AP Psy Chapter 9 part 2

Storage is to encoding as ________ is to ________.
a. recognition; recall
b. imagery; mnemonics
c. rehearsal; retrieval
d. retention; acquisition
e. priming; relearning

d. retention; acquisition

The process of getting information out of memory storage is called:
a. priming.
b. encoding.
c. relearning.
d. retrieval.
e. rehearsal.

d. retrieval.

Your consciously activated but limited capacity memory is called ________ memory.
a. short-term
b. implicit
c. mood-congruent
d. explicit
e. automatic

a. short-term

The three-stage processing model suggests that we register information in ________ before it is ________ into short-term memory.
a. sensory; retrieved
b. long-term; retrieved
c. sensory; encoded
d. long-term; encoded

c. sensory; encoded

A flashbulb memory would typically be stored in ________ memory.
a. iconic
b. implicit
c. short-term
d. state-dependent
e. long-term

e. long-term

The integration of new incoming information with knowledge retrieved from long-term storage involves what is known as:
a. automatic processing.
b. implicit memory.
c. semantic encoding.
d. long-term potentiation.
e. working memory.

e. working memory.

Automatic and effortful processing involve two types of:
a. encoding.
b. retrieval.
c. interference.
d. storage.
e. repression.

a. encoding.

Automatic processing occurs without:
a. visual imagery.
b. semantic encoding.
c. conscious awareness.
d. sensory memory.

c. conscious awareness.

Our ability to perform two or more complex encoding tasks simultaneously best illustrates the value of:
a. source amnesia.
b. flashbulb memory.
c. state-dependent memory.
d. automatic processing.
e. the spacing effect.

d. automatic processing.

During her psychology test, Marsha could not remember the meaning of the term "proactive interference." Surprisingly, however, she accurately remembered that the term appeared on the fourth line of a left hand page in her textbook. Her memory of this incidental information is best explained in terms of:
a. automatic processing.
b. the serial position effect.
c. the spacing effect.
d. the method of loci.
e. the next-in-line effect.

a. automatic processing.

The effortful processing of information:
a. typically interferes with the capacity to think creatively.
b. cannot easily be suppressed and inhibited.
c. can become automatic through practice.
d. occurs less frequently among adults than children.

c. can become automatic through practice.

The conscious repetition of information in order to maintain it in memory is called:
a. automatic processing.
b. rehearsal.
c. priming.
d. chunking.

b. rehearsal.

In an effort to remember how to spell "rhinoceros," Sheryl writes the word 30 times. She is using a technique known as:
a. priming.
b. rehearsal.
c. the "peg-word" system.
d. chunking.
e. the method of loci.

b. rehearsal.

Priming is to retrieval as rehearsal is to:
a. encoding.
b. chunking.
c. imagery.
d. repression.
e. automatic processing.

a. encoding.

Ebbinghaus’s use of nonsense syllables to study memory led to the discovery that:
a. the amount remembered depends on the time spent learning.
b. what is learned in one mood is most easily retrieved in that same mood.
c. information that is automatically processed is rarely forgotten.
d. our sensory memory capacity is essentially unlimited.

a. the amount remembered depends on the time spent learning.

Immediately after participants at a business seminar took turns introducing themselves, Anne remembered everybody’s name except for the person who introduced himself just before she did. This best illustrates that memory is influenced by:
a. the spacing effect.
b. long-term potentiation.
c. the serial position effect.
d. retrieval failure.
e. rehearsal.

e. rehearsal.

Our inability to remember information presented in the seconds just before we fall asleep is most likely due to:
a. motivated forgetting.
b. the misinformation effect.
c. retroactive interference.
d. encoding failure.
e. long-term potentiation.

d. encoding failure.

Kathy performs better on foreign language vocabulary tests if she studies the material 15 minutes every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night before the test. This illustrates what is known as:
a. the spacing effect.
b. the serial position effect.
c. mood-congruent memory.
d. chunking.
e. automatic processing.

a. the spacing effect.

Students who restudy course material in order to pass a comprehensive examination are especially likely to demonstrate long-term retention of the course material. This best illustrates:
a. implicit memory.
b. the serial position effect.
c. the method of loci.
d. the spacing effect.
e. chunking.

d. the spacing effect.

