|
What are three key attributes related to human uniqueness? |
b |
|
How is biocultural anthropology different from cultural anthropology? |
b |
|
Which is the study of evolution and variation in humans? |
a |
|
According to Darwin, natural selection operates at the level of: |
a. |
|
Cuvier, Lamarck, and Erasmus Darwin all shared an idea of evolution; however, their ideas all lacked: |
d |
|
Mendel’s plant experiments demonstrated that: |
c |
|
The scientist who coined the name Homo sapiens for human beings and placed them in a higher taxonomic group (primates) was: |
… |
|
Uniformitarianism is the theory that: |
… |
|
In your textbook, the lower frequency of sickle-cell anemia among present-day Americans of West African ancestry as compared to people living in West Africa blacks is attributed to: |
… |
|
Gene flow differs from genetic drift because it is the: |
… |
|
In his work on pea plants, Mendel found that plant height was inherited independently of the type or color of the seed coat. This finding: |
… |
|
Hox genes: |
… |
|
Genetic analysis of haplotypes and variants among living and precontact Native Americans indicates that Native Americans: |
… |
|
Which of the evolutionary forces is most likely to decrease variation between populations? |
… |
|
A random change in allele frequencies over time is known as: |
… |
|
The obesity pandemic is primarily due to: |
… |
|
Dark skin (a result of increased melanin production in equatorial peoples) is likely a response to ultraviolet radiation, because UV radiation can cause: |
… |
|
R. C. Lewontin found that human "races" have no taxonomic significance. He demonstrated this through: |
… |
|
The dental pattern of Old World higher primates is: |
… |
|
The cladistic primate classification includes: |
… |
|
Strepsirhines have a special lower incisor called a: |
… |
|
Relative to body size, primate brain size is: |
… |
|
The Y-5 molar morphology is present in: |
… |
|
A feature unique to human teeth and human ancestors’ teeth is: |
… |
|
The rhinarium is present in: |
… |
|
While observing primates at the zoo, you notice that the particular monkey you are watching uses its hands, feet, and tail to grasp branches while moving throughout the trees in its enclosure. This is most likely a(n): |
… |
|
The cladistic classification of apes and humans: |
… |
|
Anthropoids differ from prosimians in that they: |
… |
|
Modern humans have misaligned teeth because of |
d |
|
Domesticated C3 plants include all of the following except |
c |
|
Plant domestication brought with it the invention of |
a |
|
One of the advantages of the invention of agriculture for human adaptation is |
b |
|
Disadvantages of the invention of agriculture for human adaptation include |
a |
|
Modern human evolution has been marked by a(n) ______________ in the size of the face and jaw and a(n) ______________ in cultural complexity. |
c |
|
You find a cache of skeletons from an agricultural site in the United States. What would you expect to see in the cross section of the femur? |
c. Note: Depending on the kind of activity a person is engaged in, the cross section of a bone may increase or decrease in size. That is, variation in food production methods means a variation in activity patterns that produce variation in femoral cross sections. |
|
Diseases that continue to plague modern humans because of overcrowding include all of the following except |
a |
|
An increase in dental caries in North America came about because of the increase in consumption of |
b |
|
Compared to hunter-gatherers, agriculturalists have higher rates of |
d |
|
With all the disadvantages to farming, why did humans continue to do so? |
a |
|
Iron-deficiency anemia can result from |
c |
|
The treponematoses are a category of disease that include |
b |
|
The shift from foraging to farming is associated with the time period called the |
d |
|
You are interested in tracking the spread of maize agriculture throughout the eastern United States, so your professor suggests that you might want to study human skeletons and look into |
d Note: Analyzing skeletal tissue for carbon isotopes can tell you whether C4 plants such as maize (corn) were important to an individual’s diet. Dental caries rates also tend to rise with the introduction of maize agriculture, as corn is sticky and has a lot of sugar. Finally, consumption of a lot of corn can inhibit iron absorption, leading to iron-deficiency anemia. Using all three of these methods would help you figure out more about the spread of maize agriculture in the eastern United States. |
|
Your mother points out to you a magazine article that says that better nutrition is the reason modern Americans are taller than Americans of two centuries ago. You tell her that |
a. Note – Good nutrition is a key factor in allowing bones and teeth to reach their full genetic potential, but other factors are also at work, such as a reduction in infectious diseases. Nutrition and infectious diseases are related in that poor nutrition worsens infection and infection worsens nutrition. |
|
In a biology class, your friend had to read Jared Diamond’s essay The Worst Mistake in the History of the Human Race, which details the drawbacks of sedentary life and agriculture. Your friend wants to know why humans continued to farm in the face of disease and other issues. You reply that |
b Note – In addition to an increase in disease, sedentary agriculture brought with it an increase in interpersonal violence and environmental degradation. The only clear benefit of agriculture is the ability of groups to produce a lot of food and have consistent access to food, which can lead to an increase in population and smaller birth spacing. |
|
Many of the bones from the prehistoric Cowboy Wash site in Colorado show evidence of cannibalism. Dr. Larsen suggests that environmental stresses may have led to a reduction in agricultural yields, causing a surge in interpersonal conflict over land. This is certainly not the only explanation for cannibalism, however, because |
c Note – the earliest evidence of cannibalism comes from the site of Gran Dolina in Spain, dating to about 300,000 years ago. This was long before the advent of agriculture. Dr. Larsen could be right that the Cowboy Wash cannibalism is related to environmental stress and agriculture, but it is not the only explanation for this practice. |
|
While reading an article for your archaeology class, you come across a section in which the author lays out a claim for the dolichocephalic Mesolithic foragers being replaced by the brachycephalic agriculturalists in Nubia. This claim that "short-headed" people came in and replaced all the "long-headed" people is likely false because |
b Note – The masticatory-functional hypothesis states that changes in diet, particularly to softer foods, affected the shape of the human skull. As people used their chewing muscles less and less, changes occurred that made the skull higher and shorter (brachycephalic) as compared to shorter and longer (dolichocephalic) in the times before cooking and domestication of plants and animals. |
|
The principle of faunal succession was created by |
a |
|
The study of what happens to the remains of an organism is called |
d |
|
Rapid evolutionary change during long, static periods is known as |
c |
|
Before the formation of the seven continents of the world, there was a supercontinent called |
Panagea |
|
According to Bishop Ussher, when was Earth was created? |
d Note: Ussher thought the world was created in 4004 BC, or about 6,000 years ago. |
|
The law of superposition created by Nicolaus Steno helped lay the foundations for |
a |
|
All of the following are relative methods of dating except |
c |
|
All of the following are absolute methods of dating except |
b |
|
Which of the following elements can be used in radiometric dating? |
d |
|
