anatomy chapter 4

"Metablosim" refers to
A. the reactions in the body that synthesize proteins and nucleic acids
B. the reactions in the body that break down proteins and nucleic acids
C. all of the chemical reactions in a cell
D. the breakdown of glucose molecules to release energy

C. all of the chemical reactions in a cell

One reason that protein synthesis is important is that
A. enzymes are proteins and enzymes are essential to metabolism
B. proteins release energy for metabolic reactions
C. proteins encode DNA sequences
D. the diet does not provide the building blocks of protein

A. enzymes are proteins and enzymes are essential to metabolism

Anabolic metabolism refers to
A. biochemical reactions that synthesize compounds
B. all processes required to maintain life
C. biochemical reactions that break down compounds
D. biochemical reactions that release energy from nutrients

A. biochemical reactions that synthesize compounds

Which of the following is an example of catabolism
A. The assembly of a cell membrane from precursor molecules
B. The increase in muscle tissue with exercise
C. The formation of secretory proteins in the pancreas
D. The breakdown of glucose in the cytoplasm and mitochondria

D. The breakdown of glucose in the cytoplasm and mitochondria

Catabolism refers to
A. Chemical reactions that acquire energy
B. Chemical reactions that release energy
C. Synthesis of large molecules
D. The formation of genetic material

B. Chemical reactions that release energy

An example of an anabolic reaction is
A. Many monosaccharides bonding, forming glycogen
B. A dipeptide breaking down into two amino acids
C. Glycerol reacting with 3 fatty acid molecules to yield water and proteins
D. Glycogen breaking down into many monosaccharides

A. Many monosaccharides bonding, forming glycogen

In dehydration synthesis of a carbohydrate,
A. Larger molecules are decomposed into smaller ones
B. Monosaccharides are joined
C. Water molecules bond to monosaccharide molecules
D. The molecule is decomposed into carbon dioxide and water

B. Monosaccharides are joined

When a sucrose molecule is decomposed to yield a glucose molecule and a fructose molecule,
A. dehydration synthesis occurs
B. a water molecule is released
C. a water molecule is used
D. starch is consumed

C. A water molecule is used

Dehydration synthesis reactions _____, whereas hydrolysis reactions _____.
A. lose H2O to break bonds; use H2O to form bonds
B. break large molecules into smaller ones; build large molecules from smaller ones
C. use H2O to form bonds; lose H2O to break bonds
D. lose H2O to form bonds; use H2O to break bonds

D. Lose H2O to form bonds; use H2O to break bonds

Which of the following is not a characteristic of enzymes
A. they speed up the rate of chemical reactions but are not used up in the process
B. most are proteins
C. they are most active at temperatures above 53 degrees C
D. they have active sites and interact with specific substrates

C. They are most active at temperatures above 53 degrees C

An enzyme is
A. a molecule, usually a protein, that speeds the rate of a biochemical reaction by lowering the activation enegry
B. the genetic material
C. a protein that promotes metabolic reactions by slowing reactions that are too fast
D. usually a vitamin

A. A molecule, usually a protein, that speeds the rate of a biochemical reaction by lowering the activation energy

The name of an enzyme ends in
A. -ese
B. -ose
C. -gen
D. -ase

D. -ase

Which of the following best describes the interaction between an enzyme and its substrate
A. the enzyme surrounds and completely contains the substrate
B. the substrate surrounds and completely contains the enzyme
C. the enzyme temporarily deactivates the substrate
D. part of the enzyme temporarily binds part of the substrate molecule

D. Part of the enzyme temporarily binds part of the substrate molecule

An active site of an enzyme is
A. the part of the enzyme that binds ATP
B. a sequence of DNA nucleotides that encodes a protein molecule
C. the part of a substrate that combines with an enzyme
D. the part of an enzyme that combines with a substrate

D. The part of an enzyme that combines with a substrate

An important mechanism that controls metabolic pathways under physiological conditions is
A. positive feedback
B. signal transduction
C. negative feedback
D. genetic control

C. Negative feedback

Three factors that increase the rates of enzyme-controlled reactions are the
A. number of enzyme molecules, number of substrate molecules, and efficiency of the enzyme
B. temperature of the reaction, number of H2O molecules, and bond strength
C. number of enzyme and substrate molecules formed and strength of the enzyme
D. size of the enzyme compared to the substrate, the number of active sites, and the ratio of enzyme to substrate molecules

