Skinner’s former students demonstrated which of the following with the advent of the IQ Zoo? |
Operant conditioning can be taken out of the lab and applied to the real world. |
Watson’s behaviorism ______. |
was the first stage in the evolution of the behavioral school of thought. |
The era of neobehaviorism consisted of the years _____. |
1930-1990. |
The dominant area of study for the neobehaviorists was _____. |
learning. |
A point on which the neobehaviorists agreed AND to which they gave much more emphasis than did Watson was _____. |
operationism. |
Operationism was ______. a) a major characteristic of neobehaviorism b) intended to rid psychology of pseudo-problems c) intended to to make the language of science more objective and precise d) all of the choices e) none of the choices |
all of the choices are correct. |
Operationism was formulated by _____. |
Percy Bridgman. |
Operationism means that a concept ______. |
is synonymous with its methods of measurement. |
The idea that a concept is the same as the corresponding set of procedures to measure it is called ______. |
operationism. |
If we define consciousness in terms of EEG output, then the construct of consciousness is _______. |
acceptable to operationists. |
For Bridgman, a construct was acceptable if and only if it ______. |
could be objectively measured. |
Bridgman argued that a construct must be ______. |
measurable. |
The concept of operationism can be directly traced to the theories of _______. |
the British empiricists. |
A primary reason psychology so quickly embraced operationism was that it ______. |
was first adopted by physics. |
Tolman’s graduate training was in _____, as is reflected in his later work. a) philosophy b) structuralism c) Gestalt psychology d) behaviorism e) both b and c |
both B and C. |
Tolman’s concept of cognitive maps, i.e., that the animal learns the "whole," might be traced to his work ______. |
with Koffka on Gestalt psychology during graduate school. |
Edward C. Tolman’s system combining the objective study of behavior with the consideration of goal-orientation in behavior is called ______. |
purposive behaviorism. |
For Tolman, the obvious and objective behavioral evidence of purpose was ______. |
learning. |
Tolman described the conscious experience of the animal as ______. |
having no influence on the animal’s overt behavior. |
Which of the following did Tolman not consider to be a cause of behavior? |
motivation. |
Tolman specified that the independent variables (stimuli) affect processes within the organism. These processes then control the occurrence of behavior (response). These internal processes are known as ______. |
intervening variables. |
In Tolman’s system, intervening variables were _____. |
the determinants of behavior. |
The term intervening variable refers to _____. |
internal processes that "connect" the stimulus with a response. |
Tolman’s position on Thorndike’s law of effect was to ______. |
reject it. |
For Tolman, each experience with a task strengthens the relationship between cues in the environment and the organism’s ______. |
expectations. |
In Tolman’s system, the repetition of an act leads to _______. |
sign Gestalts. |
For Tolman, a cognitive map is ______. |
a pattern of sign Gestalts |
According to Tolman’s learning theory, as a rat learns all of the sign-Gestalt relationships in a maze, the rat has acquired a ______. |
cognitive map. |
What is the primary difference between locus of control and self-efficacy? |
The former emphasizes internal versus external attribution of success while the latter ignores it. |
Whose system was a forerunner of contemporary cognitive psychology? |
Tolman’s |
The pragmatic value of intervening variables is that they _____. |
are essential for dealing with hypothetical constructs. |
Tolman described ______ as alternatively "creepy" and "delightful." |
white laboratory rats |
From 1930 until the 1960s, the ______ was the primary research subject for the neobehaviorists and learning theorists. |
white rat |
It was assumed by Tolman and others that research on white rats would ______. |
provide insights into the basic processes underlying the behavior of humans and other animals. |
According to Schultz and Schultz, "perhaps no other psychologist was so devoted to the problems of the scientific method" than was ______. |
Hull. |
Hull had an immense knowledge of ______ and ______. |
formal logic and mathematics. |
Hull’s form of behaviorism was ______ than _______. |
more sophisticated and complex; Watson’s. |
Throughout his life, Hull ______. |
suffered from poor health and eyesight. |
According to Schultz and Schultz, Hull’s "great asset was ______. |
an intense motivation to succeed. |
The learning theorist ______ persevered in the face of numerous obstacles to success. |
Hull |
Hull’s work contributed to which of the following? |
A, B, and C |
Throughout his professional career, Hull emphasize ______. |
objective methods and functional laws. |
