PSY 113 Chapter 9 Questions

Allan and Bob are debating the true meaning of the term memory. How does your textbook define this process?
a. The acquisition of knowledge through experience
b. The ability to detect and learn from environmental stimuli
c. The ability to retain knowledge
d. The acquisition and retention of sensory information

The ability to retain knowledge

The information processing continuum flows both from the bottom up and the top down. What is the correct order of steps in this process, starting from the bottom up?
a. cognition, memory, learning, perception, sensation, attention
b. attention, sensation, perception, learning, memory, cognition
c. attention, perception, sensation, cognition, memory, learning
d. cognition, learning, memory, attention, sensation, perception

attention, sensation, perception, learning, memory, cognition

From the bottom up, the gateway to information processing is attention, which prioritizes ____.
a. encoding, storage, and retrieval
b. thinking, problem solving, and language
c. sensory adaptation, survival, and consistency
d. unfamiliar, changing, or high-intensity stimuli

unfamiliar, changing, or high-intensity stimuli

Jeremy is typing a term paper on his computer and saves it every five minutes or so for good measure. Which of the following best illustrates the computer’s encoding system with regard to this file?
a. The computer receives the information and translates it in discrete chunks.
b. The computer receives the information and translates it into zeros and ones.
c. The computer receives and translates the information as a composite image.
d. The computer receives the information and decides what to translate based on the current state of the file.

The computer receives the information and translates it into zeros and ones.

What is the correct ordering of the processes of memory?
a. storage, encoding, and retrieval
c. encoding, storage, and retrieval
b. retrieval, storage, and encoding
d. encoding, retrieval, and storage

encoding, storage, and retrieval

Both brains and computers have the ability to store memories, with one critical difference. What is this difference?
a. A brain stores exact copies of data, whereas a computer stores bits of data that are reconstructed later for use.
b. A computer’s stored information is always retrievable, whereas a brain’s stored information is frequently irretrievable.
c. A brain’s stored information is always retrievable, whereas a computer’s stored information is occasionally irretrievable.
d. A computer stores exact copies of data, whereas a brain stores bits of data that are reconstructed later for use.

A computer stores exact copies of data, whereas a brain stores bits of data that are reconstructed later for use.

According to the Atkinson and Shiffrin model of memory, information flows through three stages. What illustrates the correct flow of information in this model?
a. sensory input, short-term memory, and long-term rehearsal
b. sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory
c. short-term memory, working memory, and long-term memory
d. sensory memory, short-term rehearsal, and long-term memory

sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

The first stage of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model involved the retention of large amounts of incoming data for very brief amounts of time. This is called ____.
a. iconic memory c. sensory memory
b. short-term memory d. echoic memory

sensory memory

Jenna tickles her five-year old son. This sensory input is first translated into ____.
a. echoic memory c. iconic memory
b. acoustic code d. haptic code

haptic code

Anita and Bev decide to verbally exchange e-mails before running off to their next class so that they can get in touch with each other via computer. They will likely be able to retain this information in sensory memory for ____.

a second or less

Anita and Bev change their mind and agree that it is easiest simply to meet at Bev’s dorm. Bev gives Anita her room number and passcode. Anita likely will be able to retain this information in short-term memory, without additional processing, for ____.
a. a second or less c. about two minutes
b. 30 seconds or less d. a maximum of five minutes

30 seconds or less

The second stage of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model holds a small amount of information for a limited time. This is called ____.
a. sensory memory c. working memory
b. short-term memory d. iconic memory

short-term memory

Marcus, a psychology major, is participating in his professor’s research study. The study requires Marcus to repeat back word lists, which, in his short-term memory, are translated into ____.
a. acoustic codes c. auditory codes
b. visual codes d. semantic codes

semantic codes

Stephen has just finished composing his first poem, entitled Clouded Memories, for his poetry slam class. He is slated to recite the first ten lines during class tonight, and repeats them over and over to himself as he is walking there. This is called ____.
a. rehearsal c. chunking
b. a mnemonic device d. consolidation

rehearsal

The "magic number 7 plus or minus 2" refers to the ____.
a. capacity of short-term memory c. duration of semantic memory
b. duration of short-term memory d. capacity of semantic memory

