|
Separation protest is characterized by: a. Rejoicing when the caregiver returns |
c. Crying when the caregiver leaves |
|
Which of the following is an important role played by emotions during infancy? a. Cognition |
b. Communication |
|
Mariposa is in the Strange Situation; she moves freely away from her mother but keeps track of where she is through periodic glances. She would most likely be classified as _____________. a. Insecurely attached |
c. Securely attached |
|
Which of the following statements about emotions is FALSE? a. Emotions are the first language with which parents and infants communicate |
d. Embeddedness in relationships prevents diversity in emotional experiences |
|
When one-month-old Mai is sleeping, it often looks like she is smiling. This is an example of a ____________ smile. a. Private |
b. Reflexive |
|
Diego is in the Strange Situation with his caregiver, he explores the room and examines the toys that have been placed in it. He uses the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the room. He would be classified as __________. a. Insecure resistant |
c. Securely attached |
|
In which of the following situation will 9-month-old Lucy show the LEAST stranger anxiety? a. When she meets an unsmiling stranger at her home |
b. When she meets another 9-month-old baby at her home |
|
What is the term used to describe "reading" emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation? a. Social referencing |
a. Social referencing |
|
According to psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas, a(n) ____________ child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts easily to new experiences. a. Slow-to-warm-up |
b. Easy |
|
According to many developmental psychologists, soothing a crying infant should: a. Dissuade the infant from engaging reciprocal socialization |
c. Help the infant develop a secure attachment to the caregiver |
|
Which of the following is a characteristic of reciprocal socialization? a. It is bidirectional |
a. It is bidirectional |
|
Jerome Kagan’s classification of temperament focuses on: a. Inhibition to the unfamiliar |
a. Inhibition to the unfamiliar |
|
Jeremy is a securely attached infant; Jason is classified as an insecure infant. Which of the following statements about later functioning for these children is TRUE? a. There will be no differences in their social functioning by age 8 |
d. Jeremy is more likely than Jason to have high self-confidence |
|
Sakura isn’t a particularly active child, and he tends to be wary of new situations and people. Although he doesn’t cry, he dislikes dealing with novel situations. According to Thomas & Chess, he would be classified as: a. Easy child |
c. Slow-to-warm-up child |
|
Which of the following statements is NOT true of crying? a. It is the most important mechanism newborns have for communicating with their world |
d. Newborns respond with positive facial expressions when they hear other newborns cry |
|
Infants show ___________ when they are in familiar settings. a. More stranger anxiety |
c. Less stranger anxiety |
|
"Easy, "difficult", and "slow-to-warm-up" are three basic types of __________ identified by psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas. a. Trust |
d. Temperament |
|
Feelings or effects that occur when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to him or her, especially to his/her well-being are known as: a. Temperament |
b. Emotions |
|
Erik Erikson describes the second stage of personality development as the stage of ___________ versus shame and doubt. a. Curiosity |
c. Autonomy |
|
_________ refers to the match between a child’s temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with. a. Social referencing |
c. Goodness of fit |
|
In the second year of life, infants tend to "check" with their mother before they act; they look at her to see if she is happy, angry, or fearful. This is an example of ____________. a. Infinite generativity |
b. Social referencing |
|
In the Strange Situation, Quentin cries mildly when his caregiver departs. However, he is happy upon reunion, and then, continues to explore once the caregiver has returned. He would be classified as __________. a. Securely attached |
a. Securely attached |
|
Jerome Kagan stresses that ____________ is more important in a child’s social competence than the attachment theorists, such as Bowlby and Ainsworth, are willing to acknowledge. a. The child’s genetic aspect of temperament |
a. The child’s genetic aspect of temperament |
|
In their longitudinal investigation, Chess and Thomas found that ________ percent of the children they studied could be classified as easy. a. 25 |
c. 40 |
|
A mother hands her baby a rattle, saying, "Here you are." she then gently takes the rattle away, smiling and saying, "Thank you". She does this repeatedly, letting the baby keep the rattle for several seconds each time and encouraging the baby to offer the rattle. Eventually, the baby takes the rattle, holds it for a few seconds, and then holds it out to her mother and smiles. This is an example of: a. Sociability |
b. Scaffolding |
|
According to Jerome Kagan, temperament: a. Is the result of inherited physiological characteristics; however, temperament can be modified to some degree by the environment |
