ANTH Chapter 4

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1. Which of the following statements is considered to be true?

A. human biology has changed more than human culture
B. human culture has changed more than human biology
C. human culture and biology change at differing rates
D. human culture and biology change at standard, similar rates

human culture and biology change at different rates

2. Which of the following is not a goal for anthropologists?

A. to develop a heroic narrative story of human evolution
B. to discover which human ancestors were the first to walk on two legs
C. to understand why human ancestors developed large brains
D. to study human tool use through time

to develop a heroic narrative story of human evolution

5. When did the first mammals appear?

A. about 40 million years ago
B. approximately 65 million years ago
C. over 500 million years ago
D. over 200 million years ago

about 65 million years ago

6. What is continental drift?

A. slow, gradual migration of the earth’s surface due to the earth’s rotation
B. movement of the continents due to catastrophic events
C. movement of the earth’s surface over time due to magnetic north
D. movement of the earth’s surface over time due to plate tectonics

movement of the earth’s surface over time due to plate tectonics

7. When did diurnal anthropoids first appear?

A. about 40 million years ago
B. approximately 65 million years ago
C. over 500 million years ago
D. over 200 million years ago

about 40 million years ago

8. When did Old and New World anthropoid species first diverge?

A. more than 200 million years ago
B. approximately 65 million years ago
C. less than 23 million years ago
D. about 40 million years ago

about 40 million years ago

9. What continents were joined in the supercontinent of Laurasia?

A. North America, Asia, and Europe
B. Asia, Europe, and Africa
C. Africa, North America, and Asia
D. North and South America, Africa, and Asia

North America, Asia, and Europe

10. Which geological time period began about 23 million years ago?

Oligocene
Eocene
Pliocene
Miocene

Miocene

11. What significant event occurred during the Miocene?

A. the first diurnal anthropoids appeared
B. dinosaurs became extinct, allowing hominoids to appear
C. hominoids appeared and spread into North America
D. hominoids appeared in Eurasia and Africa

hominids appeared in Eurasia and Africa

12. Scientists date the split between human ancestors and the ancestors of African apes between:

10 and 15 million years ago
5 and 2 million years ago
8 and 5 million years ago
9 and 6 million years ago

8 and 5 million years ago

13. What evidence is used for a hominoid fossil to be definitively classified as part of the human evolutionary line?

bipedalism
upright spinal column
large skull
forward-projecting eyes

bipedalism

14. For a hominoid fossil to be definitively classified as part of the human evolutionary line there must be certain evidence of:

bipedalism
an elongated skeletal frame
a large brain
meat-eating

bipedalism

15. What is bipedalism?

a special form of locomotion on two feet
having two lobes in the skull
the separation of Homo erectus from Homo sapiens
the relationship between two species of apes

a special form of locomotion on two feet

16. On a human skull, how is the foramen magnum positioned in order to demonstrate bipedalism?

A. it is opened at an angle so that the spinal cord emerges almost horizontally
B. it is primarily positioned on the right of the skull to indicate right-handedness
C. it is lower and positioned more forward on the skull
D. it is positioned on top of the skull

it is lower and positioned more forward on the skull

17. Which of the following is not an accurate depiction of the australopithecines?

A. females were larger than males
B. their brain size was comparable per body size to the modern African apes
C. they were quite muscular
D. they were not as large or tall as modern-day humans

females were larger than males

18. What was significant about the Laetoli site in Tanzania?

A. it was where the earliest human ancestors were found 7 million years ago
B. it was the site where the earliest biped was excavated in 1978
C. it was the site where volcanic ash preserved the remains of 36 human beings
D. it was the site where foot impressions of a biped were preserved from 3.6 million years ago

