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The hippocampus, the temporal lobes in the cerebral cortex, and other areas of the limbic system play a very important role in _____ memory. repressed implicit explicit sensory |
explicit |
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Information can last up to a lifetime in _____. sensory memory short-term memory long-term memory working memory |
long-term memory |
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According to, _____ repression’s main function is to protect the individual from threatening information. psychodynamic theory Atkinson-Shiffrin theory connectionism interference theory |
psychodynamic theory |
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According to Baddeley’s view of the three components of working memory, the _____ acts like a supervisor who monitors which information deserves our attention and which we should ignore. visuospatial working memory central executive phonological loop amygdala |
central executive |
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Attention, deep processing, elaboration, and the use of mental imagery are _____ processes. encoding storage retrieval chunking |
encoding |
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Your knowledge of the alphabet and multiplication tables is stored in your _____ memory. episodic semantic autobiographical implicit |
semantic |
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Retrieval is the process of _____. transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory bringing information to mind whenever needed storing information so that it can be retained over time detecting information from the world without receiving concrete sensory input. |
bringing information to mind whenever needed |
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Short-term memory has a _____ capacity than sensory memory and a _____ duration. more limited/longer less limited/longer larger/shorter more limited/shorter |
more limited/longer |
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In which subsystem of long-term memory is your knowledge of how to drive a car and how to ride a bike stored? Episodic memory Semantic memory Nondeclarative (implicit) memory Declarative (explicit) memory |
Nondeclarative (implicit) memory |
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A person’s knowledge about the world is known as _____ memory. episodic autobiographical procedural semantic |
semantic |
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Elsa is studying for her psychology exam with the TV on in the background. Research on the effects of divided attention suggests that watching TV while studying will _____ Elsa’s exam performance. slightly increase strongly increase decrease have no effect on |
decrease |
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_____ is a situation in which material that was learned later disrupts the retrieval of information that was learned earlier. Retroactive interference Motivated forgetting Transience Transference |
Retroactive interference |
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The locations of neural activity, called _____, are interconnected. scripts phonological loops chunks nodes |
nodes |
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Jillian was in a car accident and sustained a serious head trauma. Since the surgery, she has forgotten her name, career, and other vital information about herself. Yet, she is still able to talk, know what words mean, and have general knowledge about the world, such as what day it is or who currently is the president of the U.S. This behavior suggests that Jillian’s _____ is impaired, but her _____ is still functioning. episodic memory/semantic memory semantic memory/episodic memory sensory memory/long-term memory declarative memory/nondeclarative memory |
episodic memory/semantic memory |
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Aaron went to school one day with his zipper down. He considers it his most embarrassing moment ever and would rather forget that the event ever occurred. Aaron is exhibiting _____. emotional memory syndrome displacement memory decay motivated forgetting |
motivated forgetting |
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According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory of memory, memory storage involves which of the following three systems? Attentive memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory Sensory memory, selective memory, and long-term memory Sensory memory, selective memory, and exhaustive memory Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory |
Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory |
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The memory of emotionally significant events that people often recall with more accuracy and vivid imagery than everyday events is known as _____. precognition working memory procedural memory flashbulb memory |
flashbulb memory |
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_____ is the ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time. Divided attention Elaboration Multitasking Sustained attention |
Sustained attention |
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According to the serial position effect, if you are a waiter trying to remember all the orders for a table of 7, you should pay particular attention to the _____ orders, because these are the ones you are most likely to forget. first and second sixth and seventh third, fourth, and fifth first, third, and seventh |
third, fourth, and fifth |
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According to Baddeley, the _____ is specialized to briefly store speech-based information about the sounds of language. visuo-spatial sketchpad central executive phonological loop amygdala |
phonological loop |
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Cognitive psychologist Jonathan Schooler has suggested that the term recovered memories be replaced with the term discovered memories. Why? Individuals with "discovered" memories experience them as real, whether or not the memories are accurate. "Discovered" memories are more accurate and detailed than "recovered" memories. The term discovered memories avoids the negative connotations of the term recovered memories. Individuals with "discovered" memories realize that the memories may be inaccurate |
Individuals with "discovered" memories experience them as real, whether or not the memories are accurate. |
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Lucy sustained a brain injury in a car accident. Although Lucy’s memories of her life before the accident are intact, she is no longer able to form new, long-term memories. Every night when she goes to bed, her memories of what she had done that day are lost. Lucy suffers from _____. retrograde amnesia anterograde amnesia infantile amnesia displacement |
anterograde amnesia |
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Vince suffered serious brain injury to his cerebellum in a motorcycle accident. What effect will this have on Vince’s life? He probably won’t remember his name. He probably won’t remember how to ride his motorcycle. He probably won’t recognize his wife. He probably won’t remember where he lives. |
He probably won’t remember how to ride his motorcycle. |
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People very quickly adapt to the procedures and behaviors appropriate at a birthday party. General knowledge of what to expect and how to behave at a birthday is called a(n)_____. script implicit memory discovered memory working memory |
script |