To calculate the numerical age of a fossil specimen that you believe dates to about 2 mya, which of the following methods would you choose? |
a Note: (Fission-track dating can date material up to about 3 million years old, whereas carbon-14 can date material to only about 75,000 years old and dendrochronology to only 12,000 years old) |
|
Your professor is planning to undertake chemical isotope analysis for her latest paleoanthropology project. When you ask her for more details, she invites you to guess the topic of her project based on this fact alone. You suggest that her project may be about |
d – Physical anthropologists use chemical isotope analysis not only to answer questions about the antiquity of an artifact or a fossil but also to understand the diet and habitat of humans, hominids, and apes in the past. |
|
A volcanic eruption on the coast of Japan in 1850 deposits a layer of ash on top of a layer of red clay, and the ash is covered by a layer of silt in a tsunami in 1902. Archaeologists find a coin between the ash and silt, and they find a small pot between the ash and clay. Given this sequence of events, which of the following is true? |
b (The red clay is the oldest layer, with the ash layer dating to 1850 and the silt layer to 1902. Based on this stratigraphy, the coin was deposited between 1850and 1902, and the pot was deposited before 1850. The pot is therefore older than the coin.) |
|
5,730 years is the ______________ of the carbon-14 radioisotope. |
c |
|
The molecular clock indicates that humans and chimpanzees diverged about ____ mya. |
a |
|
You want to undertake a project to study the past environment in which the Inuit lived in Greenland. Your professor suggests that you think about climate, specifically that you |
d Note: Understanding cloud cover would tell you little, if anything, about the environment in which the Inuit lived, as would the rainfall over a different country. Snow melt may be important for understanding global warming and climate change, but you should specifically focus on testing oceanic microorganisms, which record information as oxygen isotopes about the temperature of the water. Geologists can take core samples from the ocean and obtain information about temperature at many different points in the past. |
|
While studying for your physical anthropology midterm, your classmate tells you that the bones of Lucy, a famous australopithecine specimen that dates to about 3.2 million years ago, were dated based on carbon-14 analysis. You note that this is incorrect because |
d Fossils are living organisms that have wholly or partially been transformed into rock. Lucy does not have bones with organic material necessary for carbon-14 dating. This specimen is also far too old for C-14 dating to be accurate, as well as for any other technique but palaeomagnetic dating. Your classmate is therefore incorrect for all of the reasons listed. |
|
The era in which we are living is the |
a |
|
For fossilization to occur, bones should meet the following taphonomic requirement(s): |
c |
|
20. Fossils are most commonly found in |
b |
|
A team of paleoanthropologists has concluded based on skeletal anatomy that the new species they found, Oreopithecus, lived in an arboreal habitat. This conclusion may have been based largely on the apes’ |
b ( Fossil apes whose arm bones are long were likely adapted to an arboreal habitat, one in which the dominant form of vegetation was trees.) |
|
The arboreal hypothesis of primate origins explains that |
b |
|
As a corollary to the idea that primates emerged as an adaptation to an arboreal environment, Matt Cartmill proposed that |
a |
|
Euprimates, the first true primates, consisted of the following two groups: |
d |
|
Higher primates most likely evolved from |
a |
|
Robert Sussman’s angiosperm radiation hypothesis is based on the finding that |
c |
|
The Fayum primates in the Oligocene epoch were the |
d |
|
Which of the following is not a hypothesis for how anthropoids got to South America? |
b |
|
Which of the following is uniquely human? |
b |
|
The first primate fossil to be described by a scientist was recorded by |
d |
|
While flipping through the channels, you stop on a television program about primate evolution. The host says that there is a 6-million-year gap in the fossil evidence between the latest Oligocene catarrhines and the earliest Miocene proconsulids, which could mean that primates disappeared from Earth and evolved anew some time later. Your roommate comes running when you start yelling at the television, |
c Note: Sometimes, television programs about evolution use sensationalism to draw in viewers. The host’s suggestion that primates disappeared and then re-evolved into a strikingly similar form in just 6 million years runs counter to what we’ve learned about evolution in the past few chapters. Your roommate may think you’re crazy for yelling at the television, but the cranial and dental continuities between the latest catarrhines and earliest proconsulids suggest that there may be fossil evidence that can fill the gap, but we just haven’t found it yet. |
|
Eocene primates differ from Paleocene primates in the following way(s): |
d |
|
The common ancestor of all later catarrhines, Old World monkeys, and hominids was likely |
a |
|
A valid criticism of the idea that anthropoids evolved independently in Africa and South America is that |
C Note There is a physical, anatomical resemblance between New and Old World monkeys. Although phenotypic similarities can arise even with very different genotypes, there is also DNA evidence that there is a strong relationship between the New and Old World monkeys. Both of these lines of evidence seem to negate the possibility that anthropoids evolved independently in Africa and South America. |
|
From 12 to 8 mya, Dryopithecids were found in _____________ while Sivapithecids were found in _____________. |
d |
|
The largest primate that ever lived, named for its massive size, was |
d |
|
A valid criticism of the arboreal hypothesis of primate origins is that |
a Note Although the arboreal hypothesis of primate origins still carries a lot of weight today, Matt Cartmill and others have pointed out that other arboreal mammals, like squirrels and opossums, have not evolved the traits that are unique to primates. |
|
Your classmate, whose part-time job entails reorganizing the paleoanthropology lab on campus, asks you to take a look at a skeleton that she thinks is from a primate. After noting the absence of a postorbital bar, nails, and an opposable thumb, you tell her that |
B Note: Plesiadapiforms were most likely not primates, as evidenced by their different skeletal anatomy, such as the lack of flat nails, opposable digits, and a postorbital bar in the skull. |
|
While walking across campus, you overhear a guy telling his girlfriend that the origin of every human ancestor was in Africa. You stop him and explain that he is not completely correct because |
c While it is true that plesiadapiforms have been found in different parts of the globe, they do not appear to be the direct ancestors of higher primates. The basal anthropoids, a good contender for the origins of higher primates, have been found in both Asia and Africa, and it is not currently clear which one came first or if they evolved independently. |
|
Your biology instructor says in class that the fossil remains of primates from the Eocene demonstrate that they were nothing like the primates of today. After class, you argue with him, noting that |
A Note: The differences between possible primate ancestors in the Paleocene and the Eocene mammals that likely gave rise to higher primates are staggering, indicating a giant leap in evolution in the Eocene. Yet many of the characteristics of Eocene primates, in particular the anatomy of the skull and dentition, are quite similar to those of primates today. |
|
The short calcaneus bone of Eosimias demonstrates that |