D. it was the site where foot impressions of a biped were preserved from 3.6 million years ago

19. How does the spinal column differ between an adult human and a chimpanzee?

A. the chimpanzee spine is straight, while the human spine has one long curve
B. the human spine is straight, while the chimpanzee spine is curved
C. a chimpanzee spine has a series of convex and concave curves
D. a human spine has a series of convex and concave curves

a chimpanzee spine has a series of convex and concave curves

20. Which of the following hominids is believed to be the first toolmaker as evidenced by the current fossil record?

Homo habilis
Homo erectus
Homo sapiens
australopithecines

homo habilis

21. Which of the following is not found characteristically in bipeds?

balanced skull
curved spine
arched feet
opposable big toe

opposable big toe

22. Why does your textbook classify early human ancestors using the genus "australopithecines"?

A. this was a transitional species in the fossil record
B. scientists have found very few specimens and are not sure if this is a category
C. there is little diversity in this group of human ancestors
D. it is unclear exactly how many species exist

it is unclear exactly how many species exist

23. The earliest definite australopithecine fossils date back:

3.6 million years
4.3 million years
23 million years
2.4 million years

4.3 million years

24. Which of the following is not an advantage of bipedalism among humans?

an ability to use free hands for carrying objects and making tools
an increased exposure to ultraviolet sun radiation
an ability to walk efficiently and for longer distances
more visual acuity over distances

an increased exposure to ultraviolet radiation

25. Which of the following countries in Africa has not yielded australopithecine fossils?

Egypt
Chad
South Africa
Ethiopia

Egypt

26. Bipedalism confers each of the following advantages over quadrupeds except:

make and use tools
walk distances with less exhaustion
stand taller per body size
run faster

make and use tools

27. Which australopithecine subsisted more on meat than the other?

gracile australopithecines
robust australopithecines
savannah australopithecines
Australopithecus ethiopeansis

gracile australopithecines

28. What did our early human ancestors use to consume meat?

razor sharp teeth
cooking pots
flaked stone tools
our early ancestors did not consume meat

flaked stone tools

29. The earliest discovered human tools are dated at about:

4.4 million years
1.0 million years ago
7.5 million years ago
2.6 million years ago

2.6 million years ago

30. The Oldowan tool tradition is primarily associated with what group of early human ancestors?

Homo habilis
australopithecines
Homo erectus
Homo sapiens

homo habilis

31. In which geological epoch did Homo sapiens first emerge?

Oligocene
Pliocene
Pleistocene
Miocene

pleistocene

32. Based on current evidence, Homo erectus first appeared in:

Europe, about 2 million years ago
Laurasia, about 4 million years ago
Africa, about 1 million years ago
Africa, about 2 million years ago

Africa, about 2 million years ago

33. What is the primary problem with the "Man the Hunter" theory of human evolution from the 1960s and 70s?

A. the tools that humans had available prior to modern history were not effective in killing large-game animals
B. in most contemporary cultures it is women who do large-game hunting
C. it diminishes or ignores the contributions that women have made to human evolution
D. there were no animals that humans would have been capable of killing in Africa at the time of early human history

it diminishes or ignores the contributions that women have made to human evolution

34. While all of the following may have been critical to the development of an expanding brain; which of the following would have contributed most directly to brain growth?

A. the migration into colder and less known areas placing a premium on learning
B. a genetic mutation resulting in a smaller jawbone and smaller facial muscles
C. the detoxification of foods, allowing humans to live to significantly older ages
D. the ability to conquer predators, allowing humans higher meat consumption levels

a genetic mutation resulting in a smaller jawbone and smaller facial muscles

38. Homo erectus placed a new emphasis on:

larger tools
smaller tools
more multi-purpose tools
pebble tools

smaller tools

39. Remains in southern Africa suggest that Homo erectus may have learned to use fire by:

2 million years ago
1 million years ago
750,000 years ago
500,000 years ago

1 million years ago

40. Which hominid was the first believed to use fire?

Homo erectus
Homo habilis
Neandertals
anatomically modern humans

homo erectus

41. All of the following are advantages associated with cooking food except:

it kills parasites and makes foods healthier
it detoxifies foods
it softens food and makes it easier to chew
it makes most foods less nutritious

it makes most foods less nutritious

42. All of the following advantages are conferred by obsidian except:

it allows a surgeon greater control over cutting
it can be made sharper than conventional sources for blades
it is harder than conventional sources for blades
it is always very difficult to obtain

it is always very difficult to obtain

43. What tool did Irven DeVore fashion for his own surgery?

a diamond scalpel
a pebble tool
a steel blade
an obsidian scalpel

an obsidian scalpel

45. Neandertals disappeared between:

40,000 and 30,000 years ago
75,000 and 50,000 years ago
20,000 and 15,000 years ago
5,000 and 10,000 years ago

40,000 and 30,000 years ago

46. Which species has been called the "end product of a long period of evolution on a comparatively small island where environmental conditions placed small body size at a selective advantage"?