C. Number of enzyme molecules, number of substrate molecules, and efficiency of the enzyme

Humans require vitamins in their diets because these nutrients
A. provide energy
B. are broken down by catabolic reactions
C. bond with minerals
D. act as coenzymes

D. Act as coenzymes

A molecule that carries energy in a form the cell can use is
A. glucose
B. glycogen
C. vitamin C
D. ATP

D. ATP

ATP is important to cellular processes because it
A. is formed by muscles contracting or whenever cellular work occurs
B. provides energy for cellular work when the terminal, high-energy bond is broken
C. releases oxygen when high-energy phosphate bonds are broken
D. is a by-product of all catabolic reactions

B. Provides energy for cellular work when the terminal, high-energy bond is broken

Energy is defined as
A. something important for chemical reactions
B. the ability to do work
C. the heat given off from chemical reactions
D. the heat required to start a reaction

B. The ability to do work

What is the function of ATP molecules in living cells
A. they form a genetic material
B. they capture energy from the oxidation of fuels in their high-energy phosphate bonds, and the energy is used in various cell processes
C. they act as coenzymes so that fats can be synthesized
D. they are an integral part of the cell membrane, importan in transporting water molecules

B. They capture energy from the oxidation of fuels in their high-energy phosphate bonds, and the energy is used in various cell processes

Oxidation during cellular respiration differs from burning in that respiration
A. doesn’t use enzymes to lower the activation energy
B. requires a relatively large amount of energy to start the process
C. uses enzymes to lower the activation energy
D. releases more energy as heat and light

C. Uses enzymes to lower the activation energy

The anaerobic reactions of cellular respiration take place in the
A. cytoplasm
B. mitochondria
C. nucleus
D. ribosomes

A. Cytoplasm

Which of the following substances increases in abundance during cellular respiration
A. oxygen
B. glucose
C. ATP
D. glycogen

C. ATP

A glucose molecule is broken down into two pyruvic acid molecules in
A. glycolysis
B. the citric acid cylce
C. gluconeogenesis
D. the electron transport system

A. Glycolysis

In cellular respiration,
A. mitochondria release glucose molecules
B. energy is released from molecules and is transferred to other molecules
C. cells breath, or take in, O2 and give off CO2
D. energy is absorbed from glucose and is transferred to CO2

B. Energy is released from molecules and is transferred to other molecules

The anaerobic reactions of cellular respiration occur in the ____, whereas the aerobic reactions of cellular respiration occur in the ____.
A. mitochondria with O2 required; cytoplasm with O2 required
B. cytoplasm without O2 required; cytoplasm with O2 required
C. mitochondria without O2 required; mitochondria with O2 required
D. cytoplasm without O2 required; mitochondria with O2 required

D. Cytoplasm without O2 required; mitochondria with O2 required

Anaerobic reactions of cellular respiration
A. break down glucose into 2 pyruvic acid molecules
B. occur in the absence of oxygen
C. transfer energy to ATP molecules
D. do all of the above

D. Do all of the above

A molecule that is a storage form of carbohydrate is
A. glycogen
B. glycerol
C. DNA
D. an amino acid

A. Glycogen

Which choice lists structures in order of increasing size
A. nitrogenous base- nucleotide- gene- chromosome- genome
B. nitrogenous base- nucleotide- gene- genome- chromosome
C. genome- nucleus- chromosome- nucleotide- gene
D. cell- organelle- tissue- organ

A. nitrogenous base- nucleotide- gene- chromosome- genome

If one strand of DNA has the sequence TCAGGCTATTCCCG, then the complementary sequence of the other strand is
A. AGUCCGAUAAGGGC
B. AGTCCGATAAGGGC
C. TCAGGCTATTCCCG
D. UCAGGCUAUUCCCG

B. AGTCCGATAAGGGC

DNA replication occurs
A. when a cell requires energy
B. outside of the nucleus
C. during interphase of the cell cycle
D. during mitosis