From the 1940s to the 1960s, who dominated American psychology? |
Hullians |
Who authored an early study of the effects of tobacco on behavioral efficiency? |
Hull |
Hull’s background in mathematics and engineering was demonstrated in ______. |
all of the choices. |
Which of the following men devoted 10 years to the experimental investigation of hypnotic suggestibility? |
Hull |
Hull’s primary research focus was grounded in ______. |
Pavlov’s laws of conditioning |
Hull’s system sought to describe and explain ______. |
all behavior |
Of all the neobehaviorists, the one who most obviously espoused mechanism was _____. |
Hull. |
Hull intended to express the laws of behavior in the language of _______. |
mathematics. |
Hull’s training in engineering was manifest in his belief that all behavior could be reduced to the language of ______. |
mathematics. |
Hull’s experiments were directed by ______. |
deduced theorems and corollaries. |
Contemporary path analysis techniques let us test theoretical propositions. Such as an approach appears similar to whose research method? |
Hull’s |
The technique that Hull added to the then-accepted battery of experimental methods was _____. |
the hypothetico-deductive method. |
Hull proposed that to achieve a paradigm (in Kuhn’s sense of the term) in psychology, one would have to implement which method? |
the hypothetico-deductive method |
Hull proposed the hypothetic-deductive method as the means to develop learning theory. Which of the following statements is the best explanation of Hull’s method? |
From a set of theoretical postulates, deductions are made. These deductions become hypotheses that are tested experimentally. The experimental results are then used to confirm the postulates or change them if necessary. |
"A state of tissue need that arouses or activates behavior" is a definition of _______. |
drive. |
For Hull, drive reduction is _____. |
the sole basis for reinforcement. |
Hull’s concept of motivation is grounded in the doctrine of ______. |
biology. |
In Hull’s system, a drive is a(n) ______. |
all of the choices are correct. |
Which of the following is NOT an example of a primary drive? |
exercise |
In Hull’s system, drive _______. |
energizes behavior. |
In Hull’s system, the reduction or satisfaction of a drive is the sole basis of _______. |
reinforcement. |
Secondary drives are ______. |
learned drives. |
Hull’s law of primary reinforcement is a restatement of ________. |
Thorndike’s law of effect. |
Thorndike and Hull agreed that, in order for learning to occur, the organism must ______. |
experience reinforcement occurring after a response. |
Secondary drives are _______. |
a result of pairing with a primary drive. |
If seeing McDonald’s golden arches decreases your hunger, then the arches are ______. |
secondary reinforcement. |
In Hull’s system, habit strength is _____. |
the strength of the S-R connection. |
This person claimed that his own life was "predetermined, lawful, and orderly" just as his system would predict. |
Skinner |
Skinner pursued graduate work in psychology at Harvard ______. |
because he was awed by the work of Watson and Pavlov. |
Skinner defined a reflex as a(n) ______. |
S-R correlation and nothing more. |
The author of The Behavior of Organisms was ______, who did not receive acclaim for the text until 50 years later. |
Skinner |
The success of Skinner’s The Behavior of Organisms can be attributed to ______. |
the application of his principles in education and clinical psychology. |
To the end of his life, Skinner questioned whether psychology could be a science if it _______. |
was a science of the mind. |
Skinner was the complete opposite of Hull with regard to the ______. |
lack of theoretical framework. |
Skinner’s research was unique among that of the major neobehaviorists in his _______. |
all of the choices are correct. |
For Skinner, was is the primary characteristic of living things? |
behavior |
Which of the following philosophers is discussed by Skinner in the "In Their Own Words" section of the text? |
Descartes |
Who first distinguished between respondent and operant behavior? |
Skinner |
Who drew a distinction between operant behavior and respondent behavior? |
Skinner |
Skinner claimed that he studied ______ while Pavlov studied ______. |
operant behavior; respondent behavior |
For Skinner, the dependent variable is the ______. |
rate of response |
The law of acquisition states that the key variable in learning is ______. |
reinforcement. |
The central difference between Skinner’s law of acquisition and Thorndike and Hull’s position on learning that ______. |
Skinner’s law is strictly descriptive while Thorndike and Hull’s positions are explanatory. |
A schedule of reinforcement ______. |
determines when reinforcement occurs. |
Parents and employers must determine when and under what conditions children will be rewarded and employees will be paid. In both cases, they must select ______. |
schedules of reinforcement. |
Skinner raised his daughter in an "air crib" with the result that she _____. |