Homo erectus
Homo habilis
Homo antecessor
Homo floresiensis

homo floresiensis

47. Which of the following best represents Mousterian tools?

digging sticks
smaller flake tools in a variety of forms
pebble tools and microliths
large hand axes and few other forms

smaller flake tools in a variety of forms

48. The Mousterian tool tradition is associated with each of the following except:

regional specialization
the development of a burin
pressure-flaking
the development of the earliest hand axe

the development of the earliest hand axe

49. Around 30,000 years ago in Europe:

A. features associated with the African ape lineage of humans disappeared
B. anatomically modern humans had the last biological transition
C. features associated with Neandertal begin disappearing from the fossil record
D. archaic Homo sapiens sapiens first emerged

features associated with Neandertal begin disappearing from the fossil record

50. The Mousterian tool tradition industries of Europe and Southwestern Asia date to:

10,000-20,000 years ago
40,000-125,000 years ago
1 to 2 million years ago
the Upper Paleolithic Period

40,000-125000 years ago

52. Which hypothesis argues that Homo sapiens originated through simultaneous transition throughout the inhabited world?

recent African origins hypothesis
multiregional hypothesis
both the multiregional and the recent African origins hypotheses
neither hypothesis argues this

multiregional hypothesis

53. Which hypothesis argues that Neandertals were simply a regional variation of anatomically modern humans?

multiregional hypothesis
recent Africa origins hypothesis
Eve hypothesis
out of Africa hypothesis

multiregional hypothesis

54. Which hypothesis argues that humans originated in Africa some 2 million years ago and that ancient populations throughout the globe are all ancestors of modern humans with unity of a single species maintained through gene flow?

multiregional hypothesis
Eve hypothesis
recent African origins hypothesis
out of Africa hypothesis

out of africa hypothesis

55. What fossil evidence was recovered in 1997 in Ethiopia and used to argue the veracity of the recent African origins hypothesis?

Homo floresiensis
Homo antecessor
Homo sapiens neandertalensis
Homo sapiens idaltu

homo sapiens idaltu

1. When did the Neolithic transition begin?

around 20,000 years ago
around 15,000 years ago
around 5,000 years ago
around 10,000 years ago

around 10,000 years ago

2. All of the following cultural adaptations have presented serious biological consequences since the Neolithic era except:

A. a limited human diet due to reliance on a single crop
B. injury due to increased big game hunting
C. the spread of infectious disease due to crowded living conditions
D. the intensification of competition for critical resources

injury due to increased big game hunting

3. One of the ways people managed food scarcity during the Paleolithic was by:

A. decreasing the variety of food eaten
B. incorporating less favored food into their diet
C. devoting themselves to other tasks until food became available
D. increasing the amount of water they drank

incorporating less favored food into their diet

4. Which of the following changes did not occur during the Mesolithic?
A. shift from hunting big game to smaller game
B. shift from hunting small game to big game
C. gathering of a broad spectrum of plants
D. gathering of a broad spectrum of animals

shift from hunting small game to big game

5. The Mesolithic was known in the Americas as the:

Middle Stone Age
Neolithic
Paleolithic
Archaic

middle stone age

6. The Neolithic climate included all of the following except:

A. increased flooding
B. replacement of hardwood forests with tundra
C. sea levels increasing
D. warming climate

replacement of hardwood forests with tundra

7. Which of the following died out at the time of the Neolithic transition?

mammoths
musk oxen
reindeer
yaks

mammoths

8. The microlith became common throughout the "Old World" during the:

Paleolithic
Mesolithic
Neolithic
Eolithic

mesolithic

9. In what area of the world was the Mesolithic transition less dramatic of a change from the earlier time period?

Southeast Asia
Northern Africa
Europe
Southwest Asia

Southwest Asia

10. Increased reliance on seafood and plants allowed people to become more:

A. primitive
B. nomadic
C. aquatic
D. sedentary

sedentary

11. Who were the Natufians?

a Neolithic culture in Southeast Asia
a Paleolithic culture in Europe
a Neolithic transition culture in Southwest Asia
a Mesolithic transition culture in Southwest Asia