The tendency to immediately recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle items is known as the ________ effect.
a. serial position
b. misinformation
c. next-in-line
d. priming
e. spacing

a. serial position

One day after Usha hears her mother’s list of 12 grocery items, Usha is most likely to remember the items ________ of the list.
a. at the beginning and end
b. at the end
c. at the beginning
d. in the middle

c. at the beginning

The day after Jean was introduced to thirteen people at a business luncheon, she could recall the names of only the first four people to whom she had been introduced. Her effective recall of these particular names best illustrates the benefits of:
a. automatic processing.
b. the next-in-line effect.
c. rehearsal.
d. flashbulb memory.
e. the method of loci.

c. rehearsal.

The fact that our preconceived ideas contribute to our ability to process new information best illustrates the importance of:
a. the serial position effect.
b. semantic encoding.
c. retroactive interference.
d. iconic memory.
e. repression.

b. semantic encoding.

Semantic encoding refers to the processing of:
a. sounds.
b. meanings.
c. visual images.
d. unfamiliar units.

b. meanings.

When people are asked to recall a list of words they had earlier memorized, they often substitute synonyms for some of the words on the original list. This best illustrates the effects of:
a. automatic processing.
b. source amnesia.
c. semantic encoding.
d. memory decay.
e. state-dependent memory.

c. semantic encoding.

Superior memory for rap lyrics that include the most rhymes best illustrates the value of:
a. the next-in-line effect.
b. the spacing effect.
c. mood-congruent memory.
d. the serial position effect.
e. acoustic encoding.

e. acoustic encoding.

Craik and Tulving experimentally demonstrated that people effectively remember seeing a specific word after they decide whether that word fits into an incomplete sentence. This research highlighted the effectiveness of:
a. the method of loci.
b. the "peg word" system.
c. automatic processing.
d. semantic encoding.
e. the next-in-line effect.

d. semantic encoding.

Children can better remember an ancient Latin verse if the definition of each unfamiliar Latin word is carefully explained to them. This best illustrates the value of:
a. iconic memory.
b. semantic encoding.
c. the method of loci.
d. automatic processing.
e. the "peg word" system.

b. semantic encoding.

In order to remember the information presented in her psychology textbook, Susan often relates it to her own life experiences. Susan’s strategy is an effective memory aid because it facilitates:
a. iconic memory.
b. semantic encoding.
c. automatic processing.
d. proactive interference.
e. the serial position effect.

b. semantic encoding.

Which of the following questions about the word depressed would best prepare you to correctly remember tomorrow that you had seen the word on today’s test?
a. How well does the word describe you?
b. Does the word consist of ten letters?
c. Is the word written in capital letters?
d. Does the word rhyme with obsessed?

a. How well does the word describe you?

We are more likely to remember the words "typewriter, cigarette, and fire" than the words "void, process, and inherent." This best illustrates the value of:
a. long-term potentiation.
b. flashbulb memory.
c. visual encoding.
d. iconic memory.

c. visual encoding.

Elaine recalls last year’s Paris vacation more positively than she evaluated it when it occurred. This best illustrates:
a. the self-reference effect.
b. source amnesia.
c. proactive interference.
d. rosy retrospection.
e. the spacing effect.

d. rosy retrospection.

A mnemonic device is a:
a. mental picture.
b. test or measure of memory.
c. technique for encoding language sounds.
d. memory aid.
e. word, event, or place that triggers a memory of the past.

d. memory aid.

George has learned the sentence "My Very Earnest Mother Just Showed Us Nine Planets" as a way to remember the names of the nine planets. This illustrates the use of:
a. the method of loci.
b. mnemonics.
c. the spacing effect.
d. the "peg word" system.
e. automatic processing.

b. mnemonics.

As an aid to memorizing lengthy speeches, ancient Greek orators would visualize themselves moving through familiar locations. They were making use of:
a. the serial position effect.
b. the next-in-line effect.
c. implicit memory.
d. the method of loci.
e. the spacing effect.

d. the method of loci.