capacity of short-term memory

Chunking is the ____.
a. recovery of stored information
b. process of grouping similar or meaningful information together
c. repetition of information
d. transformation of information from one form to another

process of grouping similar or meaningful information together

Will is ten years old and preparing for a spelling contest. He is starting to memorize the spelling of the word antidisestablishmentarianism. He realizes that he can group the letters into anti, dis, establish, and so forth. This process is called ____.
a. rehearsal c. consolidation
b. chunking d. encoding

chunking

What is an adaptation of the short-term memory model that involves the active manipulation of multiple types of information simultaneously?
a. chunking c. the central executive
b. rehearsal d. working memory

working memory

Carlos asks Laura to write down her phone number and e-mail address. He promptly loses the slip of paper. However, he finds that he stills remembers them both. This is possible because ____.
a. of the nature of rehearsal within working memory
b. of the passive nature of storage involved with working memory
c. working memory can manage more than one type of information at a time
d. working memory processes information as visuospatial memories

working memory can manage more than one type of information at a time

The four components of working memory proposed by Baddeley et al. are called the central executive, the episodic buffer, the visuospatial sketch pad, and the ____.
a. phonological loop c. semantic loop
b. schematic loop d. maintenance loop

phonological loop

As Harry walks out of the supermarket, he sees his parked car get hit by another car. He tries to memorize the make, model, and license plate number of the other car. According to Baddeley’s model, he is using the ____.

visuospatial sketch pad

Nadine’s nine-month-old son now knows to look for his teddy bear when she hides it behind the pillow. This appearance of object permanence in infants after the age of eight months or so provides support for the importance of the ____ to working memory.
a. cerebellum c. cerebrum
b. hypothalamus d. prefrontal cortex

prefrontal cortex

The final stage of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model refers to the location of permanent memories. This is called ____.
a. maintenance memory c. long-term memory
b. procedural memory d. working memory

long-term memory

Long-term memory is characterized by ____.
a. long duration and large capacity c. limited duration and large capacity
b. limited capacity and long duration d. limited capacity and limited duration

long duration and large capacity

In most cases, information moves from short-term or working memory to long-term memory through ____.
a. chunking c. the method of loci
b. mnemonics d. rehearsal

rehearsal

Doris is memorizing some chapter definitions for an economics quiz. For each defined term, she repeats the definition and uses the term in a sentence. She is engaging in ____.
a. elaborative rehearsal c. explicit learning
b. chunking d. maintenance rehearsal

elaborative rehearsal

According to the levels of processing theory, the depth (shallow to deep) of processing ____.
a. enhances long-term memory capacity
b. predicts the duration of information in long-term memory
c. predicts the ease of retrieval
d. exemplifies the power of maintenance rehearsal

predicts the ease of retrieval

According to the levels of processing theory, who will be able to remember the most definitions of the vocabulary words in a given chapter?
a. James, who reads through each term and its definition
b. Pat, who takes turns with her roommate defining and explaining each term
c. Phil, who memorizes the definitions by chunking
d. Renee, who repeats each term and its definition multiple times out loud

Pat, who takes turns with her roommate defining and explaining each term

A graph of the serial position effect, where the likelihood of recall of an item is plotted as a function of the item’s position in a list during presentation, takes the shape of a(n) ____.
a. J-shaped curve
b. line that begins at a low level and slopes upward to the right
c. line that begins at a high level and slopes downward to the right
d. U-shaped curve

U-shaped curve

Manuel is teaching his three-year-old son Joey the alphabet song. Joey sings "A B C D H K G." This is an example of ____.
a. the recency effect c. mnemonics
b. elaborative rehearsal d. the primacy effect

the primacy effect

Which of the following is believed to result from the storage of a list of items in long-term memory through rehearsal?
a. levels of processing effect c. serial position effect
b. primacy effect d. recency effect

primacy effect

Dinesh takes a quick call from his wife and then returns to a conversation with his co-worker. His wife asked him to pick up six items at the grocery store on his way home from work, and while walking to his car, he realizes that he can only remember the first three items. This illustrates the ____.
a. spreading activation model c. recency effect
b. primacy effect d. maintenance model

primacy effect

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies the type of coding that plays a dominant role in long-term memory but a relatively minor role in short-term and working memory?
a. Mara loves piano music. She can play several Beethoven’s piano sonatas by heart.
b. Phil is not very good at telling jokes. He finds that he can remember the gist of the joke but cannot find the best words to share it.
c. Luke is very artistic. He enjoys duplicating his favorite Impressionist paintings by hand.
d. Eric plays blues guitar. He knows the works of Robert Johnson inside and out.