a. Is the result of inherited physiological characteristics; however temperament can be modified to some degree by the environment |
|
According the Freud, infants become attached to the person or object: a. That is perceived to a non-stranger |
c. That provides oral satisfaction |
|
Which of the following BEST exemplifies the difference between how mothers and fathers interact with their children? a. Mothers smile more at their children |
b. Fathers are more physical with their children |
|
The development of ________ helps infants interpret ambiguous situations more accurately, as when they encounter a stranger. a. Infinite generativity |
c. Social referencing |
|
Quimby, age 15, looks to her mother to see if she should be afraid of the stranger who has come to her home. Quimby relaxes when she sees her mother smiling and speaking to the stranger in a calm voice. Quimby is engaging in: a. Social checking |
c. Social referencing |
|
Especially in infancy, emotions play important roles in: a. Independence |
d. Behavioral organization |
|
What is the significant finding of Harlow’s experiments on monkeys reared by surrogate mothers? a. Contact comfort is not the crucial element in the attachment process |
c. Contact comfort is the crucial element in the attachment process |
|
______________ involves individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding. a. Attachment |
b. Temperament |
|
Nakita is 6 months old, and she has a tendency to cry when strangers come near her. Sheh is displaying one of a baby’s earliest emotions, ____________. a. Fear |
a. Fear |
|
The Strange Situation is an observational measure of infant attachment developed by Mary Ainsworth. It requires the infant to: a. Crawl through a dark tunnel with his/her mother and a stranger waiting on the other side |
b. Move through a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with his/her mother and a stranger |
|
Experts on infant socioemotional development, such as Jerome Kagan, conclude that ___________ makes it unlikely that emotions which require thought can be experienced in the first year. a. Lack of innate emotions in the infant brain |
b. The structural immaturity of the infant brain |
|
Which of the following would Erik Erikson be MOST likely to recommend about soothing a crying infant? a. Do not soothe the baby, because he/she will be spoiled |
b. Pick up the baby and soothe him/her so that a healthy sense of trust develops |
|
According to psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas, a(n) ____________ child reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and slow to accept change. a. Slow-to-warm-up |
c. Difficult |
|
Betty and Allen’s child, Cara, is usually in a pleasant mood. She has a regular routine but can readily adapt to changes. According to Chess and Thomas, Cara would be classified as a(n): a. Passive child |
b. Easy child |
|
According to Erikson, ______________ are keys to establishing a basic trust in infants. a. Physical comfort and sensitive care |
a. Physical comfort and sensitive care |
|
Three-month-old Zoey looks up at her mother and smiles. Researchers call this type of smiling: a. Trust smiling |
b. Social smiling |
|
What types of behaviors in caregivers create a sense of shame and doubt in children? a. Overprotectiveness and criticism |
a. Overprotectiveness and criticism |
|
Using rehearsal, we can keep information in short-term memory for a much longer period. In this context, rehearsal means: a. Preparing for a memory-span test |
c. Repeating information after it has been represented |
|
A toddler is likely to learn something in the zone of proximal development (ZPD) if: a. The toddler has mastered all the skills necessary |
c. The task is more difficult than the child can do alone |
|
Piaget’s preoperational stage is so named because he believed that children at this age: a. Do not yet perform reversible mental actions |
a. Do not yet perform reversible mental actions |
|
Pointing to a tree, young Leo says, "Bird flied away". Leo’s interesting but incorrect use of the "-ed" word ending shows that he is trying to learn the ____________ rules of language. a. Phonological |
b. Morphological |
|
Which of the following statements regarding parental smoking is true? a. Children are at risk for health problems when they live in homes in which a parent smokes |
a. Children are at risk for health problems when they live in homes in which a parent smokes |
|
Vygotsky argued that __________ represents an early transition toward becoming more socially communicative. a. Mindstream |
d. Private speech |
|
In moving from Piaget to Vygotsky, the conceptual shift is one from: a. The individual to collaboration |
a. The individual to collaboration |
|
Zone of proximal development (ZPD) is Vygotsky’s term for: a. A young adult’s cognitive development achieved through interaction with children |
d. The range of tasks too difficult for a child to master alone but that can be learned with help from adults |
|
Children exposed to tobacco smoke in the home are more likely to develop _____________ than are children in homes where no one smokes. a. Tuberculosis |
d. Wheezing and asthma |
|