Acronyms are to chunking as the method of loci is to:
a. imagery.
b. rehearsal.
c. acoustic encoding.
d. automatic processing.
e. the "peg-word" system.

a. imagery.

The method of loci is to imagery as acronyms are to:
a. priming.
b. rehearsal.
c. chunking.
d. the "peg-word" system.

c. chunking.

Chunking refers to:
a. getting information into memory through the use of visual imagery.
b. the effortless processing of familiar information to get it into long term memory storage.
c. the combined use of automatic and effortful processing to ensure the retention of unfamiliar information.
d. the organization of information into meaningful units.

d. the organization of information into meaningful units.

Chess masters can recall the exact positions of most pieces after a brief glance at the game board. This ability is best explained in terms of:
a. flashbulb memory.
b. chunking.
c. iconic memory.
d. the serial position effect.
e. the method of loci.

b. chunking.

In order to remember to buy sugar, ham, oranges, and potatoes the next time he goes grocery shopping, Nabil forms the word "shop" with the first letter of each item. He is using a memory aid known as:
a. chunking.
b. the spacing effect.
c. the serial position effect.
d. the method of loci.
e. the next-in-line effect.

a. chunking.

Helen went to the store for furniture polish, carrots, pencils, ham, sponges, celery, notebook paper, and salami. She remembered to buy all these items by reminding herself that she needed food products that included meats and vegetables and that she needed nonfood products that included school supplies and cleaning aids. Helen made effective use of:
a. the spacing effect.
b. hierarchical organization.
c. automatic processing.
d. the "peg word" system.
e. the method of loci.

b. hierarchical organization.

When Sperling visually displayed three rows of three letters each for only 1/20th of a second, experimental participants:
a. recalled only half the letters because they had insufficient time to see all of them.
b. recalled only about seven of the letters due to memory storage limitations.
c. had a momentary photographic memory of all nine letters.
d. recalled all the letters in any particular row when given a special recall signal several seconds after the letters had disappeared.

c. had a momentary photographic memory of all nine letters.

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli is called ________ memory.
a. echoic
b. implicit
c. iconic
d. flashbulb

c. iconic

The address for obtaining tickets to a popular quiz show flashes on the TV screen, but the image disappears before Sergei has had a chance to write down the complete address. To his surprise, however, he has retained a momentary mental image of the five digit zip code. His experience best illustrates ________ memory.
a. iconic
b. flashbulb
c. implicit
d. echoic
e. state dependent

a. iconic

Explicit memory is to long-term memory as iconic memory is to ________ memory.
a. sensory
b. short-term
c. flashbulb
d. implicit
e. state-dependent

a. sensory

Echoic memory refers to:
a. the encoded meanings of words and events in long term memory.
b. a vivid memory of an emotionally significant event.
c. the automatic retention of incidental information about the timing and frequency of events.
d. a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli.

d. a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli.

For a moment after hearing his dog’s high pitched bark, Mr. Silvers has a vivid auditory impression of the dog’s yelp. His experience most clearly illustrates ________ memory.
a. short term
b. iconic
c. mood-congruent
d. implicit
e. echoic

e. echoic

Peterson and Peterson demonstrated that unrehearsed short-term memories for three consonants almost completely decay in as short a time as:
a. 1 second.
b. 12 seconds.
c. 1 minute.
d. 12 minutes.
e. 1 hour.

b. 12 seconds.

After being asked to remember three consonants, subjects in a study by Peterson and Peterson counted aloud backward by threes in order to prevent:
a. source amnesia.
b. retroactive interference.
c. proactive interference.
d. encoding failure.
e. rehearsal.

e. rehearsal.

"The magical number seven, plus or minus two" refers to the storage capacity of ________ memory.
a. short-term
b. explicit
c. flashbulb
d. implicit
e. sensory

a. short-term

Short-term memory is slightly better:
a. for random digits than for random letters.
b. for visual information than for auditory information.
c. in children than in adults.
d. in females than in males.

a. for random digits than for random letters.

