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1. Which of the following statements is considered to be true? A. human biology has changed more than human culture |
human culture and biology change at different rates |
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2. Which of the following is not a goal for anthropologists? A. to develop a heroic narrative story of human evolution |
to develop a heroic narrative story of human evolution |
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5. When did the first mammals appear? A. about 40 million years ago |
about 65 million years ago |
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6. What is continental drift? A. slow, gradual migration of the earth’s surface due to the earth’s rotation |
movement of the earth’s surface over time due to plate tectonics |
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7. When did diurnal anthropoids first appear? A. about 40 million years ago |
about 40 million years ago |
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8. When did Old and New World anthropoid species first diverge? A. more than 200 million years ago |
about 40 million years ago |
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9. What continents were joined in the supercontinent of Laurasia? A. North America, Asia, and Europe |
North America, Asia, and Europe |
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10. Which geological time period began about 23 million years ago? Oligocene |
Miocene |
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11. What significant event occurred during the Miocene? A. the first diurnal anthropoids appeared |
hominids appeared in Eurasia and Africa |
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12. Scientists date the split between human ancestors and the ancestors of African apes between: 10 and 15 million years ago |
8 and 5 million years ago |
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13. What evidence is used for a hominoid fossil to be definitively classified as part of the human evolutionary line? bipedalism |
bipedalism |
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14. For a hominoid fossil to be definitively classified as part of the human evolutionary line there must be certain evidence of: bipedalism |
bipedalism |
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15. What is bipedalism? a special form of locomotion on two feet |
a special form of locomotion on two feet |
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16. On a human skull, how is the foramen magnum positioned in order to demonstrate bipedalism? A. it is opened at an angle so that the spinal cord emerges almost horizontally |
it is lower and positioned more forward on the skull |
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17. Which of the following is not an accurate depiction of the australopithecines? A. females were larger than males |
females were larger than males |
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18. What was significant about the Laetoli site in Tanzania? A. it was where the earliest human ancestors were found 7 million years ago |
D. it was the site where foot impressions of a biped were preserved from 3.6 million years ago |
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19. How does the spinal column differ between an adult human and a chimpanzee? A. the chimpanzee spine is straight, while the human spine has one long curve |
a chimpanzee spine has a series of convex and concave curves |
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20. Which of the following hominids is believed to be the first toolmaker as evidenced by the current fossil record? Homo habilis |
homo habilis |
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21. Which of the following is not found characteristically in bipeds? balanced skull |
opposable big toe |
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22. Why does your textbook classify early human ancestors using the genus "australopithecines"? A. this was a transitional species in the fossil record |
it is unclear exactly how many species exist |
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23. The earliest definite australopithecine fossils date back: 3.6 million years |
4.3 million years |
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24. Which of the following is not an advantage of bipedalism among humans? an ability to use free hands for carrying objects and making tools |
an increased exposure to ultraviolet radiation |
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25. Which of the following countries in Africa has not yielded australopithecine fossils? Egypt |
Egypt |
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26. Bipedalism confers each of the following advantages over quadrupeds except: make and use tools |
make and use tools |
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27. Which australopithecine subsisted more on meat than the other? gracile australopithecines |
gracile australopithecines |
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28. What did our early human ancestors use to consume meat? razor sharp teeth |
flaked stone tools |
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29. The earliest discovered human tools are dated at about: 4.4 million years |
2.6 million years ago |
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30. The Oldowan tool tradition is primarily associated with what group of early human ancestors? Homo habilis |
homo habilis |
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31. In which geological epoch did Homo sapiens first emerge? Oligocene |
pleistocene |
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32. Based on current evidence, Homo erectus first appeared in: Europe, about 2 million years ago |
Africa, about 2 million years ago |
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33. What is the primary problem with the "Man the Hunter" theory of human evolution from the 1960s and 70s? A. the tools that humans had available prior to modern history were not effective in killing large-game animals |
it diminishes or ignores the contributions that women have made to human evolution |
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34. While all of the following may have been critical to the development of an expanding brain; which of the following would have contributed most directly to brain growth? A. the migration into colder and less known areas placing a premium on learning |
a genetic mutation resulting in a smaller jawbone and smaller facial muscles |
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38. Homo erectus placed a new emphasis on: larger tools |
smaller tools |