In short-term memory, individuals retain information for up to _________ if there is no rehearsal of the information. a. 30 seconds |
a. 30 seconds |
|
Patricia, 6, loves to decorate books by drawing pictures and putting in words to describe them. Her ideas are balanced now. She has started to analyze and understand things. However, she is egocentric and holds what her parents describe as "magical beliefs". Patricia is in Piaget’s _________ stage of development. a. Sensorimotor |
d. Preoperational |
|
According to Piaget, in the _________ stage, the young child’s cognitive world is dominated by egocentrism and magical beliefs. a. Preoperational |
a. Preoperational |
|
What have been found to be the two most important contributors to height differences among children worldwide? a. Nationality and culture |
d. Ethnic origin and nutrition |
|
Six-year-old Shirley, a witness to a robbery, was asked to testify at the trial. The defense argued that her testimony would be invalid because: a. At her age, she has no long-term memories |
b. Her memories are highly susceptible to suggestion |
|
Researchers have found that in children from 3 to 6 years of age, the most rapid growth takes place in the __________ lobe areas of the brain. a. Temporal |
c. Frontal |
|
Which of the following are nerve fibers that carry signals away from the cell body? a. Neurotransmitters |
d. Axons |
|
When 4- and 5-year olds scramble over jungle gyms and race their friends, they are demonstrating their: a. Cognitive skills |
c. Gross motor skills |
|
By the end of early childhood, girls have more ________ tissue than boys. a. Fatty |
a. Fatty |
|
When experimenters ask children to judge whether two complex pictures are the same, preschool children tend to use a haphazard comparison strategy, not examining all of the details before making a judgement, exhibiting a lack of: a. Conservation |
d. Planfulness |
|
During early childhood, on average, girls are _________ than boys. a. Much lighter |
c. Slightly smaller |
|
In 1965, the federal government began an effort to break the cycle of poverty and poor education for young children in the United States through: a. Maria Montessori Program |
d. Project Head Start |
|
Which of the following plays a key role in planning and organizing new actions and maintaining attention to tasks? a. Amygdala |
c. Prefrontal cortex |
|
In general, conservation involves the ability to understand that changes in physical arrangement: a. Do not change an object’s basic properties |
a. Do not change an object’s basic properties |
|
Who among the following 5-year olds is MOST likely to be the tallest? a. Timothy, White boy, urban, middle-socioeconomic-status, and later-born |
c. Tyrone, African American boy, urban, middle-socioeconomic-status, and firstborn |
|
In Piaget’s theory, failing the conservation-of-liquid task demonstrates: a. That the child is at the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development |
c. Centration |
|
One of the major changes in brain development between the ages of 3 and 15 involves an increase in the speed and efficiency of information traveling through the nervous system. This change is brought about by _____________. a. Centration |
b. Myelination |
|
Gross motor skills are to fine motor skills as _________ is to ___________. a. Jumping; writing |
a. Jumping; writing |
|
Juan and his little sister, Anne, are each given a large cookie. Their mother breaks Anne’s cookie into four pieces to help her eat it more easily. Juan immediately begins to cry and says that it is not fair for his sister to get so many cookies when he only has one. Juan is showing a lack of: a. Constancy |
b. Conservation |
|
Which of the following refers to teachers’ adjustment of their level of support and guidance to the level of skill of the student? a. Accommodation |
c. Scaffolding |
|
The second Piagetian stage of development is the preoperational stage, which lasts from approximately ___________ years of age. a. 1 to 3 |
b. 2 to 7 |
|
In the ______________ stage, children begin to represent the world with words, images and drawings. a. Concrete operational |
c. Preoperational |
|
Fred and Wayne are 4-year-olds and friends. When they are together, they often wrestle, run, race, and push, and shove each other. Although their level of activity often aggravates their parents, we know that these activities will: a. Help the boys develop gross motor skills |
a. Help the boys develop gross motor skills |
|
__________ attention is focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or other aspect of the environment. a. Salient |
d. Sustained |
|
Which of the following is a factor in increasing the physical activity of preschool children? a. Family members watching sports on TV together |
b. Parents’ perception that it is safe for their children to play outside |
|
When adults are working with young children, they often provide a lot of hints, assistance, instructions, and other support to help the children succeed. As the children demonstrate they can do more for themselves, the adults begin to withdraw these supports. This shows the adults’ involvement in the children’s: a. Zone of proximal development |
a. Zone of proximal development |
|