C. During interphase of the cell cycle

During DNA replication
A. tRNAs bring specific amino acids to an mRNA molecule
B. two single strands of DNA come together, restoring complementary base pairing
C. amino acids are joined
D. the DNA double helix comes apart where hydrogen bonds join base pairs, and new nucleotides are brought in, forming double helixes

D. The DNA double helix comes apart where hydrogen bonds join base pairs, and new nucleotides are brought in, forming two double helixes

The genetic code is
A. the correspondence between sequence of three DNA nucleotides and a specific amino acid
B. the correspondence between a DNA nucleotide and and RNA nucleotide
C. the correspondence between a gene and a genome
D. the correspondence between a specific amino acid and a specific gene

A. The correspondence between a sequence of three DNA nucleotides and a specific amino acid

Which of the following is not true regarding RNA
A. it is transcribed in the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm
B. it includes ribose, a 5-carbon sugar
C. it is double-stranded
D. it has cytosine as one of its four nitrogenous bases

C. It is double-stranded

Which of the nitrogenous bases is part of DNA but not RNA
A. uracil
B. thymine
C. guanine
D. cytosine

B. Thymine

Which of the nitrogenous bases is part of RNA but not DNA
A. cytosine
B. thymine
C. guanine
D. uracil

D. Uracil

DNA transcribed to mRNA always begins with the sequence
A. TAC
B. AGG
C. AUG
D. TTA

C. AUG

Copying DNA information into N mRNA molecule is called
A. translation
B. synthesis
C. replication
D. transcription

D. Transcription

Transcription and translation differ in that
A. transcription produces DNA and translation produces RNA
B. transcription produces RNA and translation produces DNA
C. transcription produces protein and translation produces RNA
D. transcription produces RNA and translation produces protein

D. Transcription produces RNA and translation producers protein

A peptide bond forms between
A. a tRNA and an mRNA
B. adjacent amino acids
C. an mRNA and an rRNA
D. a gene and a protein

B. Adjacent amino acids

Which DNA sequence can encode the amino acid sequence il-asp-see-cys-his-tyr
A. TAGCTGTCAACAGTGATA
B. TAACTGTCGACGGTGATG
C. TAACTAAGTACGGTGATG
D. all of the answer choices are correct

C. TAACTAAGTACGGTGATG

Codons are part of
A. mRNA
B. tRNA
C. rRNA
D. proteins

A. mRNA

Synthesis of protein stops when
A. any of three specific anticodons are encountered in the mRNA
B. there is no more DNA
C. any of three "stop" codons are encountered in the mRNA
D. the ribosome becomes fatigued

C. Any of the three "stop" codons are encountered in the mRNA

A DNA sequence AACGGTGCACCACGG encodes an mRNA of sequence
A. AACGGUGCACCACGG
B. UUGCCACGUGGUGCC
C. AACGGTGCACCACGG
D. UUCGGAGCUCCUCGG

B. UUGCCACGUGGUGCC

A DNA sequence AACGGTGCACCACGG encodes a portion of a protein of sequence
A. ile-gly-ala-pro-arg
B. leu-pro-arg-gly-ala
C. ala-gly-arg-pro-leu
D. arg-pro-ala-gly-ile

B. leu-pro-arg-got-ala

The genome sequences of different individuals are
A. always identical
B. always different
C. about 90% alike
D. about 99.9% alike

D. About 99.9% alike

A mutation is
A. a change in DNA sequence in less than 1% of a population that affects anatomy and/or physiology
B. a common genetic variant
C. always beneficial to health
D. always harmful to health

A. A change in a DNA sequence in less than 1% of a population that affects anatomy and/or physiology

A mutation can cause disease if
A. the DNA sequence does not change
B. the DNA sequence changes so that one amino acid is substituted for another in a way that affects the encoded protein’s functioning
C. the DNA sequence changes so that one amino acid is substituted for another in a way that does not alter the encoded protein’s functioning
D. it attracts mutagens

B. The DNA sequence changes so that one amino acid is substituted for another in a way that affects the encoded protein’s functioning

In the DNA damage response
A. repair enzymes replace mismatched nucleotides in DNA
B. repair enzymes replace mismatched nucleotides in RNA
C. repair enzymes replace mismatched amino acids in protein
D. more than one codon encodes on type of amino acid