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39. Remains in southern Africa suggest that Homo erectus may have learned to use fire by: 2 million years ago |
1 million years ago |
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40. Which hominid was the first believed to use fire? Homo erectus |
homo erectus |
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41. All of the following are advantages associated with cooking food except: it kills parasites and makes foods healthier |
it makes most foods less nutritious |
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42. All of the following advantages are conferred by obsidian except: it allows a surgeon greater control over cutting |
it is always very difficult to obtain |
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43. What tool did Irven DeVore fashion for his own surgery? a diamond scalpel |
an obsidian scalpel |
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45. Neandertals disappeared between: 40,000 and 30,000 years ago |
40,000 and 30,000 years ago |
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46. Which species has been called the "end product of a long period of evolution on a comparatively small island where environmental conditions placed small body size at a selective advantage"? Homo erectus |
homo floresiensis |
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47. Which of the following best represents Mousterian tools? digging sticks |
smaller flake tools in a variety of forms |
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48. The Mousterian tool tradition is associated with each of the following except: regional specialization |
the development of the earliest hand axe |
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49. Around 30,000 years ago in Europe: A. features associated with the African ape lineage of humans disappeared |
features associated with Neandertal begin disappearing from the fossil record |
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50. The Mousterian tool tradition industries of Europe and Southwestern Asia date to: 10,000-20,000 years ago |
40,000-125000 years ago |
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52. Which hypothesis argues that Homo sapiens originated through simultaneous transition throughout the inhabited world? recent African origins hypothesis |
multiregional hypothesis |
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53. Which hypothesis argues that Neandertals were simply a regional variation of anatomically modern humans? multiregional hypothesis |
multiregional hypothesis |
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54. Which hypothesis argues that humans originated in Africa some 2 million years ago and that ancient populations throughout the globe are all ancestors of modern humans with unity of a single species maintained through gene flow? multiregional hypothesis |
out of africa hypothesis |
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55. What fossil evidence was recovered in 1997 in Ethiopia and used to argue the veracity of the recent African origins hypothesis? Homo floresiensis |
homo sapiens idaltu |
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1. When did the Neolithic transition begin? around 20,000 years ago |
around 10,000 years ago |
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2. All of the following cultural adaptations have presented serious biological consequences since the Neolithic era except: A. a limited human diet due to reliance on a single crop |
injury due to increased big game hunting |
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3. One of the ways people managed food scarcity during the Paleolithic was by: A. decreasing the variety of food eaten |
incorporating less favored food into their diet |
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4. Which of the following changes did not occur during the Mesolithic? |
shift from hunting small game to big game |
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5. The Mesolithic was known in the Americas as the: Middle Stone Age |
middle stone age |
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6. The Neolithic climate included all of the following except: A. increased flooding |
replacement of hardwood forests with tundra |
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7. Which of the following died out at the time of the Neolithic transition? mammoths |
mammoths |
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8. The microlith became common throughout the "Old World" during the: Paleolithic |
mesolithic |
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9. In what area of the world was the Mesolithic transition less dramatic of a change from the earlier time period? Southeast Asia |
Southwest Asia |
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10. Increased reliance on seafood and plants allowed people to become more: A. primitive |
sedentary |
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11. Who were the Natufians? a Neolithic culture in Southeast Asia |
a Neolithic transition culture in Southwest Asia |
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12. The microlith was: a pebble tool |
a blade |
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13. When did the Natufian culture flourish? between 15,400 and 12,700 years ago |
between 12,500 and 10,200 years ago |
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14. Polished stone tools are characteristic of the: Cenolithic |
Neolithic |
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15. What tool did the Natufians use prior to the beginnings of domestication? plow |
sickle |
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16. All of the following were associated with the Neolithic Revolution except: domestication of animals |
increased movement away from cities |
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17. The invention of food production occurred in both Mesoamerica and Southwest Asia through: independent invention |
shared invention |
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18. What do we call communities of gardeners working with simple hand tools and using neither irrigation nor plow? horticultural societies |
horticultural societies |
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19. According to the text, the ultimate source of all culture change is: innovation |
innovation |
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20. The accidental discovery of an innovation process is referred to as a: starter innovation |
primary innovation |
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21. All of the following are associated with plant domestication except: A. loss of delayed seed germination |