While talking with his grandmother one the phone, five-year old Danny suddenly exclaims, "Oh, look at that pretty bird"! When his grandmother asks him to describe the bird, Danny says, "Out there, out there! Right there Grandma"! He finally gets frustrated and hangs up. This is an example of: a. Animism |
b. Egocentrism |
|
A police officer visits Timothy and Evelyn’s class to discuss safety rules. To attract the children’s attention, the officer brings colorful balloons and lots of jars of bubbles for the children to blow. Later, Timothy tells his parents all about the safety rules the officer discussed. Timothy obviously paid attention to what was _____________. a. Salient |
b. Relevant |
|
Vygotsky believed that children construct knowledge through: a. Self-discovery |
b. Social interaction |
|
_________ is a process in which nerve cells are covered and insulated with a layer of fat cells. a. Centration |
b. Myelination |
|
Which of the following is true about Head Start programs? a. They provide pre-school services for low-income families |
a. They provide pre-school services for low-income families |
|
The theory of ____________ refers to awareness of one’s own mental processes and the mental processes of others. a. Self-awareness |
c. Mind |
|
The inability to distinguish between one’s own perspective and someone else’s perspective is known as ___________. a. Animism |
c. Egocentrism |
|
"My computer doesn’t like me–it keeps eating my pictures", says 3-year old Kimberly. This is an example of: a. Animsim |
a. Animism |
|
Toby is 3 years old. His parents are concerned because he is always running and jumping around. He cannot seem to sit still. Even when watching his favorite movie on TV, he fidgets and wiggles. It is especially frustrating to his parents when Toby does not sit still through dinner. Which of the following should Toby’s parents do? a. Have him tested for attention deficit disorder |
d. Be assured that his behavior is normal for his age |
|
Which parenting style is demanding and controlling, while also being accepting and responsive? a. Authoritarian |
c. Authoritative |
|
A parent who encourages his/her children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions is a(n): a. Authoritarian parent |
b. Authoritative parent |
|
Working-class and low-income families are more likely to practice a(n) _______________ parenting style. a. Authoritarian |
a. Authoritarian |
|
Whereas the public and many professionals use the term child abuse to refer to both abuse and neglect, developmentalists increasingly use the term ___________. a. Child neglect |
b. Child maltreatment |
|
Television continues to have a strong influence on children’s development, but children’s use of other media and information/communication devices has led to the use of the term ________________, which includes how much time individuals spend watching television programs and DVDs, using computers, playing video games, and using mobile media such as iPhones. a. Screen time |
a. Screen time |
|
Who among the following is MOST likely to be rejected by peers on the basis of gender roles? a. A little girl in boy’s clothing |
b. A little boy playing with a doll |
|
Bernice was raised by two lesbian mothers, whereas Jessica was raised by a heterosexual couple. According to research, it is MOST likely that: a. Bernice is more popular than Jessica, whereas Jessica is more psychologically adjusted than Bernice |
b. Bernice and Jessica are the same with regard to popularity and mental health |
|
Children between the ages of 3 and 12 usually prefer to play in groups that are made up of: a. Mixed ages |
b. The same sex as theirs |
|
Developmental psychologists would describe Jennifer as an "emotion-dismissing" parent to her son. Which of the following types of behavior is Jennifer MOST likely to engage in? a. She praises her son when he performs a task well |
b. She ignores her child when he cries |
|
When asked to describe his parenting style, Juan stated, "In my house, my word is the law". Juan is probably a(n): a. Authoritarian parent |
a. Authoritarian parent |
|
Which of the following is true of children in divorced families? a. A majority of children in divorced families do not have significant adjustment problems |
a. A majority of children in divorced families do not have significant adjustment problems |
|
According to Baumrind, a parent who is very uninvolved in a child’s life, showing neither responsiveness nor control, is displaying a ___________ parenting style. a. Authoritarian |
d. Neglectful |
|
What does a child get from peers that he/she typically cannot get from siblings? a. A same-sex friend |
c. An idea of how the child compares with other children the same age |
|
Which of the following statements about high-SES parents in the United States and most Western cultures is true? a. Higher-SES parents are more likely to use physical punishment in disciplining their children |
b. Higher-SES parents are less likely to use physical punishment |
|
______________ is responding to another person’s feelings with an emotion that echoes the other’s feelings. a. Guilt |
b. Empathy |
|
According to Freud, the moral element of the personality is called the ____________. a. Id |
d. Superego |
|
Girls are more likely to engage in "_____________", in which they talk and act in a more reciprocal manner. a. Collaborative discourse |