d Note: The heel bone of Eosimias, or the calcaneus, was shorter and squatter than that of lemurs and tarsiers. Its resemblance to a baboon’s calcaneus suggests Eosimias had a locomotive pattern more like a baboon than like a tarsier, and it also suggests that Eosimias is an anthropoid ancestor |
|
Humans differ from apes because |
a |
|
The _____________ fossil, mistakenly thought of as the missing link between humans and apes, had a large cranial capacity but ape-like dentition. |
d |
|
The _____________ hypothesis about hominid bipedalism states that energy-efficient walking on two legs arose so that hominids could search for food that was dispersed as a result of climatic changes at the end of the Miocene. |
c |
|
The _____________ hypothesis proposed by Owen Lovejoy states that the advantages of males carrying food and bringing it to females and young could have contributed to the rise of bipedalism. |
a |
|
Bipedalism’s advantages over quadrupedalism include |
d |
|
Bipedalism has disadvantages to quadrupedalism, including |
c |
|
The oldest pre-australopithecine, or a fossil link between late Miocene apes and australopithecines, found to date is |
b |
|
The oldest australopithecine species is |
a |
|
The best-known australopithecine, represented by hundreds of fossils and dozens of individuals found mostly at Laetoli and Hadar, is |
d |
|
Robust australopithecine species include |
a |
|
Robust australopithecines differ from earlier australopithecines in their |
d |
|
The genus Australopithecine includes hominids that lived about |
b |
|
The Oldowan tool complex is attributed to __________________, making that hominid species the first to use tools. |
a |
|
______________ arose around 3.5 mya and gave rise to at least two branches of hominids: later australopithecines and the genus Homo. |
d |
|
Kamoya Kimeu, a Kenyan whose Hominid Gang has found numerous fossil remains, worked primarily with |
c |
|
Your old roommate is in Australia on a one-year study abroad program. She excitedly skypes you and says her Aborigine friend mentioned an australopithecine skull he discovered while on "walkabout" in the desert. The skull has a small brain and wear on the tip of the canines. You respond that |
A Note . Both australopithecines and pre-australopithecines have relatively small brains and wear at the tip of the canines. There is absolutely no current fossil evidence to indicate that australopithecines ever left Africa, likely owing to their dependence on the specific habitats found there and their small brain size. Hominids did not leave Africa until Homo erectus. |
|
While walking through a natural history museum, your little cousin points out the skull of an australopithecine with a large crest on the top and asks you what its purpose was. To simplify a complicated evolutionary trait, you tell your cousin that |
B Note: The sagittal crest is a raised ridge of bone that runs from front to back on the skulls of robust australopithecines. It served as an attachment point for massive chewing muscles, meaning these australopithecines could chew and grind hard foods, such as nuts, rather than subsisting on softer foods such as fruit. |
|
In an argument with your parents, they claim that the only difference between australopithecines and early Homo species is a bigger brain in the latter. You argue that there are other differences, such as |
C note: Both the later australopithecines and the early Homo species that arose from them had generalized, flexible diets and were bipedal hominids. There is growing evidence that some australopithecine species used tools such as the Oldowan Complex, although later Homo tool styles are more advanced. The earlier Homo species differ from australopithecines not only in their larger brain but also in such characteristics as a smaller face and smaller teeth. |
|
Your mom has started complaining to you about her varicose veins and is thinking about surgery. You try to convince her not to by noting that |
c Bipedality has placed a burden on humans’ circulatory systems, which are required to pump blood from the heart to the head and the feet. One result of this overworking of the circulatory system is bulging or varicose veins. If people had to choose between some varicose veins and bipedal locomotion, perhaps they would realize that the former are worth putting up with to move around on two feet. |
|
Charles Darwin hypothesized that bipedalism arose so that hominids would have two free hands to create and carry weapons. The fossil evidence that now refutes this hypothesis includes |
B. Ardipithecus was bipedal yet had a small brain and large canines, which precluded its ability and need to create weapons. The modern evidence from this fossil species and others shows that bipedalism predated a reduction in canines and an increase in brain size, contrary to Darwin’s hypothesis. |
|
Your physical anthropology professor asks you to arrange a bag of foot bones in anatomical position. When you finish, she asks you what you can tell from this right foot. You say that this hominid |
d These foot bones are from Ardipithecus and demonstrate that this pre-australopithecine had a divergent big toe, much like that of apes. This indicates that Ardi did not have fully modern bipedal locomotion and that this species lived at least part of the time in an arboreal environment. |
|
This early researcher’s scientific approach to the origin of humans, searching for fossils to test his hypothesis rather than comparative animal anatomy, helped create the discipline of paleoanthropology. |
a |
|
Homo habilis differs from earlier australopithecines because |
c |
|
The first hominid species to disperse from Africa, where it originated, was |
d |
|
H. erectus’s change in limb proportions, to a body with short arms and long legs, indicates |
b |
|
Fossils of H. erectus have been found at which of these sites in Ethiopia: |
d |
|
The rapid spread of H. erectus out of Africa can be attributed in part to |
a |
|
Evidence of fire use at Zhoukoudian included |
d |
|
The main reason that H. erectus increased in stature and body size over H. habilis is |
b |
|
Evidence of tool use in H. habilis includes |
d |
|
It is possible that australopithecines went extinct and Homo flourished because of |
c |
|
H. erectus specimen from Turkey dating to about 500,000 yBP demonstrates the antiquity of _______________, a disease still prevalent today. |
a |
|
______ H. erectus were more robust than _____ H. erectus. |
b |
|
H. erectus’s brain increased about ________ compared to H. habilis’s. |
A |
|
If a fully clothed Nariokotome boy were walking down the streets of New York City, which feature would indicate that he was not a modern human? |
d The Nariokotome boy was already about 5’6" when he died as an adolescent; his teeth were large but not outside the normal range of modern humans’ teeth; and he had fully modern bipedalism. Therefore, none of these three features |
|
H. erectus was originally known as |
d |
|
Your roommate, a staunch vegetarian, argues that eating meat is unhealthy. You counter this argument by noting that the latest research in paleoanthropology suggests that |
b Although meat-eating predated Homo erectus, it is thought that the greater access that H. erectus had to animal protein – owing to better tools for killing and skinning animals and to harnessing fire to cook meat – contributed to H. erectus’s advantage in height and brain size over its H. habilis forebears. |
|
You come across a website that states Homo rudolfensis was a slightly larger version of Homo erectus found in Canada in the eighteenth century. Based on your knowledge of physical anthropology, though, you know that this website is bunk because |