a ore fragile stem and seeds that shatter from the stalk |
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22. What is the clearest indicator of difference between a wild and domesticated plant? stalk length |
size of edible parts |
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23. Archaeologists have documented a sharp rise in the number of young male goats killed at a 10,000 year-old site in the Zagros Mountains, Iran. They believe this indicates domestication, as young males: A. were slaughtered and females kept for breeding purposes |
D. would interfere in the breeding process of young females |
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24. Remains of domesticated animals most frequently show which skewed ratio? more fat than thin animals |
more male remains than female |
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25. When did bones first become distinguishable between wild and domesticated sheep? around 9,000 years ago |
around 9000 years ago |
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26. Where do we find terra preta? northern Argentina |
central Amazonia |
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27. Which of the following is the earliest known domesticate? oats |
rye |
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28. Evidence exists for some of the earliest plant domestication at: Abu Grenyra |
Abu Hureyra |
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29. The Oasis Theory argues that: A. people congregated in rich areas where agriculture had already begun |
C. drought created a need for people living in the Fertile Crescent to congregate in limited areas and begin collecting grass seed |
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30. What was most significant about the Oasis Theory? A. it was a scientifically testable explanation for the origins of food production |
B. it was the first theory that explained the origins of agriculture and herding |
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31. Where is the Fertile Crescent? Middle East |
Middle East |
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32. With the end of the last glaciation, climates became: A. significantly colder and less markedly seasonal |
significantly warmer and more markedly seasonal |
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33. What did the Natufians do to adapt their subsistence to changing climatic conditions? A. they lived where conditions were especially severe and stored wild grass seeds in plaster lined pits |
D. they burned areas to attract wild animals and stored seeds of perennials |
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34. Which of the following is an effective mutagenic agent that could have affected the course toward plant domestication among the Natufians? wind |
fire |
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35. Which of the following became an ideal type of plant for domestication? |
A. colonizer plants that grow in disturbed areas |
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36. Beginning about 11,000 years ago, the percentage of immature sheep eaten in Southwest Asian highlands increased to approximately what percent? 75 percent |
50 percent |
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37. The average birth spacing interval for hunters and gatherers is: 4-5 years |
4-5 years |
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38. Which of the following is believed to be the earliest plant domesticate in Southeast Asia? tea |
yams |
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39. In the heyday of potato cultivation in Peru, how many varieties were grown? 250 |
3,000 |
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40. America’s indigenous peoples were the first cultivators of _____ of the crops grown in the world today. 10% |
60% |
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42. What two significant crops grown in the world today were first domesticated by American Indians? potatoes and maize |
potatoes and maize |
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43. What is unique about terra preta? A. it is found throughout the continental area and has allowed advent of civilization |
C. it is found in an extensive area where soils are not generally rich and fertile |
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44. Terra preta occurs because of: manmade chemical fertilizers |
human intervention |
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45. Wild plant domestication: |
took place independently across the globe |
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46. Which anthropologist suggested the core-fringe-legume pattern? Sidney Mintz |
Sidney Mintz |
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48. The hunter-gatherer birth spacing interval is primarily the result of: A. high infant mortality rate |
breastfeeding and child-rearing techniques |
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49. Which of the following statements is true? A. Food foraging populations tend to have higher rates of fertility compared to farming populations B. Farming populations tend to have higher rates of fertility compared to food foragers C. Food foragers and farming populations have an equal rate of fertility D. Fertility rates for food foragers and farming populations is not currently known |
Farming populations tend to have higher rates of fertility compared to food foragers |
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50. Measles were believed to be first transferred to humans from: pigs |
cattle |
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51. Domestication: decreases productivity and increases instability |
increases productivity and increases instability |
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52. Which language group first originated in sub-Saharan Africa and then spread outward? Swahili |
Bantu |
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53. Eighty percent of the world’s annual tonnage of all crops is made up of how many varieties of plant species? 9 |
12 |
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54. The spread of ideas, customs, or practices from one culture to another is called: independent invention |
diffusion |
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55. The potato famine of 1845-1850 occurred in what country? England |
Ireland |
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56. In the early farming community of Jericho, crops could be grown almost continuously because: A. there was a large population to perform the labor |
B. there was a large spring and fertile soils from a dried up Ice Age lake |
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57. Jericho was surrounded by: a large moat |