Phil is not very good at telling jokes. He finds that he can remember the gist of the joke but cannot find the best words to share it.

Declarative memories are consciously retrieved memories that are easy to verbalize and include ____.
a. semantic, episodic, and autobiographical information
b. explicit and implicit memories
c. semantic, procedural, and autobiographical memories
d. non-declarative and implicit aspects

semantic, episodic, and autobiographical information

A conscious memory, also known as a declarative memory, is called a(n) ____.
a. implicit memory c. procedural memory
b. personal history memory d. explicit memory

explicit memory

Professor Sevilla asks one of his graduate students, Leland, to finish his class lecture on memory. Leland begins by explaining that nondeclarative memories 1) are unconsciously and effortlessly retrieved memories; 2) are easy to verbalize; 3) include memories for classical conditioning, procedural learning, and priming; and 4) are also known as implicit memories. Which part of his definition is inaccurate?
a. Nondeclarative memories are unconsciously and effortlessly retrieved.
b. Nondeclarative memories are easy to verbalize.
c. Nondeclarative memories include memories for classical conditioning, procedural learning, and priming.
d. Nondeclarative memories are also known as implicit memories.

Nondeclarative memories are easy to verbalize.

An implicit memory is also known as a(n) ____.
a. nondeclarative memory c. autobiographical memory
b. episodic memory d. declarative memory

nondeclarative memory

Marietta has memorized the capital cities of all fifty states. This is an example of ____.
a. episodic memory c. autobiographical memory
b. procedural memory d. semantic memory

semantic memory

Matt remembers visiting Disney World and SeaWorld in Florida with his family when he was eight years old. This is an example of ____.
a. procedural memory c. episodic memory
b. autobiographical memory d. semantic memory

episodic memory

Which of the following statements about semantic and episodic memories is true?
a. Semantic memories can result from a single, personal experience.
b. Episodic memories provide us with an objective understanding of the world.
c. Semantic memory contains specific information about events, objects, and people.
d. Episodic memory is organized as a timeline.

Episodic memory is organized as a timeline.

Semantic or episodic memories that reference the self are called ____.
a. autobiographical memories c. self-reflective memories
b. procedural memories d. nondeclarative memories

autobiographical memories

The process of storing autobiographical information ____.
a. requires maintenance rehearsal c. results from focused attention
b. seems effortless d. benefits from the use of mnemonics

seems effortless

Jen and Ed first met while sitting in adjacent seats in the psychology lecture hall. Three years later they were married. What role does autobiographical memory play in this type of scenario?
a. It reduces reaction time to respond to predators.
b. It changes our response to a stimulus after pre-exposure to related stimuli.
c. It provides general knowledge about the world.
d. It helps us build social bonds with others throughout the lifespan.

It helps us build social bonds with others throughout the lifespan.

When Gina was ten, she swam in the ocean for the first time. She remembers the feeling of kicking her feet, slicing her arms through the water, tasting the tangy salt water, floating her on her back, and learning from her father that salt water is more dense than fresh water, which makes floating easier. Which element is a semantic memory?
a. The familiar feel of kicking her feet and slicing her arms through the water
b. How tangy the salt water was
c. That salt water is more dense than fresh water
d. The feeling of floating on her back

That salt water is more dense than fresh water

Which of the following is a nondeclarative memory?
a. Mike remembers learning how to ski as a teenager.
b. In a spelling contest, Larry misremembers the spelling of the word mnemonic.
c. Juan feels happy when he smells the scent of the perfume that his mother wore.
d. Ryan remembers how to play chess the way that his grandfather taught him.

In a spelling contest, Larry misremembers the spelling of the word mnemonic.