was not adversely affected. |
The use of positive reinforcement to control the behavior of individuals and groups is called ______. |
behavior modification. |
A criticism of Skinner’s work is his _______. |
willingness to extrapolate from the data, especially with regard to human behavior. |
Animals tend to substitute instinctive behaviors for behaviors that have been reinforced. This tendency is called _____. |
instinctual drift. |
From the 1950s to the 1980s, American Psychology was shaped more by the work of _____ than by the work of any other psychologist. |
Skinner |
The "third stage" of behaviorism refers to ______. |
sociobehaviorism. |
Bandura proposed that reactions to stimuli ____. |
are self-activated. |
A type of reinforcement identified by Bandura is ______. |
vicarious |
Bandura argues that what changes a person’s behavior is ______. |
what the organism thinks the schedule of reinforcement is. |
For Bandura, the agent who controls the ______ controls behavior. |
models |
A concept of Bandura that reflects one’s beliefs about one’s own adequacy is ______. |
self-efficacy. |
Whereas a concern of Skinner was improvement of society through his technology of behavior, Bandura’s is more specific, namely the _____. |
alleviation of abnormal behavior. |
The main criticism of Bandura’s system is _______. |
the notion that cognitive processes cause behavior. |
The term social learning theory was coined by ______. |
Rotter |
People who believe reinforcement depends on their own behavior have ______. |
an internal locus of control. |
Rotter has suggested that locus of control ______. |
is acquired in childhood. |
The neobehaviorists signed that the essence of psychology is learning. |
true |
Bridgman argued that a construct is the same as its corresponding set of operations. |
true |
If a concept can be measured and manipulated under controlled conditions to determine its effects on behavior, then it is not a pseudo-problem. |
true |
For Tolman, the sheer fact of learning was evidence of purpose in animals. |
true |
Tolman proposed ten causes of behavior in addition to environmental stimuli. |
false |
Tolman argued that factors within the organism are the actual causes of behavior. |
true |
In Tolman’s system, learned relationships are sign Gestalts. |
true |
In experiments that tested the presence of rats’ cognitive maps, Tolman found that rats "learned to turn right" rather than learning the location of food. |
false |
Tolman is recognized as the forerunner of contemporary applied psychology. |
false |
Tolman’s intervening variables were not accepted by mainstream psychology because they could not be operationally defined. |
false |
Tolman hated rats throughout his entire career. |
false |
Tolman recognized that research on rats could not uncover basic processes of human behavior. |
false |
Hull’s behaviorist approach to psychology dominated American Psychology from the 1940s to the 1960s. |
true |
Hull was interested in developing a theory of behavior based on Pavlov’s law of conditioning. |
true |
For Hull, behavior could be reduced to the language of physiology. |
false |
Hull’s system is exemplary in the degree to which it is quantifiable. |
true |
The method least unique to Hull’s system of psychology is the hypothetico-inductive method. |
false |
In Hull’s theory, primary reinforcement results in drive reduction. |
true |
In Hull’s system, the strength of a drive can be empirically determined. |
true |
For Hull, habit strength is wholly dependent on the number and size of the reinforcements. |
false |
Skinner defined a reflex as a correlation between a stimulus and a response. |
true |
Skinner’s behaviorism is devoted to the study of responses. |
true |
Skinner borrowed the term empty organism approach from Descartes’s concept of the undulatio reflexa. |
false |
Skinner stressed the importance of individual differences. |
true |
For Skinner, the dependent variable is the rate of response. |
true |
The key variable in Skinner’s system is vicarious reinforcement. |
false |
A key aspect of Skinner’s behavior modification is a reliance on punishment. |
false |
In vicarious reinforcement, learning can occur in the absence of personal reinforcement. |
true |
Bandura suggested that there is not a direct link between stimulus and response. |
true |
In Bandura’s system, social interaction is a critical factor in human learning. |
true |
Self-efficacy is defined by Bandura as a sense of self-esteem and competence in dealing with life’s problems. |
true |
Bandura believes that using modeling techniques was ineffective to change behavior. |
false |
The term social learning theory was coined by Bandura. |
false |
In Rotter’s system, our subjective expectations and values are not important. |
false |
Locus of control is variable and changes for everyone daily. |
false |
A major cognitive variable in Bandura’s system is locus of control. |
false |
History and Systems Ch. 11
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