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Multiple choice exams involve testing a student’s _____ abilities, whereas essay exams involve testing _____ abilities. episodic memory/semantic memory semantic memory/episodic memory recall/recognition recognition/recall |
recognition/recall |
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Which of the following occurs when material that was learned earlier disrupts the recall of material learned later? Elaboration Proactive interference Transference Motivated forgetting |
Proactive interference |
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An individual’s autobiographical memory forms the core of the individual’s _____. cognitive system emotional system personal identity brain |
personal identity |
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The connectionist view of memory _____. suggests that memories are large knowledge structures advocates that people forget not because memories are lost from storage but because other information gets in the way of what they want to remember proposes that memories are organized only to the extent that neurons, the connections among them, and their activity are organized states that memory storage involves three separate systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory |
Correct proposes that memories are organized only to the extent that neurons, the connections among them, and their activity are organized |
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Long-term potentiation is a concept that explains _____. how people can remember material for several months how memory functions at the neuron level how cannibalized worms can pass on skills they had learned to the cannibals why students should study exam material over a period of days instead of hours |
how memory functions at the neuron level |
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Samantha prides herself on "never forgetting a face," although she frequently cannot put the correct name with a specific "face." Samantha is really saying that she _____. is better at recognition than at recall is better at recall than at recognition is better at memory retrieval than at memory reconstruction is better at memory reconstruction than at memory recall |
is better at recognition than at recall |
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Proactive and retroactive interference are examples of _____. encoding failures storage failures retrieval failures brain damage |
retrieval failures |
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Elaine is writing a paper about reactions to the tragedy that occurred at the Twin Towers on September 11, 2001. She interviews ten of her classmates and asks them to remember that day. She is surprised to learn that nearly all of the students she interviewed offer very detailed, vivid accounts of where they were and what they were doing when they first learned of the terrorist attacks. Elaine has discovered that most of her classmates have _____ of September 11, 2001. a repressed memory a flashbulb memory implicit but not explicit memories extrasensory perception |
a flashbulb memory |
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When asked to memorize the 15 letters, C I A C B S A B C F B I I R S, Mary reorganizes them into CIA, CBS, ABC, FBI, and IRS. Mary used the tactic of _____. mental structuring visual structuring chunking cueing |
chunking |
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Working memory _____. has an unlimited capacity is the same as short-term memory is a passive memory system is an active memory system |
is an active memory system |
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Chunking involves _____. quickly scanning information for relevant details immediately forgetting relevant information using Miller’s framework for memory retrieval reorganizing information that exceeds the 7 plus or minus 2 rule into smaller meaningful units |
reorganizing information that exceeds the 7 plus or minus 2 rule into smaller meaningful units |
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When you are asked to recall your first day of kindergarten, you rely on _____, whereas when you are asked to recall the name of a person you just met a few seconds ago, you rely on _____. sensory memory/long-term memory long-term memory/short-term or working memory long-term memory/procedural memory semantic memory/long-term memory |
long-term memory/short-term or working memory |
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Which of the following involves being able to consciously recall information from the past and recite it? Sensory memory Short-term memory Declarative memory Nondeclarative memory |
Declarative memory |
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The _____ is the tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list more readily than those in the middle. halo effect ambiguity effect serial position effect framing effect |
serial position effect |
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According to _____, when we learn something new, a neurochemical memory trace forms, but over time this trace disintegrates. tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon decay theory interference theory psychodynamic theory |
decay theory |
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_____ states that memory storage involves three separate systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. The dual-code hypothesis Atkinson-Shiffrin theory Ebbinghaus’ curve of forgetting Parallel distributed processing (PDP) |
Atkinson-Shiffrin theory |
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_____ includes the systems involved in procedural memory, classical conditioning, and priming. Explicit memory Implicit memory Episodic memory Semantic memor |
Implicit memory |
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According to Baddeley’s view of the three components of working memory, which of the following contains two separate components: an acoustic code and rehearsal? Phonological loop Central executive Visuo-spatial sketchpad Amygdala |
Phonological loop |
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Janel was sexually abused by her uncle when she was 5 years old. This experience was so devastating and traumatic that she removed the memory from her conscious awareness. This is an example of a(n) _____. implicit memory schema repressed memory elaboration |
Correct repressed memory |
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According to research, which of the following is an effective elaboration technique? Thinking of physical characteristics Thinking of smells Thinking of self-references Thinking of sounds |
Thinking of self-references |
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Which of the following involves memory for skills? Semantic memory Working memory Procedural memory Schema |
Procedural memory |
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Priming is a phenomenon that has been found to result in _____. impaired explicit memory enhanced memory retrieval enhanced working memory impaired semantic memory |
enhanced memory retrieval |
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Multitasking is an example of _____. mental imagery divided attention priming rehearsal |
divided attention |
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According to decay theory, why do memories fade? There is a limited amount of storage available for long-term memories, so older memories must decay and make room for new memories. The cerebellum cannot hold on to information long-term. Synaptic connections become broken. A neurochemical "memory trace" disintegrates over time |
A neurochemical "memory trace" disintegrates over time. |