An implicit memory for how to carry out a skilled movement is called ____.
a. procedural memory c. classical conditioning
b. priming d. subliminal messaging

procedural memory

Priming is a change in a response to a stimulus as a result of exposure to a ____.
a. subliminal message c. stimulus below the objective threshold
b. stimulus above the subjective threshold d. previous stimulus

previous stimulus

Alex is starting his day. Which of the following represents a procedural memory?
a. He grimaces at the sound of the alarm clock.
b. He brushes his teeth.
c. He reads the morning newspaper.
d. He forgets his keys.

He brushes his teeth.

Ella is a participant in a study using the lexical decision task technique. To which pair of real or non-real words would she likely have the fastest response time?
a. table – resk c. building – house
b. dup – loor d. egg – tree

building – house

The current state of scientific evidence indicates that subliminal messages ____.
a. influence behavior when they occur below the objective threshold of awareness
b. do not influence behavior unless they involve backmasking
c. influence behavior when they occur between the subjective threshold and the threshold of conscious awareness
d. do not influence behavior

do not influence behavior

Scientists have discovered correlations between activity in parts of the human brain and specific components of long-term memory through the observation of ____.
a. patients with brain damage and brain imaging studies in healthy participants
b. London cab drivers
c. infants
d. pigeons and rats

patients with brain damage and brain imaging studies in healthy participants

The hippocampus ____.
a. serves as a storage location for long-term memories
b. participates in the consolidation of information into long-term memory
c. plays a role in procedural memory
d. is unrelated to the formation of spatial memories

participates in the consolidation of information into long-term memory

In her research, Brenda Milner found that Molaison could learn a new procedural task, mirror tracing, as well as typical control participants did. However, he could not remember the details of the task. This outcome suggests that ____.
a. his declarative memories were intact but not his procedural memories
b. his procedural memories were intact but not his nondeclarative memories
c. his procedural memories were intact but not his declarative memories
d. his declarative memories were intact but not his nondeclarative memories

his procedural memories were intact but not his declarative memories

The type of declarative memory problems experienced by Henry Molaison are frequently produced by damage to the ____.
a. cerebral cortex
b. hippocampus or the pathways connecting it to the cerebral cortex
c. occipital lobe or motor cortex
d. basal ganglia

hippocampus or the pathways connecting it to the cerebral cortex

Which of the following statements regarding semantic memories is true?
a. Different patterns of activity in the cerebral cortex are correlated with various types of semantic memories.
b. A tool labeling task is associated with activity in the visual cortex of the occipital lobe, suggesting that we think about what a tool looks like in order to name it.
c. Damage to the prefrontal cortex can produce a condition known as source amnesia of certain semantic memories.
d. An animal naming task activates areas associated with hand movements, suggesting that we think about touching an animal in order to name one.

Different patterns of activity in the cerebral cortex are correlated with various types of semantic memories.

Episodic memories are affected by damage to the ____.
a. basal ganglia c. prefrontal cortex
b. hippocampus d. amygdala

prefrontal cortex

Jerome’s prefrontal cortex was damaged as a result of a skiing accident. He retained his semantic and procedural knowledge of how to drive a standard shift automobile. Jerome would most likely have problems recalling which of the following?
a. How to parallel park
b. How to find his way about in his home town
c. How to check the oil level
d. Who taught him to drive a standard shift or how old he was when he learned

Who taught him to drive a standard shift or how old he was when he learned

Gregory was diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease, which produces degeneration in the basal ganglia. He likely will experience increasing difficulty with his ____.
a. declarative memory c. episodic memory
b. procedural memory d. semantic memory

procedural memory

Fred drives a delivery truck in a large metropolitan area. He enjoys the challenge of finding new routes and short cuts to his destinations. This spatial activity uses his ____.
a. hippocampus c. basal ganglia
b. prefrontal cortex d. amygdala

hippocampus

Regarding organization in long-term memory, what area has been most researched?
a. procedural memory c. semantic memory
b. episodic memory d. implicit memory

semantic memory

What theory views the mind as an interconnected network made up of simpler units?
a. constructivist theory c. connectionist theory
b. computational theory d. correlational theory

connectionist theory

The spreading activation model proposes that people organize general knowledge based on ____.
a. individual experiences c. semantic similarities
b. predetermined hierarchies d. cultural norms