d You know that H. rudolfensis is actually a more robust version of the already known H. habilis, and you know that neither H. habilis nor H. erectus made it to North America. The history of hominid fossil finds summarized at the beginning of the chapter further indicates that paleoanthropology did not start until the end of the nineteenth century, with most finds happening in the twentieth century. |
|
Paleoanthropologists have found stone tool marks on Homo erectus bones, and this bit of information has been spun on TV as "cannibal hominids." A valid criticism of this sensationalistic conclusion is |
c The tool marks found on Homo erectus bones, such as the Bodo cranium, show that flesh was cut off of bone. However, the marks cannot tell us for what purpose the flesh was removed – perhaps for eating (cannibalism), perhaps for a burial ritual, perhaps for another reason. Predator teeth can make similar marks as stone tools, but under a microscope it is easy to tell them apart based on the morphology of the grooves, and A. anamensis did not overlap in time with H. erectus. |
|
If you wanted to know what the landscape was like when Homo erectus walked Earth a million years ago, you might try to find evidence by studying |
d All of these are valid methods for attempting to understand landscape and climate in the past. Fossilized animal bones can imply a landscape; for example, the presence of giraffe ancestors suggests large acacia trees. We also learned in previous chapters that oxygen isotope analysis of microorganisms can yield key information about temperature, and that the relative percentage of C3 versus C4 plants can change with climate. |
|
Paleoanthropologists know that Acheulian hand axes were used to butcher animals because |
b In modern experiments, paleoanthropologists have re-created stone tools and used them to butcher an animal. When they examined these tools under a microscope, the wear pattern resulting from butchering is identical to the wear pattern seen on the Acheulian hand axes, implying that Homo erectus butchered animals. |
|
An evolutionary argument for why women today need assistance in giving birth may be that |
a Note: Human females are specifically adapted to be bipedal and to give birth to large-brained babies. However, their childbirth pattern is different than that of earlier hominids and primates: a human baby has to rotate and maneuver through the pelvic canal, and this results in a protracted, painful labor. Women are therefore usually assisted in birth by a physician, nurse, midwife, or other care provider. |
|
Modern H. sapiens differ from the archaic form in having |
d |
|
Fossils found in a cave at Gran Dolina, Spain, show evidence of |
c |
|
Neandertal remains from Shanidar cave in northern Iraq provide the first evidence of |
a |
|
Evidence that ancient hominids practiced cannibalism comes from |
d |
|
Neandertals were well-adapted to cold, owing to body changes such as |
d |
|
The Out of Africa model of modern human origins states that modern humans |
a |
|
The Multiregional Continuity model of the origin of modern humans states that |
b |
|
The Assimilation model of the origin of modern humans states that |
d |
|
Early modern humans moved into North and South America because of |
d |
|
The earliest modern humans in Australia, dating to 40,000 yBP, were found at |
c |
|
Modern humans likely migrated to the Americas via |
a |
|
Modern humans migrated into North America around |
b |
|
One of the tools of modern humans in the Americas was the |
c |
|
The "Hobbit" skeleton found on the Indonesian island of Flores has been interpreted as |
b |
|
Neandertals differed from archaic H. sapiens in their |
d |
|
During your internship with the Medical Examiner’s Office, you observe the ME attempt to identify an unknown individual based on skeletal remains. The ME asserts confidently that the deceased was of Asian or Native American ancestry. How does she know this, based only on the skeleton? |
a Note: Shovel-shaped incisors are quite common in individuals of Asian and Native American descent, suggesting a genetic relationship between the two groups. Occipital buns are found in Neandertals but not in modern humans; H. floresiensis is indeed from Indonesia but is not a modern species; and the facial structure of the earliest Americans shows adaptations to a cold, dry climate. |
|
A valid critique of the Out of Africa model of human evolution based on recent research is that |
c Note: he latest genetic evidence suggests that there was gene flow between Neandertals and anatomically modern humans in Europe. The Out of Africa model does not include gene flow between geographically separate |
|
While watching a television program on Neandertal origins, you hear molecular geneticist Matthias Krings state that mtDNA analysis found two dozen base pairs were different between Neandertals and anatomically modern humans, indicating we are not related to Neandertals. Your roommate asks you if this is true, and you reply that |
b Note: Although mtDNA analysis has found that Neandertals and modern humans are not closely related, mtDNA reflects only a small portion of the genome. Analysis of the nuclear DNA of one Neandertal individual, on the other hand, has shown some overlap with modern DNA, indicating there was gene flow between the two groups. Until more mtDNA and nuclear DNA analyses are done, however, we will not know for sure how much gene flow was present. |
|
A valid critique of the Multiregional Continuity model of the origin of modern humans can be found in the fossil record, which shows that |
a |
|
When they were first found, Neandertals were depicted as stupid, hairy, knuckle-dragging brutes. Evidence that refutes this depiction includes |
d Neandertals were very similar to modern humans: they appear to have buried their dead, as indicated by the flexed burial position of the La-Chapelle-aux-Saints Neandertal; they could probably speak, as indicated by the hyoid bone of the Kebara Neandertal; and they were highly intelligent, as suggested by the large cranial capacity of the Amud Neandertal. |
|
Some people think the reconstruction of Kennewick Man’s skull looks a bit like Patrick Stewart, the actor who played Captain Picard on Star Trek. The cranial morphology of Kennewick Man, however, shows |
b Note: : Kennewick Man does have a long and narrow skull, but this cranial morphology is surprisingly different from that of modern Native Americans, who have short, round skulls and gracile faces and jaws. Although the reconstruction arguably makes Kennewick Man appear Caucasian, the morphology of his skull and jaws suggests large attachment sites for chewing muscles, which are not usually found in modern populations. |
|
Physical anthropologists can understand human biological variation by looking at changes in: |
b |
|
For your physical anthropology research project, you report that you measured the length of 150 gorilla thighbones, and you suggest that the two groups you found represent different sexes. What problem might your professor have with this report? |
a Note: Using the scientific method, you would first create a hypothesis (e.g., the length of gorilla thighbones could provide information on the sex of the animal); then test your hypothesis (by measuring the thighbones); and then draw your conclusions (that males have longer thighbones than females do). In this example, your professor might be disappointed that you did not first state your hypothesis. |
|
The four branches of anthropology are: |
b |
|
Your professor researches the Turkana pastoralists of Kenya, investigating both the genetic changes that allow them to easily digest milk and the role that dairy animals have played in their history. Your professor most likely uses which of the following methods in her research? |
b |
|
Physical anthropology is the study of human __________ and human _________. |
b |
|
A physical anthropologist would study which of the following? |
d |
|