a. Collaborative discourse |
|
Which parenting style is undemanding and uncontrolling, while also being accepting and responsive? a. Authoritarian |
b. Indulgent |
|
Which of the following is an effective way of handling a child’s misbehavior, according to most child psychologists? a. Mild spanking, calculated not to hurt the child |
b. Time out, in which the child is removed from a setting that offers positive reinforcement |
|
Marjorie chooses to deny, ignore, or change the negative emotions of her children. She is an: a. Emotion-coaching parent |
c. Emotion-dismissing parent |
|
The primary social theories of gender include all of the following EXCEPT: a. Evolutionary psychology view |
a. Evolutionary psychology view |
|
A parent who uses a restrictive, punitive style to control the behavior of their children is a(n): a. Authoritarian parent |
a. Authoritarian parent |
|
Barbara monitors her children’s emotions, views their negative emotions as opportunities for teaching, and assists her children in labeling their emotions. She is an: a. Emotion-facilitator parent |
c. Emotion-coaching parent |
|
Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky considered play be be valuable because: a. It allows children to release tension |
b. It advances the child’s cognitive development |
|
A number of researchers have shown that a(n) _________________, which includes diminished parenting skills, occurs in the year following the divorce. a. Centration |
d. Disequilibrium |
|
Feelings of anxiety and guilt are central to the account of moral development provided by _________ theory. a. vygotsky’s sociocultural cognitive |
d. Freud’s psychoanalytic |
|
__________ parents interact with their children in a less rejecting manner, use more scaffolding and praise, and are more nurturant than are emotion-dismissing parents. a. Emotion-dismissing |
c. Emotion-coaching |
|
Which of the following is true of the characteristics of sibling relationships as described by Judy Dunn? a. There is no observable variation in sibling relationships |
c. There is considerable variation in sibling relationships |
|
Logan is a warm and loving parent, but he also has high expectations of his kids. As he encourages independent and age-appropriate behavior from his children, Baumrind would classify him as a: a. Authoritarian parent |
b. Authoritative parent |
|
The children of ___________ parents are better at soothing themselves when they get upset, more effective in regulating their negative effect, focus their attention better, and have fewer behavior problems than the children of emotion-dismissing parents. a. Emotion-coaching |
a. Emotion-coaching |
|
Which parenting style is undemanding and uncontrolling, but is also rejecting, and unresponsive? a. Authoritarian |
d. Neglectful |
|
According to Erik Erikson, the psychosocial stage that characterizes early childhood is: a. Initiative versus guilt |
a. Initiative versus guilt |
|
A __________ is a cognitive structure, a network of associations that guide an individual’s perceptions a. Format |
b. Schema |
|
The ability to discern another’s inner psychological state is known as: a. Correspondence |
c. Perspective taking |
|
Misha has been sent to his room for hitting his baby sister. His mother will come in and talk to him about why he cannot treat his sister this way and about other, more acceptable ways for him to express his anger. Which parenting style does this exemplify? a. Authoritarian |
b. Authoritative |
|
Lucy frequently spanks her child, enforces rigid household rules, and exhibits rage toward her child when those rules are broken. Lucy is most likely a(n) ______________. a. Authoritarian parent |
a. Authoritarian parent |
|
_______________ especially plays a key role in children’s ability to manage the demands and conflicts they face in interacting with others. It is an important component of executive function. a. Moral integrity |
b. Emotion regulation |
|
Sets of expectations that prescribe how females and males should think, act, and feel are know as gender: a. Roles |
a. Roles |
|
According to Baumrind, a parent who is highly involved with his/her children but places few demands or controls on them is displaying a _____________ parenting style. a. Authoritarian |
c. Indulgent |
|
Tom and Katie have recently split up, but for the benefit of their child they attempt to provide one another support in jointly raising their child. This is an example of: a. Joint parenting |
d. Coparenting |
|
When her mother asks Selena why she feels so sad, Selena says it is because her best friend lost her puppy. Selena is exhibiting: a. Guilt |
b. Empathy |
|
Josh’s mother makes his favorite food–burgers, fries, and pizza–every night for dinner. His mother lets Josh play as much as he wants to, study only when he feels like it, and imposes no fixed bedtime. Josh’s mom is most likely a(n): a. Authoritarian parent |
c. Indulgent parent |
|
In which parenting style do parents show pleasure and support in response to children’s constructive behavior? a. Authoritarian |
b. Authoritative |
|
Which parenting style is demanding and controlling, while also being rejected and unresponsive? a. Authoritarian |
a. Authoritarian |
Share This
Flashcard