a Neolithic transition culture in Southwest Asia

12. The microlith was:

a pebble tool
a drill
a hammer
a blade

a blade

13. When did the Natufian culture flourish?

between 15,400 and 12,700 years ago
between 12,500 and 9,300 years ago
between 12,500 and 10,200 years ago
between 13,000 and 11,100 years ago

between 12,500 and 10,200 years ago

14. Polished stone tools are characteristic of the:

Cenolithic
Mesolithic
Paleolithic
Neolithic

Neolithic

15. What tool did the Natufians use prior to the beginnings of domestication?

plow
sickle
reaper
machete

sickle

16. All of the following were associated with the Neolithic Revolution except:

domestication of animals
domestication of plants
increased movement away from cities
formation of fixed settlements

increased movement away from cities

17. The invention of food production occurred in both Mesoamerica and Southwest Asia through:

independent invention
diffusion
shared invention
imposition

shared invention

18. What do we call communities of gardeners working with simple hand tools and using neither irrigation nor plow?

horticultural societies
agricultural societies
domesticated societies
independent societies

horticultural societies

19. According to the text, the ultimate source of all culture change is:

innovation
diffusion
mutation
instruction

innovation

20. The accidental discovery of an innovation process is referred to as a:

starter innovation
primary innovation
secondary innovation
masked innovation

primary innovation

21. All of the following are associated with plant domestication except:

A. loss of delayed seed germination
B. reduction in distasteful chemical compounds
C. reduction and loss of protective husks
D. a more fragile stem and seeds that shatter easily from the stalk

a ore fragile stem and seeds that shatter from the stalk

22. What is the clearest indicator of difference between a wild and domesticated plant?

stalk length
lack of husk
shape of edible parts
size of edible parts

size of edible parts

23. Archaeologists have documented a sharp rise in the number of young male goats killed at a 10,000 year-old site in the Zagros Mountains, Iran. They believe this indicates domestication, as young males:

A. were slaughtered and females kept for breeding purposes
B. were selectively chosen because they were born at a significantly higher rate than females
C. would not stay in corrals and enclosures as well as females
D. would interfere in the breeding process of young females

D. would interfere in the breeding process of young females

24. Remains of domesticated animals most frequently show which skewed ratio?

more fat than thin animals
more old than young animals
more female remains than male
more male remains than female

more male remains than female

25. When did bones first become distinguishable between wild and domesticated sheep?

around 9,000 years ago
around 12,000 years ago
around 7,500 years ago
around 8,000 years ago

around 9000 years ago

26. Where do we find terra preta?

northern Argentina
eastern Turkey
southern Mexico
central Amazonia

central Amazonia

27. Which of the following is the earliest known domesticate?

oats
barley
corn
rye

rye

28. Evidence exists for some of the earliest plant domestication at:

Abu Grenyra
Abu Haridan
Abu Saami
Abu Hureyra

Abu Hureyra

29. The Oasis Theory argues that:

A. people congregated in rich areas where agriculture had already begun
B. increased rainfall contributed to the need to begin planting crops and herding
C. drought created a need for people living in the Fertile Crescent to congregate in limited areas and begin collecting grass seed
D. herding and cultivation began in areas where irrigation could be established

C. drought created a need for people living in the Fertile Crescent to congregate in limited areas and begin collecting grass seed

30. What was most significant about the Oasis Theory?

A. it was a scientifically testable explanation for the origins of food production
B. it was the first theory that explained the origins of agriculture and herding
C. it is the only accurate hypothesis about the origins of food production
D. it is the most easily understood hypothesis on the origins of food production

B. it was the first theory that explained the origins of agriculture and herding

31. Where is the Fertile Crescent?

Middle East
Northern Africa
Southeast Asia
Southwest Asia

Middle East

32. With the end of the last glaciation, climates became:

A. significantly colder and less markedly seasonal
B. significantly warmer and more markedly seasonal
C. significantly warmer and less markedly seasonal
D. significantly colder and more markedly seasonal

significantly warmer and more markedly seasonal

33. What did the Natufians do to adapt their subsistence to changing climatic conditions?

A. they lived where conditions were especially severe and stored wild grass seeds in plaster lined pits
B. they followed herds of wild cattle rarely staying in one place for long
C. they used plaster to create traps for wild 2. and practiced intensive farming
D. they burned areas to attract wild animals and stored seeds of perennials

D. they burned areas to attract wild animals and stored seeds of perennials

34. Which of the following is an effective mutagenic agent that could have affected the course toward plant domestication among the Natufians?

wind
snow
water
fire

fire

35. Which of the following became an ideal type of plant for domestication?
A. colonizer plants that grow in disturbed areas
B. settler plants that grow in well maintained gardens
C. sedentary plants that only grow in a specific environment
D. nomadic plants that only grow under specific climatic conditions

A. colonizer plants that grow in disturbed areas

36. Beginning about 11,000 years ago, the percentage of immature sheep eaten in Southwest Asian highlands increased to approximately what percent?