massive walls |
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58. Which of the following was not associated with the advent of pottery? improved storage techniques |
increased nomadism |
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59. Which of the following best describes typical Neolithic social structure? A. stratified society, strict division of labor, rise of specialized social roles B. relatively egalitarian society, strict division of labor, some specialized social roles C. stratified society, minimal division of labor, limited specialized social roles D. relatively egalitarian society, minimal division of labor, limited specialized social roles |
D. relatively egalitarian society, minimal division of labor, limited specialized social roles |
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60. When did Neolithic agricultural villages become common in the Americas? ca. 7,000 years ago |
ca. 4,500 years ago |
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61. Each of the following is common skeletal evidence from human Neolithic remains except: A. less robust bones |
B. increased mechanical stress on human bodies |
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62. In the Biocultural Connection section entitled "Paleolithic Prescriptions for the A. human village settlement has nothing to do with health |
C. there was an increase in infectious diseases with settlement into villages |
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63. In the Biocultural Connection section entitled "Paleolithic Prescriptions for the Neolithic and Beyond," anthropologists Melvin Konner and Marjorie Shostak and physician Boyd Eaton have suggested: A. a new lifestyle approach that will improve people’s health while maintaining a |
D. that people’s health will improve by returning to the lifestyle to which their bodies were adapted |
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64. Why is intensive agriculture considered to be a less stable means of subsistence than foraging? A. in general, people do not like to work harder and tend to neglect crops |
D. it always depends much more on stable climatic conditions |
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66. Enamel hypoplasia indicates: A. arrested growth caused by famine |
arrested growth caused by famine |
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67. Which of the following is not an accurate portrayal of agricultural societies and food production? A. they led to an overall increase in length and quality of life |
A. they led to an overall increase in length and quality of life |
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68. In environments that were averse to the development of cultivation, societies tended to become: pastoralist |
pastoralist |
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69. Which form of subsistence involves intensive crop cultivation, use of plows and fertilizers, and possibly irrigation? horticulture |
agriculture |
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1. All of the following emerged with the emergence of cities and states except: |
equality |
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2. The most important aspect of modern cities is: socialization |
interdependence |
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3. In a modern city virtually every institution depends on: religious organizations |
public universities |
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4. In the 1960s in New York City during a long newspaper strike, how did the city A. by launching new magazines and expanding television news coverage |
A. by launching new magazines and expanding television news coverage |
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5. All of the following are elements of a civilization as defined by anthropologists large numbers of people living in cities |
refinement and progress |
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6. The root word civitas of civilization means: trade and exchange |
urban area of dwelling |
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7. The world’s first cities developed in: China |
mesopotamia |
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8. The world’s first civilization in Mesopotamia developed: between 10,000 and 5,500 years ago |
between 6,000 and 4,500 years ago |
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9. The major early civilizations sprang from _______________ villages. Mesolithic |
Neolithic |
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10. Çatalhöyük demonstrates which of the following? A. it is an urban area in the Fertile Crescent where agriculture first developed |
D. it is a highly populated town which never developed characteristics of urban centers |
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11. The center and most important area of Tikal was: the Solar Plaza |
the Great Plaza |
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12. The early city of Mohenjo-Daro, at its peak, had a population of: 10,000 |
20,000 |
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13. The early city of Teotihuacan was designed according to: a standard Spanish grid pattern |
the solar calendar |
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14. The Maya city of Tikal flourished between: 6,700 and 1,200 years ago |
3,000 and 1,100 years ago |
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15. The earliest cities in the Americas appeared in: Mexico |
Peru |
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16. Why did Teotihuacan include residents with foreign affiliation? to use as slaves |
to expand the trade network |
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17. In what country is Tikal located? Guatemala |
Guatemala |
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18. Following the excavations in the 1960s, archaeologists at Tikal began to focus on: A. dwelling sites around the larger buildings |
dwelling sites around the larger buildings |
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19. What kind of data was collected from the study of non-monumental structures at Tikal? state political interests |
site size and population |
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20. How did the Maya maximize land available for subsistence? A. they practiced hydroponic farming without soil |
they used artificially raised fields in flooded areas |
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21. Scientists conclude that Tikal suffered from food and land scarcity for all the following reasons except: storehouses of trade items |
storehouses of trade items |