Humankind is still evolving, but recent genetic changes are often less interesting to physical anthropologists than the striking evolutionary changes that differentiated our hominid ancestors from apes. What is a possible reason for this? |
c Note: Although our hominid ancestors used tools and therefore depended on culture for survival, they also physically adapted to their environment over the long term. As modern humans, we have great control over our environment through cultural means; for example, heaters allow us to live in cold environments. Recent genetic changes tend to occur on a smaller scale than the monumental changes (such as bipedal walking) that are the hallmarks of humanness in our early ancestors. Some physical anthropologists are therefore less interested in modern genetic change. Which of the fo |
|
Which of the following would a physical anthropologist NOT study to learn more about humans? |
a |
|
___________ created the discipline of American anthropology. |
b |
|
Which of the following is NOT a uniquely human activity? |
d |
|
A scientific hypothesis can: |
d |
|
New research in Ethiopia in 2001 changed the way we think about human origins by demonstrating that the earliest hominids lived in: |
c |
|
Which of the following outlines the steps of the scientific method in their proper order? |
a |
|
Modern humans lost the typical primate honing-canine used for food processing because of which invention? |
b |
|
Your best friend’s great-uncle went missing in action during his Pacific tour of duty during World War II. Your friend wants to find out what happened to these enlisted men and women and to bring them home. What course of study would you suggest that your friend pursue in college? |
d |
|
Physical anthropologists study only Africa, where humans evolved. |
b |
|
Physical anthropology deals with all aspects of human biology, both past and present. |
a |
|
Physical anthropology and biological anthropology are equivalent. |
a |
|
The environment does not affect humans’ biological makeup. |
b |
|
A scientific theory is nothing more than a guess. |
b |
|
This naturalist spent five years on the HMS Beagle. |
b |
|
Darwin studied species of ____________ in the ____________ Islands when coming up with his ideas about evolution. |
c |
|
The "peppered" moths of northern England range from light-colored to dark-colored. During the Industrial Revolution, soot and smoke covered trees, and the peppered moth population became predominantly dark-colored, as these moths were better able to avoid predation by blending into their surroundings. This example illustrates which force of evolution? |
d |
|
In coming up with an idea of evolution, Darwin drew on information from |
d |
|
Uniformitarianism, an important idea in geology, was proposed by these two scientists. |
a |
|
While home for winter break, you start telling your grandmother about your physical anthropology class. She once heard about a man who became a bodybuilder and then produced muscular children, and she asks you to explain how this could happen. You say that |
b Note: Lamarck’s theory of evolution, while it contained some ideas that are true to this day, also included an idea of inheritance of acquired characteristics. A muscular man passing along his muscles to his children or a giraffe stretching its neck to reach high leaves are canonical examples of Lamarckism. |
|
The study of taxonomy was enriched by the work of |
a |
|
According to Linnean taxonomy, humans are in the genus and species |
c |
|
Your cousin insists that he ran into your doppelganger—the spitting image of you— at the mall. You counter this assertion with your knowledge of physical anthropology by replying that |
c Note: Although two people can bear a striking resemblance to one another, particularly in the case of identical twins, there are sure to be small phenotypic differences in their appearance that differentiate them. Both Malthus and Darwin observed that no two individuals of a species are exactly alike. |
|
The only source of new genetic material is |
d |
|
Darwin believed that ________________ was the primary cause of evolution. |
a |
|
Darwin did not know about genes but believed that traits passed from parents to offspring by particles called |
b |
|
Your history professor is interested in genealogy and tells your class that, on his mother’s side, he is descended from the original Amish population in Pennsylvania, a religious and insular group of people who tended to marry within their social circle. He also notes that many of his extended family members have the condition polydactyly, an extra finger or toe. The high frequency of polydactyly in your professor’s ancestry is an example of _____ in the Pennsylvania Amish. |
c Note: In the 1744 migration of the Amish to Pennsylvania, two members of the population shared a recessive trait for polydactylism. Over time, the allele frequencies of the population changed and were magnified by the small size of the Amish population. This founder effect (when a small pool of alleles from the population’s founders influence the future genetic makeup of the population) is a well-documented case of genetic drift. |
|
One of the theories put forth to explain the evolution of modern humans is that Homo sapiens arose more or less simultaneously in a variety of major geographical locales in the Old World (Europe, Africa, and Asia) through interbreeding of populations. A criticism of this theory based on the forces of evolution is that |
b Note: For Homo sapiens to arise simultaneously in three different areas of the world, there would have to be a significant amount of gene flow introduced through interbreeding of the populations. A criticism of the so-called multiregional evolution (which you will learn more about in chapter 12) is that there was insufficient gene flow among Homo erectus populations to evolve independently into Homo sapiens. |
|
The four forces of evolution are |
b |
|
In a simplified example of eye color inheritance, B stands for the allele for brown eyes and is dominant. Blue eyes are represented by the recessive allele b. A child who inherits one of each allele from her parents will have the genotype Bb and therefore have brown eyes. |
a Note: The genotypes BB and Bb will both produce brown eyes because the B allele is dominant. Only with a genotype of bb will the child have blue eyes. |
|
Darwin’s ideas about evolution and Mendel’s research in genetics are combined into what we now call the idea of blending inheritance. |
b |
|
Swine flu (H1N1) is the result of viral evolution. |
a |
|
Darwin’s ideas helped stimulate research in the fields of biology, genetics, comparative anatomy, and physical anthropology. |
a |
|
Comparing the skeletons of Aegyptopithecus and Oreopithecus, two extinct species of primates, can provide physical anthropologists information about the human past. |
a |
|
The somatic type of eukaryotic cells makes up |
d |
|
Human and chimpanzee DNA is about _________ similar. |
b |
|
You and your roommate learned that you shared the same maternal ancestor 15,000 years ago in Europe after doing a genetic analysis on your respective |
a Note: Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) traces a person’s maternal line as it is inherited only from one’s mother. Two people’s maternal lines may converge as in this example, indicating a shared maternal ancestor at some point in the past. |
|
If one side of the DNA ladder includes the sequence CTAATGT, the complementary base configuration for this sequence will be |
d Note: The DNA bases are complementary, meaning adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T), and guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C). Replacing the letters in CTAATGT with their complements yields GATTACA. As you’re waiti |
|
As you’re waiting at the doctor’s office, you overhear another patient discussing with the doctor how unlucky he is to be going bald at such a young age. The doctor counters this assertion and explains that |
