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Which of the following is true of ventromedial hypothalamus? |
When this area is destroyed, the animal eats profusely and quickly becomes obese. |
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Males experience a refractory period during the _____ phase of the human sexual response pattern. |
resolution |
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Alyssa just won the lottery. According to the concept of the hedonic treadmill _____. |
Alyssa will experience a short-term high from her win but her happiness will eventually return back to its "set point" |
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Studies demonstrating the facial feedback hypothesis provide support for the _____. |
James-Lange theory of emotion |
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_____ stems from the desire to do something in order to obtain rewards or avoid punishment from the social environment, whereas _____ stems from internal factors such as organismic needs. |
Extrinsic motivation/intrinsic motivation |
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In humans, _____ concentrations have been linked with weight, body fat, and weight loss in response to dieting |
leptin |
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Ray played basketball all of his life because he loved the sport. He became so good that he was given the opportunity to play professionally, and eventually he signed a very lucrative contract. After that contract ran out, the team offered him slightly more money, but he decided that it was not enough and that he wanted to quit. Which of the following best explains Ray’s behavior from a motivational perspective? |
Extrinsic motivation has replaced Ray’s intrinsic motivation to play basketball. |
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Which of the following brain structures plays a central role in the experience of fear? |
The amygdala |
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According to self-determination theory, competence motivation involves _____. |
self-efficacy and mastery |
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According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs must be met first? |
Physiological needs |
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Don places a great deal of value on money, prestige, and his physical appearance. According to your textbook, compared to someone who values the organismic needs, Don will be more likely to experience _____. lowered self-actualization and physical illness higher well-being but less physical illness higher well-being but less self-esteem less physical illness and well-being |
lowered self-actualization and physical illness |
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Which of the following statements about gender differences in sexual attitudes and behavior is false? Men think about sex more often than women do. Men show more changes in their sexual patterns and desires over their lifetime than women do. Men view more pornography Men have more permissive attitudes toward casual premarital sex. |
Men show more changes in their sexual patterns and desires over their lifetime than women do. |
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According to drive reduction theory, the goal of drive reduction is _____. self-actualization homeostasis self-determination to elevate the level of arousal |
homeostasis |
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Which of the following chemical substances plays an important role in the state of feeling full? Oxytocin Leptin Dopamine Estrogen |
Leptin |
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The concept of _____ pertains to a psychological state, whereas _____ involves a physiological state. reflex/need need/drive drive/need need/reflex |
drive/need |
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According to research on the human sexual response pattern, orgasm lasts for about _____. 60 seconds 3 to 15 seconds 20 to 30 seconds 40 to 45 seconds |
3 to 15 seconds |
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The broaden-and-build model begins with _____. the adaptiveness of negative emotion the influence of positive emotions on cognitive processing the difference between high and low arousal emotions the discrepancies between Plutchik’s and Tompkins’ models |
the influence of positive emotions on cognitive processing |
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An individual’s _____ refers to the direction of his or her erotic interests. genetic factors gender role gender identity sexual orientation |
sexual orientation |
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What is the correct order of the human sexual response pattern? Plateau, excitement, orgasm, resolution Excitement, orgasm, resolution, plateau Orgasm, excitement, plateau, resolution Excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution |
Excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution |
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According to recent research on sexual patterns of behavior in the United States, _____. marriage and monogamy rule sexual behavior promiscuity and infidelity rule sexual behavior single people have more sex than married people most married women have been unfaithful at least once |
marriage and monogamy rule sexual behavior |
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A major criticism of drive reduction theory is that _____. all behavior reduces drives, so it doesn’t really explain anything people sometimes behave in ways that increase drives there are no behaviors that actually reduce drives drives and needs are always related |
people sometimes behave in ways that increase drives |
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If you had to write a research paper on Maslow’s hierarchy of motives, which of the following titles would you choose to capture the essence of Maslow’s theory? "Keep those reinforcements coming." "The power of the unconscious." "Easy come, easy go." "Be all that you can be." |
"Be all that you can be." |
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The _____ is involved in reducing hunger and restricting eating. ventromedial hypothalamus lateral hypothalamus amygdala prefrontal cortex |