individual experiences

Professor Giles asks his students to write down the first word that come to mind when they see the word "fish." Bob writes down "sea." James writes down "chips." Angela writes down "net." According to the spreading activation theory, this result ____.
a. is impossible c. is highly unusual
b. is exactly correct d. makes sense

makes sense

Under the spreading activation model, which of the following concepts or properties would have the weakest connection with the word "rose" for most people?
a. aunt c. red
b. flower d. fragrant

aunt

The spreading activation model accounts for the results of the lexical decision experiments that demonstrate priming by explaining ____.
a. our unconscious daily responses to non-real words
b. the quicker decision time with related words
c. the strong connections between unrelated words
d. the organization of related words in short-term memory

the quicker decision time with related words

A set of expectations about objects and situations is called a(n) ____.
a. template c. mindset
b. episodic memory d. schema

schema

When Frederic Bartlett’s study participants recalled the story he had read to them twenty hours earlier, they ____.
a. recalled it nearly verbatim
b. added random details to the story
c. added details that fit with the meaning of the story
d. added details that were in jarring contrast to the story

added details that fit with the meaning of the story

Which of the following is one of the most important schemas we have for organizing and remembering what we study?
a. hierarchies from most important to least important
b. the self
c. alphabetization
d. categorization by purpose and properties

the self

Sam is participating in a study regarding retrieval from short-term memory. He memorizes a list of five items. What is most likely to happen?
a. He is able to retrieve the items simultaneously.
b. He can identify any of the five items in the same amount of time.
c. He remembers the middle item the most quickly.
d. He searches through his short-term memory one item at a time.

He searches through his short-term memory one item at a time.

A cue is ____.
a. the transformation of information from one form to another
b. the process of grouping similar or meaningful information together
c. a memory aid that links new information to well-known information
d. a stimulus that aids retrieval of information

a stimulus that aids retrieval of information

Roger is preparing for his final exam in Bioethics. The most difficult type of question for him on the exam, in terms of memory retrieval, will most likely be ____.
a. essay c. matching
b. true-false d. multiple choice

essay

Recognition tasks are easier than recall tasks because ____.
a. they provide cues based on personal experience
b. they provide fewer cues
c. they provide more cues
d. they provide widely accepted cues

they provide more cues

Ashley is studying a list of vocabulary words for her psychology exam. Which of the following would be most effective for recalling definitions during the exam?
a. cues based on her own experiences c. cues suggested by her study partner
b. cues provided by the textbook d. cues recommended by her professor

cues based on her own experiences

Ron is about to leave his apartment. His keys are not where he usually tries to leaves them – on his bureau. He starts to retrace his steps from the night before and realizes that he should look in the bathroom, as this was his first stop upon arrival. This reflects the process of ____.
a. reconstruction c. flashbulb memory
b. encoding specificity d. decay

encoding specificity

Fred is studying vocabulary for his biomedical class while lying on his bed. At the same time, his roommates and their friends are enthusiastically watching the basketball game on TV in the living room. Fred’s recall of the material will likely be best while ____.
a. seated at a desk in a quiet room c. outdoors in fresh air and sunshine
b. lying down with background noise d. lying down in a silent setting

lying down with background noise

State-dependent memory means that a person has better recall of material that is learned ____.
a. in a similar physical environment or body position
b. in a similar location
c. in a similar physiological state or mood
d. at a similar time of day

in a similar physiological state or mood

Tom often smokes while studying in his apartment. Of course, he cannot smoke during his exams. This may make retrieval of the material more difficult because of ____.
a. state-dependent memory c. context-dependent memory
b. episodic memory d. short-term memory

state-dependent memory

The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon reflects that retrieval is a(n) ____.
a. all-or-none process
b. erratic step-by-step process
c. step-by-step process that moves closer to the target
d. completely unpredictable process

step-by-step process that moves closer to the target

Sarah is having a tip-of-the tongue experience with the name of an Indian restaurant that recently received a great review. She suspects that it may start with a K and consist of two syllables, but all that comes to mind is Canton or Colorado. Which of the following choices would be the most likely name of the restaurant?
a. Curry Palace c. Chaudhury’s
b. Kebab Express d. Kashmir

Kashmir

What is reconstruction?
a. The rebuilding of a memory out of stored elements
b. A set of expectations about objects and situations
c. The incorporation of unique combinations of information in memory
d. Competition between newer and older information in memory

The rebuilding of a memory out of stored elements

Mary is visiting the beach close to her childhood home. Which of the following best describes her memories of childhood summers?
a. They are detailed and static images.
b. They blend childhood memories with new content in working memory.
c. They are unreliable.
d. They are similar to re-opening an old computer file.