b |
|
The human karyotype consists of ______ pairs of chromosomes. |
a |
|
If you wanted to sequence the genome of Ötzi, the 5,300-year-old "Iceman" mummy found in the Alps in 1991, which method would you be most likely to use? |
c Note: To sequence ancient DNA, is it often necessary to amplify the little that remains. The most useful technique for amplifying ancient DNA is PCR – polymerase chain reaction. |
|
Blocks of genetic material that do not recombine and are passed on for generations are called |
d |
|
Structural proteins found in the human body are responsible for all of the following except |
a Note: Structural proteins help form a person’s physical attributes, like bone shape, tooth size, and hair form, whereas regulatory or functional proteins include hormones, which control puberty, menopause, and other changes |
|
Regulatory or functional proteins include |
d |
|
In protein synthesis, ___________ refers to "unzipping" the DNA and ____________ refers to the formation of polypeptide chains. |
b |
|
In RNA, _________ replaces thymine as a nucleotide base. |
c |
|
During a visit to the circus, you and a friend stumble into a tent with a "freaks of nature" display. Your friend points out a photograph of a man whose left arm is protruding from his left hip rather than from his shoulder. You explain to your friend that this condition was likely caused by a mutation in the man’s |
d Note – The homeotic or Hox genes control a person’s embryonic development. Mutations in the Hox genes can cause abnormalities in body development, such as differences in the placement of limbs. The "freak of nature" in the exhibit likely had a simple mutation in his Hox genes. |
|
If a man and a woman who both have the AB blood phenotype have a child, the one blood type that child cannot have is |
d Note: Parents with the AB phenotype can pass on either the A or the B allele to an offspring. The child of AB parents can then have the genotypes AA, BB, or AB, which translate into the phenotypes A, B, and AB. There is no way the child can have the OO genotype or the O phenotype. Your friend w |
|
Your friend who is also taking a physical anthropology class tells you over dinner one night that after learning about dominant and recessive traits, she is certain she is adopted, because |
c Note: To display a dominant trait like no cleft in the chin, at least one parent has to display that dominant trait. Your friend’s parents both have the recessive trait for cleft chin, meaning they could not have genetically passed on the dominant trait and are therefore almost certainly not her biological parents. |
|
The largest organelles in a cell are the mitochondria. |
b |
|
The assertion that each parent provides one allele for any inherited trait is known as the Law of Segregation. |
a |
|
The potato and the guinea pig have more chromosomes than humans do. |
a |
|
An online article that your professor asked you to critique states that African Americans cannot contract malaria, even if they go to endemic areas, because of a genetic trait that confers protection from the disease. Your response is that this article is incorrect because |
b Note: The heterozygous individuals for the sickle cell gene have a better chance of overcoming or not contracting malaria than both categories of homozygous individuals. This means that both alleles – the sickling allele and the normal allele – are maintained at a relatively constant frequency, indicating the heterozygote is a balanced polymorphism. As the homozygous people do not have protection against malaria, it is incorrect to make a blanket statement that all African Americans are immune from malaria. |
|
Another name for a reproductive population is |
a |
|
Members of a population that can breed and produce viable offspring are considered to be of the same |
d |
|
If 70% of the hypothetical population passed along allele B, the dominant allele for brown eyes, and 30% passed along allele b, the recessive allele for blue eyes, the proportion of the subsequent generation with brown eyes would be ___________ given Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. |
c Note: The Hardy-Weinberg law of equilibrium states that p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1. In this formula, you would let p equal the proportion of the population passing along allele B (.7) and q equal the proportion passing along b (.3). Solving for the equation gives genotypes of .49 (BB), .42 (Bb), and .09 (bb). Brown eyes are dominant, meaning this phenotype is expressed in the BB and Bb genotypes; therefore, 91% of the new generation has brown eyes. At Thanksgivin |
|
At Thanksgiving dinner, your dad tells the old story about how your great-grandmother’s longevity was related to a daily breakfast of coffee and grapefruit plus broccoli every night with dinner. No one else in your extended family lived to over 100 like she did, and your dad insists that this is because everyone else in the family has failed in their attempt to follow her diet plan. You speak up this Thanksgiving and offer your hypothesis that the dietary failure of the subsequent generations suggests that |
a Note: Individuals who are homozygous recessive for the PTC-tasting gene cannot taste this chemical. Although PTC is not found in food, the chemicals in foods such as coffee, grapefruit, and broccoli produce a similar bitter flavor in people who can taste PTC. Your grandmother was likely a PTC-nontaster and enjoyed eating these foods without a bitter aftertaste. The remainder of your family is likely heterozygous or homozygous dominant for the gene, meaning eating these foods several times a day every day would be unpalatable. There is likely no link between your great-grandmother’s longevity and these specific diet foods, although pointing this out may make you unpopular at family gatherings. |
|
The two main types of mutations are |
c |
|
The three patterns of natural selection are |
d |
|
Which of the following abnormalities is not linked to malaria? |
b |
|
Your cousin just started a part-time job at a blood bank. He tells you that a surprisingly large number of Native Americans come in to donate blood. You explain to him that, based on what you learned in physical anthropology class, this is not all that surprising because |
a Founder effect: a special kind of genetic drift, p. 112. In chapter 3, you learned that the O blood type is the universal donor, meaning people with A, AB, and B blood types, in addition to O, can receive O blood. Due to a founder effect in the gene pool of Native Americans, in many places the frequency of the O blood type is nearly 100%. Your cousin noticed that many Native Americans were coming in to donate blood because many of them are universal donors. |
|
Huntington’s chorea is a genetically linked debilitating degenerative disorder with an onset usually after the fourth decade of life. The reason that this disease has not been eliminated through natural selection and is actually quite prevalent among communities in Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela, is |
b Note: Since Huntington’s occurs generally after humans’ prime childbearing years, people continue to pass on the gene that causes this condition. In the populations of Lake Maracaibo, genetic drift has contributed to the frequency of Huntington’s because a majority of the people are descended from a woman who had carried the allele. |
|
At the end of last semester, your professor had a baby. In class, she notes that her baby weighed 7.2 lbs at birth. The other babies in the nursery that week weighed 7.0 lbs, 6.8 lbs, 9.2 lbs, 7.5 lbs, and 7.3 lbs. When she asks what phenomenon this pattern of birth weights represents, you raise your hand and correctly answer |