ventromedial hypothalamus |
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According to Schachter and Singer’s two-factor theory, emotion is determined by two factors: _____. internal and external attribution intrinsic and extrinsic motivation homeostasis and the Yerkes-Dodson law physiological arousal and cognitive labelin |
physiological arousal and cognitive labeling |
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Relatedness refers to _____. the belief that one has the competence to accomplish a given goal or task the sense that one can gain skills and overcome obstacles the need to engage in warm relations with other people the sense that one is in control of one’s own life |
the need to engage in warm relations with other people |
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Tim and Margaret are enjoying a picnic on the edge of a large forest. Suddenly a huge black bear invades their space and heads for the picnic basket. According the James-Lange theory of emotions, the couple will _____. experience fear and run as a result of feeling the emotion of fear run and experience the emotion of fear as a result of the physical changes in their bodies experience fear, run, and as a result experience rapid breathing and increased heart rate be frozen in fear until the bear begins to grab the basket |
run and experience the emotion of fear as a result of the physical changes in their bodies |
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Thinking about being in love with someone is an example of _____. physiological arousal behavioral expression conscious experience subconscious reaction |
conscious experience |
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According to self-determination theory, people are most fulfilled when they satisfy which three fundamental needs? Hunger, thirst, and sex Hunger, security, and love Competence, autonomy, and relatedness Hunger, esteem, and achieveme |
Competence, autonomy, and relatedness |
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Heritability estimates for happiness range from _____ percent. 5 to 20 25 to 50 50 to 80 80 to 90 |
50 to 80 |
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The term _____ refers to emotions such as anger, guilt, and sadness, whereas the term _____ refers to emotions such as joy, happiness, and interest. general affect/specific affect negative affect/positive affect catharsis/motivational factor extrinsic motivation/intrinsic motivation |
negative affect/positive affect |
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One technique for engaging in positive self-reflection is to _____. keep a gratitude journal explicitly focus on trying to be happier avoid failure acquire new possessions |
keep a gratitude journal |
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A(n) _____ is a deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or reduce the deprivation. need drive instinct reflex |
need |
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You just ran a marathon in very hot weather and perspired heavily. According to drive reduction theory, your body will have a(n) _____ for water, which will produce a(n) _____ for water, which will lead to a(n) _____ to get water. instinct; motivation; need instinct; motivation; drive need; motivation; drive need; drive; motivation |
need; drive; motivation |
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When Cannon and Washburn measured stomach contractions with a balloon, they found that _____. when subjects report hunger, their stomach is relaxed when subjects report a full stomach, their stomach is relaxed when subjects report hunger, their stomach is contracting when subjects report a full stomach, their stomach is contracting |
when subjects report hunger, their stomach is contracting |
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The hormone _____ helps start the digestion of food, travels to the brain through the bloodstream, and signals us to stop eating. cholecystokinin dopamine gastrin oxytocin |
cholecystokinin |
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The _____ calms the body. sympathetic nervous system non-adrenergic neurons parasympathetic nervous system non-cholinergic neurons |
parasympathetic nervous system |
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Kiefer is taking acting classes. His instructor is using Stanislavski’s "method acting" technique, which encourages actors to imitate the behavior of someone feeling that emotion. When Kiefer is playing a scene where his character is sad, his instructor may suggest that he cry in order to feel sadness. "Method acting" is most consistent with which of the following? Cannon-Bard theory James-Lange theory Yerkes-Dodson law Self-determination theory |
James-Lange theory |
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Which of the following plays an important role in glucose control? Oxytocin Gastrin Insulin Androgens |
Insulin |
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A(n) _____ is an aroused state that occurs because of a physiological need. need drive instinct reflex |
drive |
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Competence, relatedness, and autonomy are examples of _____. extrinsic motivation intrinsic motivation environmental stimuli drive reduction |
intrinsic motivation |
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Self-efficacy refers to _____. the belief that one has the competence to accomplish a given goal or task the sense that one can gain skills and overcome obstacles the need to engage in warm relations with other people the sense that one is in control of one’s own life |
the belief that one has the competence to accomplish a given goal or task |
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According to recent research on sexual patterns of behavior in the United States, _____. marriage and monogamy rule sexual behavior promiscuity and infidelity rule sexual behavior single people have more sex than married people most married women have been unfaithful at least once |
marriage and monogamy rule sexual behavior |