75 percent
50 percent
65 percent
90 percent

50 percent

37. The average birth spacing interval for hunters and gatherers is:

4-5 years
3-4 years
2-3 years
1-2 years

4-5 years

38. Which of the following is believed to be the earliest plant domesticate in Southeast Asia?

tea
yams
sugar cane
oats

yams

39. In the heyday of potato cultivation in Peru, how many varieties were grown?

250
800
3,000
1,500

3,000

40. America’s indigenous peoples were the first cultivators of _____ of the crops grown in the world today.

10%
30%
60%
80%

60%

42. What two significant crops grown in the world today were first domesticated by American Indians?

potatoes and maize
wheat and rice
corn and wheat
oats and barley

potatoes and maize

43. What is unique about terra preta?

A. it is found throughout the continental area and has allowed advent of civilization
B. it is evidence that early peoples kept large numbers of domesticated animals
C. it is found in an extensive area where soils are not generally rich and fertile
D. it is made from chemical fertilizers and can be transported transnationally

C. it is found in an extensive area where soils are not generally rich and fertile

44. Terra preta occurs because of:

manmade chemical fertilizers
ancient sea deposits
glacial deposits
human intervention

human intervention

45. Wild plant domestication:
A. took place independently across the globe
B. diffused from Mesopotamia to the rest of the world
C. only took place in Europe
D. did not happen

took place independently across the globe

46. Which anthropologist suggested the core-fringe-legume pattern?

Sidney Mintz
V. Gordon Childe
Carl Sauer
Robert Carneiro

Sidney Mintz

48. The hunter-gatherer birth spacing interval is primarily the result of:

A. high infant mortality rate
B. nutritional stress
C. contraceptive practices
D. breastfeeding and child-rearing techniques

breastfeeding and child-rearing techniques

49. Which of the following statements is true?

A. Food foraging populations tend to have higher rates of fertility compared to farming populations

B. Farming populations tend to have higher rates of fertility compared to food foragers

C. Food foragers and farming populations have an equal rate of fertility

D. Fertility rates for food foragers and farming populations is not currently known

Farming populations tend to have higher rates of fertility compared to food foragers

50. Measles were believed to be first transferred to humans from:

pigs
sheep
cattle
ducks

cattle

51. Domestication:

decreases productivity and increases instability
increases productivity and increases stability
increases productivity and increases instability
decreases productivity and increases stability

increases productivity and increases instability

52. Which language group first originated in sub-Saharan Africa and then spread outward?

Swahili
Bantu
Arabic
Indo-European

Bantu

53. Eighty percent of the world’s annual tonnage of all crops is made up of how many varieties of plant species?

9
14
12
7

12

54. The spread of ideas, customs, or practices from one culture to another is called:

independent invention
diffusion
primary innovation
secondary innovation

diffusion

55. The potato famine of 1845-1850 occurred in what country?

England
United States
Ireland
Papua New Guinea

Ireland

56. In the early farming community of Jericho, crops could be grown almost continuously because:

A. there was a large population to perform the labor
B. there was a large spring and fertile soils from a dried up Ice Age lake
C. there was irrigation available and the river allowed for trade
D. there was glacial deposit and plenty of stone for making walls and tools

B. there was a large spring and fertile soils from a dried up Ice Age lake

57. Jericho was surrounded by:

a large moat
massive walls
mountain watchtowers
a natural river

massive walls

58. Which of the following was not associated with the advent of pottery?

improved storage techniques
development of craft specialization
innovation in tool design
increased nomadism

increased nomadism

59. Which of the following best describes typical Neolithic social structure?

A. stratified society, strict division of labor, rise of specialized social roles

B. relatively egalitarian society, strict division of labor, some specialized social roles

C. stratified society, minimal division of labor, limited specialized social roles

D. relatively egalitarian society, minimal division of labor, limited specialized social roles

D. relatively egalitarian society, minimal division of labor, limited specialized social roles

60. When did Neolithic agricultural villages become common in the Americas?

ca. 7,000 years ago
ca. 4,500 years ago
ca. 2,000 years ago
ca. 8,500 years ago

ca. 4,500 years ago

61. Each of the following is common skeletal evidence from human Neolithic remains except:

A. less robust bones
B. increased mechanical stress on human bodies
C. less marked osteoarthritis
D. increased nutritional stress