d Note: Baby birth weight is an excellent example of stabilizing selection, which favors the average version of a trait. Babies that are too light may need medical intervention to survive, and babies that are too heavy may cause complications with delivery. Stabilizing selection keeps these problems at either end of the weight spectrum to a minimum. |
|
The case of the peppered moth and industrial melanism during the Industrial Revolution in England illustrates |
c Note: The nonmelanic genotype frequency changed during the Industrial Revolution as those moths were more prone to predation and thus were taken out of the gene pool. The genotype frequency favored the melanic form of the moth, which had better fitness. |
|
The genotype that confers protection against malaria while allowing an individual to survive and reproduce is |
b |
|
Compared to the normal male karyotype, a man affected by Klinefelter’s syndrome has |
d Note: A man with Klinefelter’s syndrome has a total of 47 chromosomes, as he has an additional X chromosome compared to normal males. |
|
opulations in which reproduction within the group is encouraged are called |
a |
|
The gene pool includes only the beneficial traits in a population. |
b |
|
A change in allele frequencies from one generation to the next is an example of evolution. |
a |
|
Lactase deficiency is the most common protein deficiency in the world. |
a |
|
Mutation is the only source of new genetic material. |
a |
|
Recent research indicates malaria was present in the Americas prior to Columbus. |
b |
|
The different appearance of these two (melanic and nonmelanic) moths illustrates a change in _____________ caused by _______________. |
c |
|
significant genetic change in horses over millions of years, which is also called |
d |
|
The concept of race began |
b |
|
In the 1700s, _____________ developed a scientific classification of race. |
d |
|
Frank Livingstone, a noted physical anthropologist, is famous for having said about human diversity in appearance: "There are no _________; there are only ___________." |
b |
|
In high school, your parents insisted that you were an adolescent and therefore incapable of living an adult life. You argued, on the other hand, that although you were not yet 18, |
d Note: By the adolescent stage of development, most people have at least started their pubertal transition to an adult body and generally have a full-size brain and all their permanent teeth (save, perhaps, the wisdom teeth). There is therefore a difference between the "adult" growth stage that physical anthropologists talk about and "being an adult," which is a more amorphous cultural concept. |
|
The medullary cavity of a bone exists in the |
a |
|
One of your classmates asks you for your notes from physical anthropology class. She says she was absent because her mother broke her hip and needed help around the house. This is not the first time the student has been absent for this reason. What would you ask her in an attempt to figure out if her mother is predisposed to osteoporosis? |
d Note: There are several factors that can predispose someone to osteoporosis, including (as mentioned in the textbook) smoking, hormone fluctuations, and lack of calcium necessary for good bone health. |
|
The period of time from about 20 years old to the end of the reproductive years is called |
a |
|
Your older sister recently had a baby and is confused about when she should wean her daughter. Based on what you learned in physical anthropology class about the timing and characteristics of life history stages in humans, you tell her that |
d Note: Breastfeeding is generally encouraged for 6-¬12 months or longer; weaning takes place at a variety of times but tends to be complete by about 2 to 3 years old, or the transition from infancy to childhood. |
|
According to Bergmann’s and Allen’s rules, all of the following are true except |
b Note: These rules say that people who live in warm climates are likelier to have long limbs and a higher surface-area-to-body ratio than those who live in cold climates, to better dissipate heat. The incorrect response is thus that the Inuit, who live in a cold climate, are tall and long-limbed. |
|
The disease rickets, which affects bone mineralization, results from a deficiency in |
d |
|
There is an old adage that "a fat baby is a healthy baby." A critique of this statement might be that |
d Done: With the increased ability to produce inexpensive food that is high in calories and fat, many developed countries, including theUnited States, have a major problem with obesity or overnutrition. Infants need greater fat stores than adults, but the trend in overnutrition reaches down to even this age group. In the past, a fat baby represented a well-fed baby; in the present, a fat baby could be an overnourished baby. |
|
One of your classmates moved to the United States from Somalia as a kid in the late 1990s. After seeing a picture of his family, you notice that he and his sister must have been undernourished for several years. You arrive at this conclusion because |
b Note: The picture of your classmate and his family showed that he and his sister were much shorter than their parents. Height is a sensitive indicator of diet and health, and you conclude that he and his sister must have been undernourished for a period of time during their childhood development, perhaps as a result of the Somali Civil War in the early 1990s that disrupted agriculture and food distribution in the country. |
|
A gradual change in phenotype over a geographical area is called a |
a |
|
A major criticism that can be leveled against Johann Blumenbach’s racial typology is that |
c Note: Blumenbach conflated modern people with ancient people in creating his taxonomy. In the early 1900s, Franz Boas finally showed that human biology is not static over time and that it is difficult to apply the Linnaean taxonomic approach to humans. |
|
The growth and development of females is more sensitive to stressors in the environment than the growth and development of males. |
b |
|
Human adaptation occurs at four levels: genetic, developmental, acclimatization, and cultural. |
a |
|
Hair loss and sweating are both thermoregulatory adaptations to heat in humans. |
a |
|
Vasoconstriction results in the red face of a person in a hot environment. |
b |
|
In general, populations living between 0-20°N latitude have the darkest skin color. |
b |
|
Which of the following is not true of primates? |
b |
|
On a visit to the zoo, you overhear a teacher telling a young student that the chimpanzees climb and swing on branches because |
b. Note: Primates have an enhanced sense of touch, which allows them (and us) to feel the shape of objects, such as potential food items, as well as to grab and grip both small and large objects. |
|
Visual differences between primates and other animals include |
a |
|
The dental formula for Old World primates, including humans, is |
c |
|
Primates’ enhanced ___________ led to a reduced sense of ___________. |
d |
|
The fact that humans are related to chimpanzees can be seen in Linnaean taxonomy, where both are |
a |
|
Your sister calls you crying because she just hit an animal with her car and she thinks it was a ring-tailed lemur. You calm her down by saying that |
c Note: Lemurs are endangered but are not yet extinct. They are found in the wild only in Madagascar (although there are zoos and primate centers around the world with lemurs in captivity), so your sister most likely hit a raccoon, which can be mistaken for a ring-tailed lemur. |
|
Anthropoids differ from prosimians in all the following ways except that they |
b |
|
Hominoids include |
d |
|
One of your friends is originally from Ecuador. When he was a kid, he would sneak into the forest and watch howler monkeys. On one of these trips, though, he insists that he and his friends found a human skull. As he describes it, you realize it was not human because |