They blend childhood memories with new content in working memory.

Former members of a Girl Scout troop have gotten back in touch on Facebook. Verda reminds the others of their camping trip, where it rained for three days. Others share their memories of that weekend as well. What is most likely to happen to Verda’s memories?
a. They remain essentially the same.
b. They are stored in a separate section of long-term memory from the memories of others.
c. They are over-written by the memories shared by others.
d. They interact with others’ memories and are re-encoded as new long-term memories.

They interact with others’ memories and are re-encoded as new long-term memories.

Which of the following most accurately describes eyewitness testimony in the courtroom setting?
a. It is considered to be uniformly precise and reliable.
b. Errors in testimony are usually due to the witness’s premeditated intent.
c. It can be affected by the words attorneys use when framing questions.
d. Preliminary testimony is considered unreliable; therefore, follow-up questioning is essential.

It can be affected by the words attorneys use when framing questions.

In a study by Loftus and Palmer, participants viewed a short video of an automobile accident. One group was asked "About how fast were the cars going when they hit each other?" A second group was asked "About how fast were the cars going when they smashed each other?" One week later, both groups were asked if they recalled seeing glass on the road after the accident (there was no glass on the road in the video). Which of the following statements is true?
a. There was no difference in responses among those that heard smashed, those that heard hit, and the control group.
b. Those that heard smashed were almost three times more likely than those that heard hit to report seeing glass.
c. Those that heard smashed were about as likely as the control group to report seeing glass.
d. Those that heard hit were almost three times more likely than those that heard smashed to report seeing glass.

Those that heard smashed were almost three times more likely than those that heard hit to report seeing glass.

Paolo is studying for his doctoral qualifying exams in neuropsychology. According to fuzzy trace theory, what would be the best way to study for these exams?
a. To develop verbatim traces by actively engaging with the material
b. To develop as many gist traces as possible
c. To allocate about 25% of his time to verbatim traces and 75% to gist traces
d. To focus on the most essential gist traces of the subject matter

To develop verbatim traces by actively engaging with the material

Brian cannot remember whether he told his parents that he would be bringing his three roommates over for dinner on Sunday, or if he had just reminded himself to tell them. Which of the following statements best describes processing in this type of scenario?
a. False memories regarding external sources account for the discrepancy.
b. False memories regarding internal sources account for the discrepancy.
c. Source monitoring can serve as a checkpoint.
d. We are largely unable to distinguish between internal and external sources of information.

We are largely unable to distinguish between internal and external sources of information.

A flashbulb memory is ____.
a. the detailed memory of a milestone event based on photographs
b. the limited memory of a negative event, as though blinded by the light
c. the intrusive memory of a traumatic event experienced by someone with PTSD
d. an especially vivid and detailed memory of an emotional event

an especially vivid and detailed memory of an emotional event

The effect of negative emotions on memory ____.
a. is variable c. is distortion
b. is consistently to enhance memory d. is consistently to inhibit memory

is variable

The hippocampus plays an essential role in ____.
a. assessing emotional situations
b. the formation of new declarative memories
c. the formation of new implicit memories
d. assessing analytical situations

the formation of new declarative memories

Michael has a flashbulb memory of when his mother told him the terrible news that his father had died in an automobile accident. What is most likely to be true about this memory?
a. This memory will not fade over time.
b. This memory is comparable in accuracy to less emotional memories at the same time.
c. He will likely lack confidence in the accuracy of this memory.
d. Retrieval of this memory will be more accurate than of everyday events around the same time.

Retrieval of this memory will be more accurate than of everyday events around the same time.