B. increased mechanical stress on human bodies

62. In the Biocultural Connection section entitled "Paleolithic Prescriptions for the
Neolithic and Beyond," U.S. anthropologists George Armelagos and Mark Nathan
Cohen suggest that:

A. human village settlement has nothing to do with health
B. health improved as a result of human village settlement
C. there was an increase in infectious diseases with settlement into villages
D. alcohol and tobacco use decreased as a result of human village settlement

C. there was an increase in infectious diseases with settlement into villages

63. In the Biocultural Connection section entitled "Paleolithic Prescriptions for the Neolithic and Beyond," anthropologists Melvin Konner and Marjorie Shostak and physician Boyd Eaton have suggested:

A. a new lifestyle approach that will improve people’s health while maintaining a
sedentary lifestyle
B. that people’s health can improve with prescription medication
C. that nomadic peoples’ use of alcoholic beverages was not healthy
D. that people’s health will improve by returning to the lifestyle to which their bodies were adapted

D. that people’s health will improve by returning to the lifestyle to which their bodies were adapted

64. Why is intensive agriculture considered to be a less stable means of subsistence than foraging?

A. in general, people do not like to work harder and tend to neglect crops
B. it is associated with a lower population
C. there is less species diversity in crops
D. it always depends much more on stable climatic conditions

D. it always depends much more on stable climatic conditions

66. Enamel hypoplasia indicates:

A. arrested growth caused by famine
B. high levels of nutrition
C. increasing calcium consumption
D. consumption of soft foods

arrested growth caused by famine

67. Which of the following is not an accurate portrayal of agricultural societies and food production?

A. they led to an overall increase in length and quality of life
B. they involved much higher work levels and an increase in disease
C. agricultural societies had diets of less variety than foragers
D. as a result of agriculture, population rate began to rise

A. they led to an overall increase in length and quality of life

68. In environments that were averse to the development of cultivation, societies tended to become:

pastoralist
agricultural
horticulturalist
urban

pastoralist

69. Which form of subsistence involves intensive crop cultivation, use of plows and fertilizers, and possibly irrigation?

horticulture
pastoralism
agriculture
foraging

agriculture

1. All of the following emerged with the emergence of cities and states except:
A. organized central governments
B. monumental structures
C. warfare
D. equality

equality

2. The most important aspect of modern cities is:

socialization
exchange
interdependence
independence

interdependence

3. In a modern city virtually every institution depends on:

religious organizations
highways
public utilities
secondary schools

public universities

4. In the 1960s in New York City during a long newspaper strike, how did the city
and its services demonstrate resilience?

A. by launching new magazines and expanding television news coverage
B. by boycotting all news magazines and television news coverage
C. by sending in police to force an end to the strike
D. by rioting in front of the striking newspaper offices

A. by launching new magazines and expanding television news coverage

5. All of the following are elements of a civilization as defined by anthropologists
except:

large numbers of people living in cities
refinement and progress
social stratification
governing by ruling elite

refinement and progress

6. The root word civitas of civilization means:

trade and exchange
refinement and manners
top hierarchy of a city
urban area of dwelling

urban area of dwelling

7. The world’s first cities developed in:

China
the Indus Valley
Egypt
Mesopotamia

mesopotamia

8. The world’s first civilization in Mesopotamia developed:

between 10,000 and 5,500 years ago
between 6,000 and 4,500 years ago
between 6,500 and 4,000 years ago
between 8,500 and 5,500 years ago

between 6,000 and 4,500 years ago

9. The major early civilizations sprang from _______________ villages.

Mesolithic
Paleolithic
Neolithic
Endolithic

Neolithic

10. Çatalhöyük demonstrates which of the following?