Repair enzymes replace mismatched nucleotides in DNA

Metabolism refers to all of the chemical reactions in a cell

T

Proteins are critical to metabolism because all proteins are enzymes

T

Catabolism builds up molecules and anabolism breaks down molecules

F

Releasing the energy in glucose molecules is an example of catabolism

T

Dehydration synthesis is catabolic and hydrolysis is anabolic

F

In adipose tissue, fat molecules form when fatty acid molecules and glyceroljoin by hydrolysis

F

Enzymes are proteins that promote specific chemical reactions

T

A metabolic pathway is a particular sequence of enzyme-controlled reactions

T

A rate-limiting enzyme usually acts at the end of a metabolic pathway

F

An ATP molecule consists of an adenine, a ribose, and three phosphates

T

Oxidation of glucose is important because it releases energy

T

The synthesis of an ATP molecule requires two ADP molecules

F

During the aerobic reactions of cellular respiration, pyruvic acid reacts to form glucose

F

The aerobic reactions of cellular respiration occur in the mitochondria

T

The electron transport chain is a series of enzyme complexes that pass electrons, releasing energy that is used to phosphorylate ADP to ATP on the inner mitochondrial membrane

T

If you eat too many carbohydrates, they can be store as fat

T

All of the genetic information in a cell is a genome

T

Genetic information is contained in protein molecules and is passed from one parent to another

F

The portion of a DNA molecule that contains the genetic information for making a protein is called a gene

T

A DNA molecule is a double helix in which A pairs with C and T pairs with G

F

In DNA replicsrion, the two halves of the double helix separate and enzymes place A, C,G G, and U nucleotides opposite their complements, forming two double helixes from one

F

The genetic code is the correspondence between DNA sequence and amino acid sequence of a protein

T

DNA and RNA differ in number of strands, type of sugar, and types of nitrogenous bases

T

A DNA sequence of CGCTTACGATTT would be transcribed into an RNA sequence of GCGAAUGCUAAC

T

Transcription yields protein and translation produces RNA

F

Three types of RNA participate in protein synthesis

T

Codons are three contiguous mRNA bases

T

The part of the tRNA that binds mRNA is the anticodon

T

A mutation that changes a CGC codon to a CGA would not affect health because the encoded amino acid is unchanged

T

Mutagens are factors that cause mutation

T

A mutation may occur spontaneously or by exposure to a mutagen

T

An example of genetic chance is the presence of certain DNA sequences in different numbers if copies in different individuals

T

The DNA damage response replaces mismatched nucleotides

T

Building up large molecules is called _____

Anabolism

The molecule that an enzyme affects is its ____

Substrate

The process that extracts energy from glucose and makes it available in cellular _____

Respiration

Anaerobic and aerobic respiration begins with _____, in which glucose is broken down

Glycolysis

The complete set of genetic instructions in an individual is the ____

Genome

Adenine and guanine are ____ and cytosine and thymine are _____

Purines, pyrimidines

A sequence of DNA is CRHATHTCTA. It’s complements is

GACTACAGAT

A ____ RNA binds an amino acid

tRNA

A substance of hat causes a mutation is called a _____

Mutagen

If the DNA triplet ACA mutates to GCA, then the encoded amino acid changes from ____ to _____

Systine, argenine

DNA vs. RNA

DNA- deoxyribose and thymine RNA- ribose and uracil

Why is DNA replication essential

To have an identical copy, therefore the new cell will do as the old

Cellular replication

A. Glycolysis (2) B. Krebs (2) C. ETC (34) D. Total (38)

Functions of mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

A. mRNA- carry the code to make protein B. tRNA- carry amino acid to ribosome C. rRNA- makes protein

List 3 components of ATP

1. Adenine 2. Ribose sugar 3. Phosphates

Compare and contrast oxidation and reduction

They occur together; oxidation- loss of e- reduction- gain e-

List 2 ways that pyruvate can ferment during anaerobic reactions

Lactic acid- sore muscles Alcohol- yeasts

3 parts of a nucleotide

1. Sugar 2. Phosphate 3. Base

How are purines and pyrimidines different from each other

Purine- double ring (A or G) Pyrimidines- single ring (C or T)