Which type of memory has an essentially unlimited storage capacity?
a. echoic memory
b. short-term memory
c. long term memory
d. state dependent memory

c. long term memory

Walter Penfield observed that electrical stimulation of the brains of wide-awake patients sometimes led them to report vivid recollections. Penfield incorrectly assumed that:
a. his patients were inventing false memories.
b. the brain’s total storage capacity is very limited.
c. the brain’s physical memory trace decays gradually over time.
d. everything we learn is permanently stored in the brain.

d. everything we learn is permanently stored in the brain.

After hamsters learned whether to turn right or left in a maze in order to find food, their body temperature was lowered until the electrical activity in their brains ceased. When the hamsters were revived, they still remembered what they had learned prior to the "blackout." The hamsters’ directional memory was apparently a(n) ________ memory.
a. sensory
b. repressed
c. state-dependent
d. long-term
e. implicit

d. long-term

Research by Kandel and Schwartz on sea snails indicates that memory formation is associated with the:
a. structure of DNA molecules.
b. release of certain neurotransmitters.
c. activity level of the hippocampus.
d. development of the cerebellum.

b. release of certain neurotransmitters.

Long-term potentiation is a(n):
a. elimination of anxiety-producing thoughts from conscious awareness.
b. disruptive effect of prior learning on recall of new information.
c. process of getting information out of memory storage.
d. neural basis for memory.

d. neural basis for memory.

Passing an electric current through the brain during electroconvulsive therapy is most likely to disrupt ________ memory.
a. implicit
b. mood-congruent
c. short term
d. flashbulb

c. short term

Which of the following substances is most likely to impair the formation of long-term memories?
a. alcohol
b. epinephrine
c. acetylcholine
d. serotonin

a. alcohol

The temporary release of stress hormones into the bloodstream facilitates:
a. repression.
b. source amnesia.
c. retroactive interference.
d. long-term potentiation.

d. long-term potentiation.

Which of the following substances is most likely to facilitate the formation of new memories?
a. alcohol, which often makes people feel relaxed and uninhibited
b. Valium, a prescription drug that reduces tension and anxiety
c. marijuana, which sometimes produces feelings of euphoria
d. epinephrine, a physically and emotionally arousing hormone

d. epinephrine, a physically and emotionally arousing hormone

By shrinking the hippocampus, prolonged stress is most likely to inhibit the process of:
a. source misattribution.
b. proactive interference.
c. long-term memory storage.
d. repression.

c. long-term memory storage.

The ability to learn something without any conscious memory of having learned it suggests the need to distinguish between:
a. proactive and retroactive interference.
b. short term and long term memory.
c. recognition and recall.
d. explicit and implicit memory.

d. explicit and implicit memory.

A retention of skills and dispositions without conscious recollection is known as ________ memory.
a. state-dependent
b. flashbulb
c. short-term
d. sensory
e. implicit

e. implicit

Remembering how to solve a jigsaw puzzle without any conscious recollection that one can do so best illustrates ________ memory.
a. short-term
b. explicit
c. flashbulb
d. implicit
e. sensory

d. implicit

Memory of facts is to ________ as memory of skills is to ________.
a. brainstem; hippocampus
b. explicit memory; implicit memory
c. automatic processing; effortful processing
d. short term memory; long term memory

b. explicit memory; implicit memory

The hippocampus plays a critical role in ________ memory.
a. iconic
b. explicit
c. echoic
d. implicit

b. explicit

Damage to the ________ is most likely to interfere with explicit memories of newly learned verbal information. Damage to the ________ is most likely to interfere with explicit memories of newly learned visual designs.
a. right hippocampus; left hippocampus
b. left hippocampus; right hippocampus
c. left hippocampus; right cerebellum
d. right cerebellum; left cerebellum
e. left cerebellum; right cerebellum

b. left hippocampus; right hippocampus

Although Faustina can learn and remember how to solve a complicated jigsaw puzzle, she is unable to learn and remember the names of people to whom she has been introduced. Faustina is most likely to have suffered damage to her:
a. hypothalamus.
b. brainstem.
c. hippocampus.
d. cerebellum.

c. hippocampus.

Studies of the conditioned eye-blink response in rabbits suggest that implicit memories are stored in the:
a. hypothalamus.
b. association areas.
c. motor cortex.
d. hippocampus.
e. cerebellum.

e. cerebellum.