A. it is an urban area in the Fertile Crescent where agriculture first developed
B. it is an urban center that developed from a very small farming community
C. it is the first urban center ever developed, and it subsisted solely on trade
D. it is a highly populated town which never developed characteristics of urban centers

D. it is a highly populated town which never developed characteristics of urban centers

11. The center and most important area of Tikal was:

the Solar Plaza
the Temple of the Moon
the Street of the Dead
the Great Plaza

the Great Plaza

12. The early city of Mohenjo-Daro, at its peak, had a population of:

10,000
50,000
20,000
7,000

20,000

13. The early city of Teotihuacan was designed according to:

a standard Spanish grid pattern
visions and prophecies
regional topography
the solar calendar

the solar calendar

14. The Maya city of Tikal flourished between:

6,700 and 1,200 years ago
5,000 and 3,200 years ago
4,300 and 2,000 years ago
3,000 and 1,100 years ago

3,000 and 1,100 years ago

15. The earliest cities in the Americas appeared in:

Mexico
Honduras
Guatemala
Peru

Peru

16. Why did Teotihuacan include residents with foreign affiliation?

to use as slaves
to rely on for military protection
to consult in spiritual matters
to expand the trade network

to expand the trade network

17. In what country is Tikal located?

Guatemala
Costa Rica
Panama
Turkey

Guatemala

18. Following the excavations in the 1960s, archaeologists at Tikal began to focus on:

A. dwelling sites around the larger buildings
B. the temple complex and major buildings
C. monumental architecture at the site
D. slave quarters and workers’ dwellings on the outskirts

dwelling sites around the larger buildings

19. What kind of data was collected from the study of non-monumental structures at Tikal?

state political interests
trade and exchange routes
site size and population
religious affiliation

site size and population

20. How did the Maya maximize land available for subsistence?

A. they practiced hydroponic farming without soil
B. they had gardens inside their homes for subsistence
C. they used artificially raised fields in flooded areas
D. they created land by diverting rivers into areas away from Tikal

they used artificially raised fields in flooded areas

21. Scientists conclude that Tikal suffered from food and land scarcity for all the following reasons except:

storehouses of trade items
nutritional deficiency
house abandonment on prime land
increasing warfare

storehouses of trade items

22. Irrigation techniques, such as dikes, canals, and reservoirs, were a direct result of:

social stratification
centralized government
diversification of labor
agricultural innovation

diversification of labor

23. The Bronze Age was marked by:

the earliest human migrations
the development of seafaring trade
the development of new kinds of descent
increasingly specialized tool production

increasingly specialized tool production

24. Lagash was an ancient city in _____________ that listed specialized workers in public records.

Rome
Babylon
Jericho
Egypt

Babylon

25. Bronze is made from:

copper and tin
iron and lead
lead and copper
tin and gold

copper and tin

26. Bronze was associated with early cities in every area except:

Asia
Europe
Africa
Mesoamerica

Mesoamerica

27. For ceremonial objects, the Aztecs and Maya used:

emeralds and gold
copper and gold
silver and lapis lazuli
silver and bronze

copper and gold

28. The advent of bronze metallurgy created advances in:

farming and religion
warfare and farming
religion and warfare
hunting and religion

warfare and farming

29. For the Aztecs and Maya, obsidian was not:

extremely sharp
easy to work with
readily available
a symbol of wealth

a symbol of wealth

30. Egyptian kings sent trading expeditions to Lebanon primarily for:

wine and funerary oils
lapis lazuli
ivory and cattle
gold and copper

wine and funerary oils

31. The initial motive for the development of writing in Mesopotamia was for:

writing letters
record-keeping
religious documentation
story-telling

record keeping

32. Which of the following represents the earliest kind of record-keeping?

bark paper
cloth paper
tokens
clay tablets

tokens

33. What was the primary purpose of Maya record-keeping?

A. to keep records and lists for tax purposes
B. to keep lists of land titles and ownership
C. to keep records on the great accomplishments of the rulers
D. to keep records for food storage and storehouses

