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Hormones often interact in an integrative way. Examples of this include all of the following except __________. |
lowering blood sugar by insulin |
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Excessive secretion by the adrenal medulla can lead to all of these changes except __________. |
drowsiness |
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Which of these signs is often seen in patients suffering from hyperthyroid disease? |
elevated oxygen utilization elevated heart rate elevated body temperature Patients with hyperthyroidism often exhibit all of these signs. |
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Which of these might result from excessive parathyroid hormone release? |
elevated blood calcium increased loss of bone minerals osteopenia All of these might result from excessive parathyroid hormone release. |
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Which of these is released by the neurohypophysis? |
ADH |
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What tropic hormone stimulates cortisol from the adrenal gland? |
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
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What is the function of the ventral hypothalamic neurons? |
control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) |
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Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are intermediary hormones stimulated by which of the following hormones? |
GH (growth hormone) |
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Which of the following hormones is regulated by a neuroendocrine ("letdown") reflex? |
oxytocin |
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Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, synthesized? |
hypothalamus |
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What is the most important regulatory factor controlling the circulating levels of thyroid hormone? |
neg feedback |
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Which of the following hormones has intracellular receptors? |
cortisol |
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What is the mechanism of action of lipid-soluble hormones? |
activation of genes, which increases protein synthesis in the cell |
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After a lipid-soluble hormone is bound to its intracellular receptor, what does the hormone complex do? |
acts as a transcription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene |
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Which hormone’s receptor is always bound to DNA, even when the receptor is empty? |
thyroid hormone |
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What keeps intracellular receptors from binding to DNA before a hormone binds to the receptor? |
chaperone proteins (chaperonins) |
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Endocrine cells __________. |
secrete into extracellular fluid perform intercellular communication contain secretory vesicles Endocrine cells have all of these characteristics. |
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Which of these regulatory substances does the kidney not secrete? |
angiotensin |
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Which of these is mismatched? |
zone reticularis; norepinephrine |
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Melatonin is secreted by __________. |
pinealocytes |
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Which of these is not a steroid hormone produced by the gonads? |
cortisol |
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Which hormone stimulates the adrenal gland? |
ACTH |
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Which of these statements about the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome is not true? |
The dominant hormone is epinephrine. |
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The brain region that exerts the most direct effects on the endocrine system is the __________. |
hypothalamus |
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Compared to the endocrine system, the nervous system is __________. |
more rapidly acting more localized in action briefer in action Compared to the endocrine system, the nervous system has all of these characteristics. |
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Which of these statements about the parathyroid gland is false? |
The hormone release is triggered by a rise in blood calcium. |
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Which chemical element is necessary to make thyroid hormone? |
iodine |
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Which of these hormones exerts a strong effect on adrenal steroid production? |
ACTH |
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Peptide hormones ___________. |
are composed of amino acids |
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__________ elevates blood calcium ion levels. |
Parathyroid hormone |
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In paracrine communication a chemical signal acts within the tissue that produced it; in endocrine communication the signal reaches the target cells by way of the circulation. Are these two statements true or false? |
both true |
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Which of these is not produced by pancreatic islet cells? |
digestive enzymes |
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What type of hormones bind to receptors located on the cell membrane? |
water-soluble hormones, such as insulin and epinephrine |
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Which intracellular substance degrades cAMP, thus inactivating the response to a hormone? |
phosphodiesterase |
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Growth factor hormones, such as insulin, bind to which type of receptor? |
tyrosine kinase receptors |
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Which is the correct order of events for hormones activating Gs proteins? |
activation of G protein, binding of GTP, activation of adenylate cyclase, conversion of ATP to cAMP |
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Which second messenger causes the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum? |
IP3 |
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Which of the following adrenergic receptors increase cAMP levels? |
β receptors |
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Calcitonin is secreted by which cells? |
C cells (parafollicular cells) in the thyroid gland |
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The zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex produces what steroid hormone? |
cortisol |
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The sympathetic nervous system directly stimulates which of the following amine hormones? |
epinephrine from the adrenal medulla |
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What hormone causes the loss of sodium and water, thus lowering blood pressure. |
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) |
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What amine hormone helps coordinate body activities with the light-dark cycle? |
melatonin |
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What hormone promotes glycogen synthesis in liver and muscle? |
insulin |
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Where is thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) synthesized? |
anterior pituitary |
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Which gland is named for a nearby prominent cartilage? |
thyroid |
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Which hormone secreted by the pituitary gland causes the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones? |
TSH |
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The release of ACTH from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland causes the _______. |
adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids |
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Which hormone affects the smooth muscle of the ductus deferens and uterus? |
OXT |
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Which cells are correctly matched to the hormones they produce? |
beta cells; insulin |
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Which of these statements about the pineal gland is false? |
It is controlled by adenohypophysis. |
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Adipose cells produce a hormone called __________ that acts on the brain to reduce food intake. |
leptin |
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Which of these hormones is not derived from an amino acid? |
parathyroid hormone |
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A rise in blood glucose level will trigger all these responses except __________. |
increased epinephrine secretion |
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Lipid-soluble hormones usually bind to __________ receptors. |
intranuclear |
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Which of the following hormones is a part of the rapid response (rather than the prolonged response) to stress? |
epinephrine |
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In response to stress, which of the following changes would happen? |
decreased insulin secretion |
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Which of the following are symptom(s) of pheochromocytoma? |
heart palpitations |
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Choose which condition has all of the following symptoms: hypertension, hyperglycemia, and a "moon face." |
Cushing’s disease |
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What hormone also aids the stress response by promoting water retention and acting as a vasoconstrictor? |
ADH (vasopressin) |
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