Cerebellum is to ________ memory as hippocampus is to ________ memory.
a. short-term; long-term
b. long-term; short-term
c. implicit; explicit
d. explicit; implicit
e. iconic; echoic

c. implicit; explicit

An understanding of the different brain circuits involved in implicit and explicit memory is most helpful for explaining:
a. the serial position effect.
b. the spacing effect.
c. repression.
d. state dependent memory.
e. infantile amnesia.

e. infantile amnesia.

When an eyewitness to an auto accident is asked to describe what happened, which test of memory is being utilized?
a. reconstruction
b. recognition
c. rehearsal
d. recall
e. relearning

d. recall

Which memory test would most effectively reveal that Mr. Quintano, at age 55, still remembers many of his high school classmates?
a. recall
b. recognition
c. rehearsal
d. reconstruction

b. recognition

Which test of memory typically provides the fewest retrieval cues?
a. recognition
b. recall
c. relearning
d. rehearsal
e. reconstruction

b. recall

Words, events, places, and emotions that trigger our memory of the past are called:
a. retrieval cues.
b. déjà vu.
c. iconic traces.
d. context effects.
e. schemas.

a. retrieval cues.

When 80 year old Ida looked at her old wedding pictures, she was flooded with vivid memories of her parents, her husband, and the early years of her marriage. The pictures served as powerful:
a. encoding devices.
b. iconic memories.
c. automatic processing devices.
d. retrieval cues.

d. retrieval cues.

Memories are primed by:
a. repression.
b. retrieval cues.
c. retroactive interference.
d. the serial position effect.
e. source amnesia.

b. retrieval cues.

Hearing the word "rabbit" may lead people to spell the spoken word "hair" as "h-a-r-e." This best illustrates a process known as:
a. chunking.
b. retroactive interference.
c. the method of loci.
d. repression.
e. priming.

e. priming.

Watching a TV soap opera involving marital conflict and divorce led Andrea to recall several instances in which her husband had mistreated her. The effect of the TV program on Andrea’s recall provides an example of:
a. the spacing effect.
b. repression.
c. the serial position effect.
d. automatic processing.
e. priming.

e. priming.

After learning that kicking would move a crib mobile, infants showed that they recalled this learning best if they were tested in the same crib. This best illustrates the effect of ________ on recall.
a. the serial position effect
b. retrieval cues
c. state dependent memory
d. the spacing effect
e. the method of loci

b. retrieval cues

Déjà vu refers to the:
a. emotional arousal produced by events that prime us to recall associated events.
b. tendency to remember experiences that are consistent with one’s current mood.
c. unconscious activation of particular associations in memory.
d. eerie sense of having previously experienced a situation.

d. eerie sense of having previously experienced a situation.

After her last drinking spree, Karen hid a half empty liquor bottle. She couldn’t remember where she hid it until she started drinking again. Karen’s pattern of recall best illustrates:
a. the spacing effect.
b. proactive interference.
c. the serial position effect.
d. motivated forgetting.
e. state dependent memory.

e. state dependent memory.

Mood-congruent memory refers to the effect of emotional states on the process of:
a. repression.
b. encoding.
c. storage.
d. retrieval.
e. relearning.

d. retrieval.

Negative associations primed by distressing emotions most clearly illustrate:
a. repression.
b. retroactive interference.
c. the misinformation effect.
d. proactive interference.
e. mood-congruent memory.

e. mood-congruent memory.

The more depressed Betty feels, the more easily she remembers many of the sad events in her life. This best illustrates:
a. the self-reference effect.
b. mood-congruent memory.
c. retroactive interference.
d. the spacing effect.
e. source amnesia.

b. mood-congruent memory

The effect of moods on our interpretation of new information suggests that our emotional states influence the process of:
a. repression.
b. encoding.
c. storage.
d. retrieval.
e. relearning.

d. retrieval.

A person who has trouble forgetting information, such as the Russian memory whiz S, often seems to have a limited capacity for:
a. implicit memory.
b. explicit memory.
c. abstract thinking.
d. visual imagery.

c. abstract thinking.

In describing what he calls the seven sins of memory, Daniel Schacter suggests that storage decay contributes to:
a. absent-mindedness.
b. repression.
c. transience.
d. implicit memory.

c. transience.