Extremes in memory retrieval, such as the complete failure to recall an emotional event or an intrusive, overly vivid amount of recall, start to occur when an event ____.
a. involves a family member
b. has been encoded during severe levels of depression
c. has been encoded during unusually high levels of stress
d. triggers the release of high levels of serotonin

has been encoded during unusually high levels of stress

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the definition of the term "forgetting"?
a. Chris is finding it increasingly difficult to remember the Latin vocabulary he learned in high school.
b. Mary daydreams about the young man who sits in front of her in Latin class; later, she does not recognize many of the vocabulary words on the exam.
c. Irina knew her Latin vocabulary very well but was too stressed during the exam to complete the questions in time.
d. Barry was in an automobile accident that impaired his ability to access certain memories, including the Latin vocabulary he had learned prior to the accident.

Chris is finding it increasingly difficult to remember the Latin vocabulary he learned in high school.

The process of forgetting ____.
a. has no adaptive benefit
b. is due to encoding failure
c. may help prioritize the things we should remember
d. is related to insufficient dopamine

may help prioritize the things we should remember

The reduction in ability to retrieve rarely used information over time is called ____.
a. forgetting c. motivated forgetting
b. decay d. interference

decay

A classic method of measuring the retention of material in long-term memory over time is to ____.
a. conduct MRI scans of the brain at annual or biennial intervals
b. measure levels of cortisol and other hormones
c. test and re-test regarding the same material at regular intervals
d. compare the rate of learning material the first time to the rate of learning the same material a second time

compare the rate of learning material the first time to the rate of learning the same material a second time

Mr. Langley’s former high school Latin students are holding a reunion twenty-five years later. He surprises them with a vocabulary game show quiz. His students most likely ____.
a. retained much of the vocabulary they knew in high school
b. forgot much of what they knew due to the passage of time
c. could remember about 35% of the vocabulary
d. found that they could not remember a thing

retained much of the vocabulary they knew in high school

Interference is ____.
a. a decrease in the ability to remember a previously formed memory
b. the reduction in ability to retrieve rarely used information over time
c. a failure to retrieve negative memories
d. competition between newer and older information in memory

competition between newer and older information in memory

Tom was knocked unconscious briefly during a game while playing on his high school’s football team. He does not remember much about the immediate circumstances leading to the injury. Why?
a. There was insufficient time for memory storage in the cerebral cortex.
b. He was motivated to forget the event because of its unpleasant nature.
c. Synaptic consolidation of memories was interrupted by the head injury.
d. There was insufficient time for memory storage in the hippocampus.

Synaptic consolidation of memories was interrupted by the head injury.

Lillian is cramming for her Latin exam. She must memorize vocabulary for Chapters 3 through 7 in her textbook by tomorrow morning. Which of the following best describes her recall of Chapter 5’s vocabulary compared to her friend Deb, who studied each chapter on the individual night assigned?
a. Her recall of Chapter 5 will be essentially the same as Deb’s if their total amount of study time is similar.
b. Her recall of Chapter 5 will be worse than Deb’s because of proactive and retroactive interference.
c. Her recall of Chapter 5 will be better than Deb’s because of proactive interference.
d. Her recall of Chapter 5 will be worse than Deb’s because of retroactive interference only.

Her recall of Chapter 5 will be worse than Deb’s because of proactive and retroactive interference.

Kevin is legally required to send a quarterly check to his former wife, whom he divorced twenty years ago. It annoys him greatly and he finds he often forgets until several days after the due date. This is likely an example of ____.
a. retroactive interference c. repressed memory
b. suppressed memory d. motivated forgetting

motivated forgetting

The effect of our motivations on our retrieval of memories ____.
a. can be one of distortion such that the original information is hardly recognizable
b. can exist but is unlikely to affect current attitudes or actions
c. has not been substantiated by research studies
d. is primarily one of mild distortion, like a ripple in a pond

can be one of distortion such that the original information is hardly recognizable

Jean has an intense fear of bears, including large teddy bears, and often discusses the topic. She thinks that a bear attacked her in the family’s living room when she was young, and that there was a party going on at the same time. Her mother recently found a video of her daughter’s fourth birthday party in which her uncle held his gift, a large teddy bear, in front of his face and growled ferociously. This indicates that Jean’s memory of the bear attack is likely ____.
a. repression c. suppression
b. confabulation d. truth

confabulation

In one of Elizabeth Loftus’s research experiments, she superimposed real family photos of her study participants onto a picture of a hot air balloon. What was the result?
a. Very few participants thought they had taken a balloon ride.
b. Fifty per cent of participants "remembered" having taken the balloon ride in childhood.
c. Almost all of the participants remembered the details of the day including their age at the time.
d. Most of the participants were confused as to whether they had taken a balloon ride.