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Setting goals, planning for the implementation of goals, and monitoring progress are all aspects of _____. self-determination theory self-regulation self-fulfilling prophecy intrinsic motivation |
self-regulation |
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_____ are the class of sex hormones that are predominate in females. _____ are the class of sex hormones that are predominate in males. Estrogens/Androgens Androgens/Estrogens Estrogens/Endorphins Endorphins/Androgens |
Estrogens/Androgens |
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_____ is based on internal needs (e.g., competence or autonomy). _____ is based on external incentives such as rewards and punishments. Extrinsic motivation/Intrinsic motivation Intrinsic motivation/Extrinsic motivation Internal attribution/external attribution Negative affect/Positive affect |
Intrinsic motivation/Extrinsic motivation |
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The chemical substance _____, released by fat cells, decreases food in-take and increases energy expenditure or metabolism. cholecystokinin leptin insulin oxytocin |
leptin |
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Resilient individuals are _____ in their approach to life. energetic apathetic rigid pessimis |
energetic |
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The _____ of an emotion refers to whether it feels pleasant or unpleasant. The _____ of an emotion is the degree to which the emotion is reflected in an individual’s being active, engaged, or excited versus more passive, relatively disengaged, or calm. arousal level/valence valence/arousal level manifestation/valence valence/manifestation |
valence/arousal level |
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Which of the following would suggest that you feel happy because you are laughing? Two-factor theory of emotion James-Lange theory Cannon-Bard theory Yerkes-Dodson law |
James-Lange theory |
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The _____ is involved in stimulating eating. ventromedial hypothalamus lateral hypothalamus amygdala prefrontal cortex |
lateral hypothalamus |
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Motivation for sexual behavior is centered in the _____. adrenal gland hypothalamus amygdale pituitary gland |
hypothalamus |
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When you walk out of an air-conditioned room into the heat of a summer day, your body releases excess heat by sweating. This is due to the body’s tendency to maintain _____. intrinsic motivation self-determination homeostasis self-actualization |
homeostasis |
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When considering the human sexual response pattern, how does the male refractory period compare to that of the female refractory period? Males have a shorter refractory period than females. Males do not have a refractory period. Females do not have a refractory period. Unlike males, females can have two refractory periods without delay. |
Females do not have a refractory period. |
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Courtney reads psychology books because these subjects fascinate her. She really enjoys learning about new approaches to psychology. Courtney is being driven by _____. extrinsic motivation intrinsic motivation external attribution drive-reduction theory |
intrinsic motivation |
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Tom is interested in working for an intelligence branch of the government, and a polygraph test is part of the interview process. Though Tom intends to be honest, he is worried that the polygraph will say he is lying when he isn’t. Tom’s friend Cameron assures Tom that polygraph tests are infallible. Is Cameron right? Yes; polygraphs pick up certain physiological responses associated with lying, and very few people can hide those responses. Yes; though much of the research has not been made public, many government agencies rely on polygraphs, and they would not do so if the tests were fallible. No; heart rate and breathing can increase for reasons other than lying and this effect can make it difficult to interpret the physiological indicators of arousal. No; polygraph machines are just props and the person watching for cues that the subject is lying may make errors. |
No; heart rate and breathing can increase for reasons other than lying and this effect can make it difficult to interpret the physiological indicators of arousal. |
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Richard Lazarus believed in the primacy of thinking. What does this mean? Emotions come before thoughts. Cognitive activity is a necessary precondition for emotion. Cognitive ability makes intrinsic motivation possible. Cognitive ability depends on extrinsic motivation. |
Cognitive activity is a necessary precondition for emotion. |
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The highest and most elusive of Maslow’s needs is _____. esteem self-actualization belongingness competence |
self-actualization |
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According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, performance is best under conditions of _____ arousal. no low moderate high |
moderate |
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A professor conducts an experiment in which she asks her students to either hold a pen between their teeth or hold a pen between their lips. Holding the pen between one’s teeth mimicked the facial expression of smiling. After 5 minutes, she finds that the students who held the pen beneath their teeth reported being happier than those who held it between their lips. These results most likely will support the _____. Schacter-Singer theory two-factor theory of emotion Cannon-Bard theory facial feedback hypothesis |
facial feedback hypothesis |
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Which of the following is true of the sympathetic nervous system? It promotes relaxation and healing. It prepares the individual for fighting or running away. It calms the body. When it is activated, heart rate and blood pressure drop, stomach activity and food digestion increase, and breathing slows |
It prepares the individual for fighting or running away. |
