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"Crime" differs from "deviance" in that crime ________ |
refers to a violation of norms enacted into law. |
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According to Durkheim, functions of deviance include ________ |
The idea that responding to deviance promotes social unity |
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A judge orders that an offender be sentenced to prison for a short time, with most of the sentence served on probation. This sentence reflects a policy called ________ |
shock probation. |
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According to Robert Merton’s strain theory, how would you classify a low-paid, yet compulsively conforming bank teller who never seems to want to get ahead but never seems to do anything wrong? |
Ritualist |
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Cloward and Ohlin extended Merton’s theory of deviance, stating that crime ________ |
reflects both limited legitimate opportunity as well as accessible illegitimate opportunity. |
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Criminal statistics gathered by the Federal Bureau of Investigation reflect ________ |
offenses known to the police. |
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Feminist theory states that gender figures into the study of deviance because ________ |
every society in the world applies stronger normative controls to females than to males. |
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In legal terms, a crime is composed of which two components? |
The act and criminal intent |
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Of all the property crimes discussed in the chapter, one crime occurs far more than all the others. Which one is it? |
Larceny-theft |
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One of the social foundations of deviance is that ________ |
deviance exists only in relation to cultural norms. |
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Reducing prison overcrowding, the costs of dealing with offenders, and helping offenders avoid the stigma of incarceration are all advantages of ________ |
community-based corrections. |
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The concept "retrospective labeling" refers to the process of ________ |
interpreting someone’s past consistent with present deviance. |
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The correct view of the role of biology in causing people to commit crimes is that ________ |
biological factors may have a real but small effect in causing some people to commit crimes. |
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The likelihood a person will be arrested for a street crime rises sharply ________ |
during the late teenage years. |
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Using a Marxist approach, Steven Spitzer claims that prime targets for deviant labeling include ________ |
people who try to take the property of others. |
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Durkheim claimed that deviance is a |
normal element of society that affirms cultural norms and values |
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Merton’s strain theory explains deviance in terms of society’s cultural goals and ______________________________________________ |
means available to achieve them. |
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Labeling theory claims |
that deviance depends less on what someone does than on how others react to that behavior. |
|
Sutherland’s differential association theory links |
deviance to how much others encourage or discourage such behavior. |
|
Hirschi’s control theory states |
that imagining the possible consequences of deviance often discourages such behavior |
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