Fifty per cent of participants "remembered" having taken the balloon ride in childhood.

Your text discusses recovered memories of childhood abuse. In the absence of proof, the authors recommend ____.
a. assuming the memories are confabulations
b. encouraging the detailed recovery of repressed memories
c. reliving the experience to reduce the traumatic effect
d. therapy aimed at relieving distressing symptoms without reference to their source

therapy aimed at relieving distressing symptoms without reference to their source

Out of all cases in which an innocent person has been cleared of a crime due to DNA evidence, how many involved mistaken identification of the perpetrator by an eyewitness?
a. 25% c. 75%
b. 50% d. 100%

75%

Jake, a 24-year-old Caucasian man, was caught in a stolen car and taken into the police station for identification. Which of the following lineups would be the fairest for Jake?
a. The witness is shown six photos of suspects simultaneously.
b. The witness is shown six photos of suspects sequentially.
c. In a physical lineup, the police officer asks the witness "Is that the guy?" while pointing to Jake.
d. Jake is the only Caucasian man in a physical lineup.

The witness is shown six photos of suspects sequentially.

Who was part of a team that demonstrated persistent changes in the strength of synapses responsible for several types of learning in the sea slug?
a. Frederic Bartlett c. Eric Kandel
b. Elizabeth Loftus d. Henry Molaison

Eric Kandel

Which of the following describes how learning changes neural structure?
a. Neurons have larger numbers of axon terminals following sensitization.
b. Neurons have smaller numbers of axon terminals following sensitization.
c. Neurons have larger numbers of axon terminals following habituation.
d. Neurons have larger numbers of axon terminals following habituation and sensitization.

Neurons have larger numbers of axon terminals following sensitization.

Anna is called on by her professor to share the definition of long-term potentiation with the class. She states that it is the enhancement of communication between two neurotransmitters resulting from their synchronous activation. Her definition is inaccurate with regard to the use of the term ____.
a. synchronous activation c. communication
b. enhancement d. neurotransmitter

neurotransmitter

Long-term potentiation shares many features with memory, such as being ____.
a. slow to form and subject to forgetting and decay
b. long-lasting and formed after a very brief exposure to stimuli
c. malleable and subject to persuasion
d. organized in accordance with the spreading activation model

long-lasting and formed after a very brief exposure to stimuli

In Zyzak, Otto, Eichenbaum, & Gallagher (1995), elderly rats that performed well in a maze had higher levels of ____ synthesis than their less capable peers.
a. glutamate c. acetylcholine
b. dopamine d. serotonin

acetylcholine

The NMDA receptor, a prime candidate for learning-related changes such as those observed in long-term potentiation, is a type of ____.
a. glutamate receptor c. dopamine receptor
b. serotonin receptor d. acetylcholine receptor

glutamate receptor

Henry must study for three finals and write a term paper in six days. He has decided to devote 15 hours of preparation time to his History of Modern China exam. What would be the best allocation of his time?
a. Study throughout the night before the exam for 15 hours.
b. Study three hours a day for five days.
c. Study the two days before the exam, about eight hours a day.
d. Study 15 hours during the day before the exam.

Study three hours a day for five days.

Which of the following techniques would be most helpful to Hannah while studying for her Gender and Society exam?
a. massed practice
b. pulling an all-nighter
c. reading her notes quickly and repetitively
d. taking practice tests

taking practice tests

Benicio is studying for his Sensation and Perception exam by explaining terms and concepts to his friend Catherine in his own words and by providing self-referential examples. This is called ____.
a. mnemonics c. distributive practice
b. recitation d. the method of loci

recitation

Memory aids that link new information to well-known information are called ____.
a. mnemonics c. chunks
b. elaborative rehearsal d. recitations

mnemonics

What is the basis for the effectiveness of the method of loci?
a. The method provides mnemonics to store memories.
b. Explaining material to someone else points out our gaps in understanding.
c. We form excellent representations of visual images in memory.
d. Distributing practice over time consolidates memories.

We form excellent representations of visual images in memory.