered |
self-help |
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according to the text, the effectiveness of various approaches to therapy found that although success rates vary somewhat by treatment form, most treatments show that success rates range from about ____% greater success for treated compared with untreated individuals 15-20 |
75-80 |
|
according to the text, research shows that behavioral therapy is roughly ____% more effective than no treatment at all 15 |
70 |
|
approximately what percentage of us families includes a member who has taken an antianxiety drug? 10% |
50% |
|
which of the following is true of conformity? people working on ambiguous tasks and questions (those with no clear answer) are less susceptible to conformity |
subtle of even unspoken social pressure results in conformity |
|
____ refers to a change on behavior or attitudes brought about by a desire to follow the beliefs or standards of other people dissonance |
conformity |
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