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22. Irrigation techniques, such as dikes, canals, and reservoirs, were a direct result of: social stratification |
diversification of labor |
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23. The Bronze Age was marked by: the earliest human migrations |
increasingly specialized tool production |
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24. Lagash was an ancient city in _____________ that listed specialized workers in public records. Rome |
Babylon |
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25. Bronze is made from: copper and tin |
copper and tin |
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26. Bronze was associated with early cities in every area except: Asia |
Mesoamerica |
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27. For ceremonial objects, the Aztecs and Maya used: emeralds and gold |
copper and gold |
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28. The advent of bronze metallurgy created advances in: farming and religion |
warfare and farming |
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29. For the Aztecs and Maya, obsidian was not: extremely sharp |
a symbol of wealth |
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30. Egyptian kings sent trading expeditions to Lebanon primarily for: wine and funerary oils |
wine and funerary oils |
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31. The initial motive for the development of writing in Mesopotamia was for: writing letters |
record keeping |
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32. Which of the following represents the earliest kind of record-keeping? bark paper |
tokens |
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33. What was the primary purpose of Maya record-keeping? A. to keep records and lists for tax purposes |
C. to keep records on the great accomplishments of the rulers |
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34. Evidence of centralized authority in ancient civilizations comes from all the following except: law codes |
ethnographic interviews |
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35. In 2003 in the Henan Province of China, archaeologists discovered evidence of writing in the form of: signs carved into tortoise shells |
signs carved into tortoise |
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36. What form of writing did the Maya use? reed stylus on clay tablets |
hieroglyphics |
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37. In the Mesopotamian city of Uruk, some 5100 years ago, there developed the technique of: marking on a clay tablet |
marking on a clay tablet |
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38. In Uruk, about 5,100 years ago the reed stylus was used to make: monosyllabic markings |
monosyllabic markings |
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39. The Maya writing system appears to have roots in the earlier writing system of the: Olmecs |
Olmecs |
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40. King Hammurabi’s reign was especially accomplished in the areas of: A. development of legal system and religious institutions |
B. organization of government and legal system |
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41. The Code of Hammurabi includes detail and procedure regarding all of the following except: medical malpractice procedure |
educational law |
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42. Which of the following had the most advanced political system of its time? Aztec |
Inca |
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43. A coding system of colored strings with knots was used by what civilization as a form of unconventional writing? Mesopotamian |
Inca |
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44. In the Inca Empire, information was moved by: A. public records made up of a conventional writing system |
a system of professional relay runners |
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45. The first emperor of which civilization was buried with 7,000 life-size terra cotta figures? Indonesia |
China |
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46. In the hydraulic theory, civilizations emerged following the development of farming in what geographic areas? savannah areas |
river valleys |
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47. What is the primary problem with the hydraulic theory? A. it does not explain every cultural case |
irrigation was not essential to the earliest civilizations |
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48. The hydraulic theory is an example of what kind of approach? action |
ecological |
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49. In the Applied Anthropology section entitled ”Tell It to the Marines: Teaching Troops about Cultural Heritage” why do military personnel take a class A. so they can develop better military strategies in combat |
to educate troops on the importance of protecting the evidence of past cultures |
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50. Which theory of state development argues that forceful leaders play a central role in the development of complex societies? political theory |
action theory |
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51. Until 1800 _______________ was the largest city that ever existed in the area known today as the United States. New York |
Cahokia |
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52. All of the following were significant challenges to early state societies except: waste disposal |
social egalitarianism |
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53. Why is Tay-Sachs allele frequency significantly higher among Ashkenazi Jews? A. belief system (religion) prevents use of any medications and treatment |
D. historical crowding in urban ghettos over centuries and high exposure to tuberculosis |
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54. Because of the emergence of devastating infectious diseases in Europe, the urban population there was not self-sustaining until which century? 18th |
20th |
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55. In the Biocultural Connection section how do Ramenofsky and Galloway explain the disappearance of Native American populations between the explorations of Hernando de Soto and the later arrival of French explorers along the Mississippi? A. they argue that Hernando de Soto’s runaway pigs carried diseases that infected the local fauna and food source for the Native American of that region |
A. they argue that Hernando de Soto’s runaway pigs carried diseases that infected the local fauna and food source for the Native American of that region |
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