In considering the seven sins of memory, misattribution is to the sin of ________ as blocking is to the sin of ________.
a. retroactive interference; proactive interference
b. distortion; forgetting
c. proactive interference; retroactive interference
d. intrusion; distortion

b. distortion; forgetting

The inability to recall the numbers on a telephone dial that are not accompanied by letters is most likely due to:
a. encoding failure.
b. retrieval failure.
c. the spacing effect.
d. retroactive interference.
e. proactive interference.

a. encoding failure.

The inability to remember how Lincoln’s head appears on a penny is most likely due to a failure in:
a. encoding.
b. storage.
c. retrieval.
d. implicit memory.
e. iconic memory.

a. encoding.

The famous Ebbinghaus "forgetting curve" indicates that how well we remember information depends on:
a. how long ago we learned that information.
b. the nature of our mood during encoding and retrieval.
c. whether the information is part of our implicit or explicit memory.
d. whether the information was acoustically or visually encoded.

a. how long ago we learned that information.

Ebbinghaus discovered that the rate at which we forget novel information is initially ________ and subsequently ________.
a. slow; stays slow
b. slow; speeds up
c. rapid; stays rapid
d. rapid; slows down

d. rapid; slows down

Judy is embarrassed because she suddenly cannot remember an acquaintance’s name. Judy’s poor memory most likely results from a failure in:
a. storage.
b. encoding.
c. rehearsal.
d. retrieval.
e. automatic processing.

d. retrieval.

The title of a song is on the tip of Gerard’s tongue, but he cannot recall it until someone mentions the songwriter’s name. Gerard’s initial inability to recall the title was most likely caused by:
a. a physical decay of stored memory.
b. encoding failure.
c. state dependent memory.
d. retrieval failure.
e. repression.

d. retrieval failure.

The fact that elderly people are often less able than younger adults to recall previously learned information can be best explained in terms of the greater difficulty older people have with:
a. automatic processing.
b. iconic memory.
c. state dependent memory.
d. retrieval.
e. implicit memory.

d. retrieval.

The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information is called:
a. state dependent memory.
b. retroactive interference.
c. the serial position effect.
d. the spacing effect.
e. proactive interference.

e. proactive interference.

Arnold so easily remembers his old girlfriend’s telephone number that he finds it difficult to recall his new girlfriend’s number. Arnold’s difficulty best illustrates:
a. retroactive interference.
b. the next-in-line effect.
c. source amnesia.
d. proactive interference.
e. repression.

d. proactive interference.

After learning the combination for his new locker at school, Milton is unable to remember the combination for his year old bicycle lock. Milton is experiencing the effects of:
a. encoding failure.
b. source amnesia.
c. retroactive interference.
d. proactive interference.
e. automatic processing.

c. retroactive interference.

Retroactive interference involves the disruption of:
a. encoding.
b. storage.
c. retrieval.
d. all the above.

c. retrieval.

The finding that people who sleep after learning a list of nonsense syllables forget less than people who stay awake provides evidence that forgetting may involve:
a. encoding failure.
b. repression.
c. implicit memory loss.
d. the hippocampus.
e. interference.

e. interference.

Compulsive gamblers frequently recall losing less money than is actually the case. Their memory failure best illustrates:
a. source amnesia.
b. proactive interference.
c. the serial position effect.
d. motivated forgetting.
e. the next-in-line effect.

d. motivated forgetting.

Michael Ross and his colleagues observed that people exposed to very convincing arguments about the desirability of frequent toothbrushing tended to:
a. quickly forget the arguments if they were in the habit of brushing frequently.
b. quickly forget the arguments if they were not in the habit of brushing frequently.
c. exaggerate how frequently they had brushed their teeth in the past.
d. exaggerate how infrequently they had brushed their teeth in the past.

c. exaggerate how frequently they had brushed their teeth in the past.

A type of motivated forgetting in which painful memories are blocked from conscious awareness is:
a. retroactive interference.
b. proactive interference.
c. the spacing effect.
d. repression.
e. priming.

d. repression.