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Adding external rewards to a situation in which the person is already intrinsically motivated to perform usually results in _____. neutral intrinsic motivation maximized extrinsic motivation reduced intrinsic motivation reduced extrinsic motivation |
reduced intrinsic motivation |
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According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, we seek to fulfill our need for love and affiliation _____. after our basic physiological and safety needs are met before our basic biological and safety needs are met after we have found self-actualization after self-esteem needs have been met |
after our basic physiological and safety needs are met |
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Which of the following statements about instincts is false? An instinct is a biological pattern of behavior that is assumed to be universal throughout a species. Instincts are learned behavioral responses. Instincts are generally set in motion by a "sign stimulus." Instincts may explain a great deal of nonhuman animal behavior. |
Instincts are learned behavioral responses. |
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According to the James-Lange theory of emotions, crying over spilled milk will result in _____. sorrow because you are crying sorrow because the milk has been spilled increased heart rate because you are sad several indiscriminant emotions |
sorrow because you are crying |
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According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, we seek to fulfill our need for love and affiliation _____. after our basic physiological and safety needs are met before our basic biological and safety needs are met after we have found self-actualization after self-esteem needs have been met |
after our basic physiological and safety needs are met |
|
According to _____, the function of positive emotions lies in their effects on an individual’s attention and ability to build resources. the two-factor theory of emotion the broaden-and-build model the Yerkes-Dodson law the James-Lange theory |
the broaden-and-build model |
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The body’s tendency to maintain an equilibrium, or steady state, is known as _____. equity catharsis homeostasis homogeneity |
homeostasis |
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Autonomy refers to _____. the belief that one has the competence to accomplish a given goal or task the sense that one can gain skills and overcome obstacles the need to engage in warm relations with other people the sense that one is in control of one’s own life |
the sense that one is in control of one’s own life |
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If it is night, we are likely to feel hungry even if we ate a big lunch. This illustrates _____. the effect of learned associations on eating behavior the effect of emotional state on eating behavior the effect of suggestion on eating behavior the effect of mindlessness on eating behavior |
evolutionary perspective |
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Motivated behavior is _____. energized, directed, and sustained excitatory, disoriented, and dynamic logical, analytical, and unmanageable reflexive, reflective, and adaptive |
energized, directed, and sustained |
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Monica has had a very emotionally draining day, but she cannot really describe her emotions. After taking a quiet moment to herself, she starts to cry and after observing this bodily reaction, she realizes that she must be sad. This example of emotional recognition is most consistent with the _____. self-observation theory of emotion Yerkes-Dodson law James-Lange theory of emotion Cannon-Bard theory of emotion |
James-Lange theory of emotion |
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The Cannon-Bard theory predicts that after witnessing a shocking event, a person will first experience shock and then be motivated to turn away be motivated to turn away and then will experience shock experience increased heart rate and rapid breathing as a release of anxiety experience physical and emotional reactions simultaneously |
experience physical and emotional reactions simultaneously |
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According to the _____, emotion occurs after physiological reactions. Cannon-Bard theory two-factor theory of emotion James-Lange theory self-determination theory |
James-Lange theory |
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According to the _____, emotion and physiological reactions occur simultaneously. Cannon-Bard theory two-factor theory of emotion James-Lange theory self-determination theory |
Cannon-Bard theory |
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Soccer players are expected to congratulate and shake hands with the opposing team, even when their team loses the game. This is an example of _____. a display rule a set point the two-factor theory of emotion the Yerkes-Dodson law |
a display rule |
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Darrin is a good piano player. When he is alone and bored his arousal is low and he often gets distracted and makes mistakes. When he is in a recital with strangers, he sometimes gets too nervous and aroused and also makes mistakes. His best performances are typically at home when family and friends are nearby, and his arousal level is moderate. The variations in Darrin’s performance can be best explained by the _____. Yerkes-Dodson law Clark Hull’s theory James-Lange theory Cannon-Bard theory |
Yerkes-Dodson law |
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Ethology describes motivation from a(n) _____. psychoanalytic perspective behaviorism perspective evolutionary perspective humanistic perspective |
evolutionary perspective |
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You are feeling upset when your mother turns toward you and says "turn that frown upside down." You turn your frown into a smile and realize that you now feel happy. This experience can be best described by the _____. Yerkes-Dodson law facial feedback hypothesis Cannon-Bard theory self-determination theory |
facial feedback hypothesis |
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