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George has just graduated from college and is going on his first big job interview. He has learned that there are 10 other applicants for the job. On account of information on the serial position effect that he learned in his psychology class, George asks to be either the first or the last candidate interviewed. Why? The serial position effect predicts that either the first or the last job applicant interviewed will be remembered better than the applicant interviewed second. The serial position effect predicts that the candidate interviewed in the "middle" position will be viewed less favorably than the other two applicants. Research has shown that the serial position effect is used often by management to arbitrarily hire job applicants. Research has shown that people interviewed either early or late in the day are evaluated most positively. |
The serial position effect predicts that either the first or the last job applicant interviewed will be remembered better than the applicant interviewed second. |
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An encoding failure occurs when _____. information fails to be stored into long-term memory newly learned information interferes with pre-existing knowledge pre-existing knowledge interferes with newly learned information the number of neural connections decreases over time |
information fails to be stored into long-term memory |
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Research has shown that individuals who are _____ tend to cope better with a variety of assaults to the brain, including Alzheimer disease, stroke, head injury, and even poisoning with neurotoxins. optimists and who go through life smiling and helping others to feel good about themselves physically fit, aggressive, competitive, and law-abiding educated, have high IQs, and remain mentally engaged in complex tasks physically attractive, physically fit, easy-going, and interested in reading and yoga |
educated, have high IQs, and remain mentally engaged in complex tasks |
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Asking an eyewitness to describe a suspect’s physical appearance to a sketch artist would be an example of a _____ task, whereas asking an eyewitness to identify a suspect on the basis of a lineup of five possible assailants is an example of a _____ task. recognition/recall recall/recognition rehearsal/elaboration chunking/rehearsal |
Correct recall/recognition |
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_____ involves retaining information over time. Learning Memory Priming Amnesia |
Memory |
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Having a better memory for items at the beginning of a list demonstrates the _____, whereas having a better memory for items at the end of a list demonstrates the _____. recency effect/primacy effect primacy effect/recency effect flashbulb memory effect/metamemory effect metamemory effect/flashbulb memory effect |
primacy effect/recency effect |
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A few years ago, Sally had a boyfriend named Steve. Now, she has a new boyfriend named Stephen. Due to _____, she sometimes calls Stephen by Steve’s name. retroactive interference the Ebbinghaus effect latent forgetting proactive interference |
proactive interference |
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_____ has to do with remembering who, what, where, when, and why. _____ has to do with remembering how. Semantic memory/episodic memory Episodic memory/semantic memory Implicit memory/explicit memory Explicit memory/implicit memory |
Explicit memory/implicit memory |
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A person suffering from retrograde amnesia will _____. lose past memories but be able to make new ones lose past memories and be unable to make new ones recall past memories but not be able to make new ones lose some past memories but have only the sporadic ability to make new memories |
lose past memories and be unable to make new ones |
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According to _____, memory for pictures is better than memory for words because pictures, at least those that can be named, are stored as both image codes and verbal codes. Ebbinghaus’ curve of forgetting Atkinson-Shiffrin theory the dual-code hypothesis parallel distributed processing (PDP) |
the dual-code hypothesis |
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Which of the following memory systems has a time frame of up to 30 seconds? Sensory memory Short-term memory Long-term memory Schemas |
Short-term memory |
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Although you had never been to the Fancy Foods Restaurant in your town, you weren’t at all surprised when the hostess seated you, handed you the menu, and informed you that your server would soon be there to take your order. Shortly after, a man in a tuxedo came to your table. You knew exactly what was going to happen because you _____. are a certified psychic have a script for what happens in a restaurant have been to similar Fancy Foods Restaurants in other towns have a friend who works there |
have a script for what happens in a restaurant |
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Recollections of John’s first family vacation to Disneyland are part of John’s _____. implicit memory nondeclarative memory episodic memory procedural memory |
episodic memory |
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Although _____ is rich and detailed, we lose the information in it quickly unless we use certain strategies that transfer it into other memory systems. sensory memory selective memory long-term memory declarative memory |
sensory memory |
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Which of the following structures of memory is autobiographical? Sensory memory Implicit memory Nondeclarative memory Episodic memory |
Correct Episodic memory |
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Shannon is an excellent student. She rewrites her class notes after each class. Rewriting her notes is a form of _____. rehearsal priming chunking imagery |
rehearsal |
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_____ refers to the formation of a number of different connections around a stimulus at any given level of memory encoding. Imagery Elaboration Divided attention Sustained attention |
Elaboration |
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The cerebellum and _____ play an important role in implicit memory. cerebral cortex frontal lobes corpus callosum hypothalamus |
cerebral cortex |
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Motivated forgetting and repressed memories are usually associated with what type of memories? Factual information from studying Traumatic memories Sensory memories Flashbulb memory |
Traumatic memories |
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You are taking both a Spanish and a French course this semester. As you study the vocabulary words for your French test, you realize that the French words are disrupting the memory of the Spanish vocabulary words you studied last week. This is an example of _____. retroactive interference proactive interference transience transference |
retroactive interference |
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If all of the information on the hard drive of your computer is like long-term memory, then _____, like RAM, is comparable to what you actually have open and active at any given moment. semantic memory working memory declarative memory procedural memory |
working memory |
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