Sigmund Freud emphasized that the forgetting of painful experiences is caused by a process that involves:
a. source amnesia.
b. retroactive interference.
c. memory decay.
d. retrieval failure.
e. long-term potentiation.

d. retrieval failure.

Research on memory construction indicates that memories of past experiences are likely to be:
a. difficult to retrieve but never completely lost.
b. distorted by our current assumptions.
c. much more vivid if they are seldom rehearsed.
d. retrieved in the very same form and detail as they were originally encoded.

b. distorted by our current assumptions.

Our schemas often influence the form in which information is retrieved from long-term memory. This fact is most relevant to appreciating the importance of:
a. long-term potentiation.
b. automatic processing.
c. memory construction.
d. the spacing effect.
e. visual coding.

c. memory construction.

Many of the experimental subjects who were asked how fast two cars in a filmed traffic accident were going when they smashed into each other subsequently recalled seeing broken glass at the scene of the accident. This experiment best illustrated:
a. proactive interference.
b. the self-reference effect.
c. the spacing effect.
d. the misinformation effect.
e. state-dependent memory.

d. the misinformation effect.

Loftus and Palmer asked two groups of observers how fast two cars had been going in a filmed traffic accident. Observers who heard the vividly descriptive word "smashed" in relation to the accident later recalled:
a. broken glass at the scene of the accident.
b. that the drivers of the vehicles were intoxicated.
c. that the drivers of the vehicles were males.
d. the details of the accident with vivid accuracy.

a. broken glass at the scene of the accident.

After reading a newspaper report suggesting that drunken driving might have contributed to a recent auto accident, several people who actually witnessed the accident began to remember the driver involved as traveling at a greater speed than was actually the case. This provides an example of:
a. proactive interference.
b. the serial position effect.
c. state dependent memory.
d. the self-reference effect.
e. the misinformation effect.

e. the misinformation effect.

The misinformation effect best illustrates the dynamics of:
a. automatic processing.
b. memory construction.
c. repression.
d. proactive interference.
e. mood-congruent memory.

b. memory construction.

Research on the misinformation effect indicates that:
a. events from the distant past are especially vulnerable to memory distortion.
b. people can easily distinguish between their own true and false memories.
c. hypnotic suggestion is an effective technique for accurate memory retrieval.
d. it is very difficult to lead people to construct memories of events that never happened.

a. events from the distant past are especially vulnerable to memory distortion.

The psychologist Jean Piaget constructed a vivid, detailed memory of being kidnapped after hearing his nursemaid’s false reports of such an event. His experience best illustrates:
a. implicit memory.
b. proactive interference.
c. source amnesia.
d. mood-congruent memory.
e. the self-reference effect.

c. source amnesia.

After attending group therapy sessions for adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse, Karen mistakenly remembered details from others’ traumatic life stories as part of her own life history. This best illustrates the dangers of:
a. proactive interference.
b. mood-congruent memory.
c. the self-reference effect.
d. implicit memory.
e. source amnesia.

e. source amnesia.

As a child, Mike experienced a vivid dream in which he was chased and attacked by a ferocious dog. Many years later, he mistakenly recalled that this had actually happened to him. Mike’s false recollection best illustrates:
a. the self-reference effect.
b. mood-congruent memory.
c. proactive interference.
d. implicit memory.
e. source amnesia.

e. source amnesia.

We often cannot reliably distinguish between true and false memories because:
a. false memories activate the identical brain regions as true ones.
b. false memories contain the same level of detail as true ones.
c. false memories are often just as durable as true ones.
d. all the above are true.

c. false memories are often just as durable as true ones.

PET scans reveal that the ________ is equally active whether an individual falsely or correctly remembers that specific words were read to him or her.
a. cerebral cortex
b. left temporal lobe
c. cerebellum
d. hippocampus

c. cerebellum

Tristram and Dee had a joyful wedding ceremony. After their painful divorce, however, they began to remember the wedding as a somewhat hectic, unpleasant, and frightening event. Their recollections best illustrate the nature of:
a. proactive interference.
b. memory construction.
c. the spacing effect.
d. the serial position effect.
e. repression.

b. memory construction.