c Note: Human skulls have a large hole (the foramen magnum, into which the spinal cord passes) directly at the base of the skull. This allows the skull to balance on top of the body, which is necessary in bipedal walking. The placement of the foramen magnum is therefore a clear indicator of whether an animal was quadrupedal like a howler monkey or bipedal like a human. |
|
Primates that are adapted for eating large amounts of plants and leaves can be distinguished by their |
a Note: The sagittal crest anchors the temporalis muscle, a major muscle in mastication. Gorillas and other primates that spend a lot of time chewing plants and leaves tend to have a sagittal crest resulting from their constant use of their c |
|
At the primate exhibit at the zoo, you notice a slew of monkeys dangling from branches by their tails. The information plaque notes that they are colobus, gibbons, and orangutans. When you read this, you immediately seek out the zookeeper to complain about the error because |
b Only New World monkeys have the prehensile tails necessary to hang upside down from a tree. The zookeeper has made an error in identifying the monkeys on display. |
|
It is possible to tell an ape skeleton from a human skeleton based on |
d |
|
According to British anatomist Wilfrid Le Gros Clark, the main tendencies that help to define what a primate is include: |
c |
|
The teeth of Old World monkeys and apes differ in that |
a Whereas apes have a Y-5 tooth pattern, Old World monkeys have a bilophodont pattern. Both have a 2/1/2/3 dental formula and a diastema, and neither have tooth combs. |
|
Fingerprints help enhance primates’ sense of touch. |
a |
|
All primates have opposable toes. |
b |
|
Male primates use their canines for eating food and for scaring enemies. |
a |
|
Hominoids do not have tails. |
a |
|
One of the main differences observable between human dentition and the dentition of other primates is humans’ lack of a/an |
a |
|
According to the map of primate distribution throughout the world, there are no primates in |
b |
|
During an internship at the Jane Goodall Institute, you are tasked with observing the residence patterns of the chimpanzees in Gombe National Park. At the end of the summer, you have learned all of the chimps’ names and have recorded all of the following groups of chimps living together except |
b The only social grouping that primates do not generally exhibit in the wild is a multifemale residence pattern. You saw the patterns of one-female, multimale (answer a); one-male, multifemale (answer c); and all-male (answer d). |
|
The key factor(s) that contribute to a female primate’s success at feeding include |
d |
|
Which of the following is true about chimpanzee tool use? |
c |
|
Researchers have found that many primates can learn how to fashion tools and pass this information along to younger members of their society, indicating other primates may tell us more about ancient humans’ |
a |
|
When there is competition among primates for mates, |
d |
|
The primate residence pattern of one-female, multimale can also be described as |
b |
|
At the primate habitat at the zoo, your friend comments that the orangutans seem to be monogamous or mated for life. You take one look at these apes and assert that you friend is wrong when |
a Note: In primate species, sexual dimorphism and residence pattern are related. There is less sexual dimorphism between male and female primates that typically enter into monogamous pairings, whereas there is a greater amount of sexual dimorphism in primates such as orangutans, which tend to be solitary. Orangutan males tend to be about twice the size of females and have large canines; when you noted the disparity in body size, you were easily able to correct your friend’s misconception about the residence pattern of orangutans. |
|
Dominance hierarchies among female primates are especially important with respect to |
d |
|
While swimming in the ocean with your friends, one of them starts to struggle to stay above the water. Your other friend braves a strong undertow, and both emerge safely on the beach. When the lifeguard arrives, he chastises your friend for brazenly jumping into the surf, but you praise your friend’s instincts, noting that |
c Note: By putting his life at risk to save someone else, your friend has demonstrated altruism. Altruistic acts have been observed in primate and human societies and also include giving warning calls, grooming, sharing food, and taking care of children and the elderly. |
|
Chimpanzees are known to hunt other animals for their meat. A chimpanzee group will have the most success in which of the following scenarios? |
d Note: While a solitary adult male chimp may have about a 33% success rate catching another animal, a group of ten or more males will have nearly a 100% success rate. Additionally, chimps appear to prefer (or are preferentially able to capture) red colobus monkeys, particularly the juveniles of the group, so answer d represents the scenario that maximizes the chimps’ chances of capturing food. |
|
Female primates with good nutrition have |
b |
|
A female primate has a better chance of feeding herself and her young when |
a Note: everybody needs it, but the burden is on mom, p. 201. Primate feeding success is based on food quality, distribution, and availability. Food is more consistently available in equatorial (tropical) regions of the world, and food from young leaves and grasses is easily digestible, so answers b and c are incorrect. Answer a implies good distribution of food resources in the landscape and thus represents the best chance of a primate feeding herself and her young. |
|
Primate behavior studies targeting the mother/infant bond suggest that |
c Note; Harlow’s studies have shown that primates that grow up without a mother will be physically normal but socially abnormal, indicating primate behavior is the result of both nature (i.e., genetics) and nurture (i.e., how a primate was raised). |
|
During a class presentation on communication among apes, your classmate makes an error while listing examples of this behavior. Based on your knowledge of primate communication in general, which of the following is incorrect? |
b Note: Primate communication involves visual, tactile, auditory, and chemical channels. All of the examples except answer b fit in with the way that primates generally communicate. |
|
During your first week as an intern at Gombe National Park, you fail to spot any chimpanzees, even in areas replete with food that the chimps are known to frequent. Dejected, you tell your supervisor, who reassures you that it will get better when |
c Note: It may take months, as it did Jane Goodall, to let the chimpanzees get used to your presence, especially if they have not seen many humans before. Once the chimps have habituated themselves to your presence, you will likely see more of them and will see them more frequently. |
|
Natural selection is related to primate communication in that |
c. Natural selection, in short, favors any primate behavior that enhances survival and reproduction. One key behavior we have learned about is the ability to communicate. Communication of information about food, danger, and other factors affecting a primate’s life is therefore a beneficial trait, and it is thought that natural selection favors primate communication. |
|
The average life span of humans is about |
a The average human lives around 70 years, which is nearly twice as long as chimps (with an average lifespan of 44 years) and more than twice as long as gibbons and lemurs. |
|
A polygynous primate society will tend to have a residence pattern of |
b |
|
Sometimes male primates will kill infant primates |
a |
|
Chimpanzees have been trained to communicate with humans through |
c |
|
Grooming involves: |
c |
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