C. to keep records on the great accomplishments of the rulers

34. Evidence of centralized authority in ancient civilizations comes from all the following except:

law codes
ethnographic interviews
temple records
royal chronicles

ethnographic interviews

35. In 2003 in the Henan Province of China, archaeologists discovered evidence of writing in the form of:

signs carved into tortoise shells
knotted strings
clay tablets
bark etchings

signs carved into tortoise

36. What form of writing did the Maya use?

reed stylus on clay tablets
tokens
hieroglyphics
tortoise carvings

hieroglyphics

37. In the Mesopotamian city of Uruk, some 5100 years ago, there developed the technique of:

marking on a clay tablet
carving on a tortoise shell
cave painting
writing with a charcoal stylus on rock

marking on a clay tablet

38. In Uruk, about 5,100 years ago the reed stylus was used to make:

monosyllabic markings
monosyllabic letters
polysyllabic markings
polysyllabic letters

monosyllabic markings

39. The Maya writing system appears to have roots in the earlier writing system of the:

Olmecs
Mesopotamians
Toltecs
Aztecs

Olmecs

40. King Hammurabi’s reign was especially accomplished in the areas of:

A. development of legal system and religious institutions
B. organization of government and legal system
C. administration of legal system and trade organizations
D. social organization and political administration

B. organization of government and legal system

41. The Code of Hammurabi includes detail and procedure regarding all of the following except:

medical malpractice procedure
educational law
family rights
trade and commerce

educational law

42. Which of the following had the most advanced political system of its time?

Aztec
Inca
Maya
Toltec

Inca

43. A coding system of colored strings with knots was used by what civilization as a form of unconventional writing?

Mesopotamian
Egyptian
Maya
Inca

Inca

44. In the Inca Empire, information was moved by:

A. public records made up of a conventional writing system
B. imperial administrators whose job it was to deliver messages
C. a system of professional relay runners
D. announcers on horseback

a system of professional relay runners

45. The first emperor of which civilization was buried with 7,000 life-size terra cotta figures?

Indonesia
Mesopotamia
Japan
China

China

46. In the hydraulic theory, civilizations emerged following the development of farming in what geographic areas?

savannah areas
river valleys
fertile hillsides
heavily wooded areas

river valleys

47. What is the primary problem with the hydraulic theory?

A. it does not explain every cultural case
B. irrigation was not essential to the earliest civilizations
C. some civilizations developed without farming
D. it is skewed to Western case studies

irrigation was not essential to the earliest civilizations

48. The hydraulic theory is an example of what kind of approach?

action
ecological
political
symbolic

ecological

49. In the Applied Anthropology section entitled ”Tell It to the Marines: Teaching Troops about Cultural Heritage” why do military personnel take a class
focusing on the cultural heritage of the area where they will be deployed?

A. so they can develop better military strategies in combat
B. to educate troops on the importance of protecting the evidence of past cultures
C. so they can help the local population build museums
D. to train current troops to become anthropologists

to educate troops on the importance of protecting the evidence of past cultures

50. Which theory of state development argues that forceful leaders play a central role in the development of complex societies?

political theory
circumscription theory
hydraulic theory
action theory

action theory

51. Until 1800 _______________ was the largest city that ever existed in the area known today as the United States.

New York
Moundville
Etowah
Cahokia

Cahokia

52. All of the following were significant challenges to early state societies except:

waste disposal
infectious disease
warfare
social egalitarianism

social egalitarianism

53. Why is Tay-Sachs allele frequency significantly higher among Ashkenazi Jews?

A. belief system (religion) prevents use of any medications and treatment
B. extensive involvement in trading networks in diseased areas
C. historical crowding in urban areas in western Europe and exposure to tuberculosis
D. historical crowding in urban ghettos over centuries and high exposure to tuberculosis

D. historical crowding in urban ghettos over centuries and high exposure to tuberculosis

54. Because of the emergence of devastating infectious diseases in Europe, the urban population there was not self-sustaining until which century?

18th
19th
20th
21st

20th

55. In the Biocultural Connection section how do Ramenofsky and Galloway explain the disappearance of Native American populations between the explorations of Hernando de Soto and the later arrival of French explorers along the Mississippi?

A. they argue that Hernando de Soto’s runaway pigs carried diseases that infected the local fauna and food source for the Native American of that region
B. they argue that Hernando de Soto’s army carried diseases that spread to the Native Americans of that region
C. they argue that the Native Americans were nomadic and moved to another region by the time the French explorers arrived
D. they argue that Native Americans never lived in that region and the sites they found were ceremonial centers visited infrequently

A. they argue that Hernando de Soto’s runaway pigs carried diseases that infected the local fauna and food source for the Native American of that region

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