When asked to recall their attitudes of 10 years ago regarding marijuana use, people offer recollections closer to their current view than they actually reported a decade earlier. This best illustrates:
a. memory construction.
b. proactive interference.
c. the self-reference effect.
d. mood-congruent memory.
e. repression.

a. memory construction.

Police interrogators have been trained to ask less suggestive and more
open-ended questions in order to avoid:
a. long-term potentiation.
b. the misinformation effect.
c. mood-congruent memory.
d. proactive interference.
e. the next-in-line effect.

b. the misinformation effect.

Which of the following poses the greatest threat to the credibility of children’s recollections of sexual abuse?
a. the serial position effect
b. the spacing effect
c. the misinformation effect
d. long-term potentiation
e. the next-in-line effect

c. the misinformation effect

When children are officially interviewed about their recollections of possible sexual abuse, their reports are especially credible if:
a. they are asked specific, detailed questions about the issue rather than more general, open-ended questions.
b. after responding to an interviewer, they are repeatedly asked the same question they just answered.
c. they use anatomically correct dolls to indicate if and where they had been physically touched.
d. involved adults have not discussed the issue with them prior to the interview.

d. involved adults have not discussed the issue with them prior to the interview.

Research on young children’s false eyewitness recollections has indicated that:
a. children are less susceptible to source amnesia than adults.
b. children are no more susceptible to the misinformation effect than adults.
c. it is surprisingly difficult for both children and professional interviewers to reliably separate the children’s true memories from false memories.
d. all of the above are true.

c. it is surprisingly difficult for both children and professional interviewers to reliably separate the children’s true memories from false memories.

Incest survivors who lack conscious memories of their sexual abuse are sometimes told that they are simply in a stage of "denial." This explanation for their lack of abuse memories emphasizes:
a. proactive interference.
b. encoding failure.
c. the misinformation effect.
d. source amnesia.
e. retrieval failure.

e. retrieval failure.

Adults with symptoms of distress commonly experienced by incest survivors have often been advised and encouraged to recover memories of sexual abuse that they might have experienced in childhood. A major shortcoming of this advice is that:
a. most extremely stressful life experiences are never encoded into long-term memory.
b. it is very difficult to retrieve stored memories that have not been recalled for a long period of time.
c. by the time one experiences the symptoms of distress that result from abuse, there is very little one can do to find relief.
d. people experience these symptoms of distress for a variety of reasons others than sexual abuse.

d. people experience these symptoms of distress for a variety of reasons others than sexual abuse.

Which of the following techniques used by professional therapists are highly likely to promote the construction of false memories?
a. hypnosis
b. dream analysis
c. imagination-enhancing exercises
d. all of the above

d. all of the above

With respect to the controversy regarding reports of repressed memories of sexual abuse, statements by major psychological and psychiatric associations suggest that:
a. the accumulated experiences of our lives are all preserved somewhere in our minds.
b. the more stressful an experience is, the more quickly it will be consciously forgotten.
c. repression is the most common mechanism underlying the failure to recall early childhood abuse.
d. professional therapists can reliably distinguish between their clients’ true and false childhood memories.
e. adult memories of experiences happening before age 3 are unreliable.

e. adult memories of experiences happening before age 3 are unreliable.

When memory researcher Elizabeth Loftus was an adolescent, her uncle incorrectly insisted that as a child she had found her own mother’s drowned body. Loftus herself later falsely recollected finding the body. This best illustrates:
a. proactive interference.
b. implicit memory.
c. the self-reference effect.
d. the misinformation effect.
e. mood-congruent memory.

d. the misinformation effect.

Memory experts who express skepticism regarding reports of repressed and recovered memories are most likely to emphasize that:
a. people rarely recall memories of long-forgotten events.
b. most extremely traumatic life experiences are never encoded into long-term memory.
c. only those memories that are recovered with the help of a professional psychotherapist are likely to be reliable.
d. extremely stressful life experiences are especially likely to be well remembered.

d. extremely stressful life experiences are especially likely to be well remembered.

Speed reading complex material yields little long-term retention because it inhibits:
a. the serial position effect.
b. retroactive interference.
c. the next-in-line effect.
d. proactive interference.
e. rehearsal.

e. rehearsal.