Sociology 7, 8, 9

_____ is the division of large numbers of people into layers according to their relative property, power, and prestige.
a. social stratification
b. bonded labor
c. ideology
d. caste system

a. social stratification (think layering)

What is the difference between bonded labor and slavery?
a. They are actually different terms for the same thing.
b. Bonded labor is entered into voluntarily (or arranged by parents).
c. Some people own other people in bonded labor.
d. Slavery is entered into voluntarily.

b. Bonded labor is entered into voluntarily

_____ refers to beliefs about the way things ought to be that justify social arrangements.

Social stratification
Ideology
Endogamy
Apartheid

Ideology

A person’s status is a lifelong condition determined by birth in
social democracy
bonded labor.
a caste system.
all forms of social stratification

a caste system

In endogamy, one

marries within one’s group.
is forbidden to marry within one’s group.
has multiple wives.
does not marry at all. I

marries within one’s group

The system of separating racial-ethnic groups that was practiced in South Africa was called
slavery.
bonded labor.
apartheid.
the caste system, which was imported from India.

apartheid

In a class system, what is the main basis for social stratification?
Sexual orientation
Money
Appearance
Kindness

money

The wealthiest 1% of adults worldwide own _____ of the Earth’s wealth.
12%
29%
46%
88%

46%

Gender is a basis of social stratification for ______ society(ies) in the world.
no
a few
many
every

every

The tools, factories, land, and investment capital used to produce wealth make up the
bourgeoisie.
proletariat.
means of production.
class consciousness.

means of production

_____ Weber _____ Marx viewed property as significant in determining a person’s standing in society.
Neither; nor
Both; and
Not; but
Notably; but not

Both; and

Which of the following is most effective in maintaining society’s stratification?
Brute force
Controlling people’s ideas
Control of food supplies
Elites without limits

Controlling people’s ideas

To maintain their power, elites attempt to _____ information.
freely distribute
honestly convey
shut off all
control

control

The terms that do not imply value judgments about some parts of the world while splitting it up into conceptual groups are
First, Second, and Third Worlds.
Most Industrialized, Industrializing, and Least Industrialized.
Best, Better, and Worst.
Developed, Developing, and Primitive.

Most industrialized, industrializing, and least ind.

The _____ richest people in the world own as much of the world’s wealth as the bottom half of the whole world’s population.
700
422
153
85

85

Which category of nations has the most land?
Most Industrialized Nations
Industrializing Nations
Least Industrialized Nations
Most Populous Nations

Least industrialized nation

The United States, Canada, Great Britain, France, Japan, Australia, and other countries make up the
Most Industrialized Nations.
Industrializing Nations.
Least Industrialized Nations.
League of Nations.

most industrialized nations

In the Least Industrialized Nations, _____ people are poor.
none
some
most
all

most

_____ assumes that the values and behaviors of the poor make them fundamentally different from other people.
Colonialism
The culture of poverty
Neocolonialism
World system theory

The culture of poverty

Global domination
remains in the hands of the East.
may be on the verge of a major shift from West to East.
is shared democratically by the East and the West.
may be on the verge of a major shift from East to West.

may be on the verge of a major shift from West to East.

When workers identified with the interests of capitalists, Marx called it _____ class consciousness.
false
misguided
optimistic
budding

false

The divine right of kings asserts that the king’s or queen’s authority comes from
his or her forbears.
God.
the people.
his or her superior ability.

God

_____, according to Weber, is (are) a large group of people who rank close to one another in property, power, and prestige.
Status consistency
Social class
The proletariat
Capitalists

social class

_____ is the ability to carry out your will, even over the resistance of others.
Social class
Status
Power
Prestige

Power

_____ is respect or regard.
Status consistency
Power
Prestige
Status inconsistency

Prestige

Status consistency refers to
day-to-day stability.
ranking high or low on at least two dimensions of social class.
ranking high or low on all three dimensions of social class.
lateral mobility.

ranking high or low on all three dimensions of social class.

Marx’s model of the social classes included
managers
workers
petty bourgeoisie
royalty

workers

The class most shaped by education is the _____ class.
upper middle
lower middle
working
upper

upper middle

Members of the _____ tend to think of themselves as having "real jobs" and regard the "suits" above them as paper pushers.
underclass
working poor
working class
upper middle class

working class

Homeless people are part of the
working poor.
working class.
underclass.
lower middle class.

underclass

As you go down the social-class ladder, what happens to your mental health?
It improves.
It stays the same.
There is no change.
It worsens.

it worsens

When it comes to child rearing, lower-class parents tend to focus more on
developing their children’s creative skills.
encouraging their children to question authority. getting their children to follow rules and obey authority.
developing their children’s leadership skills.

c. getting their children to follow rules or obey authority

When it comes to religion, the lower classes tend to be attracted to
more subdued worship.
more expressive worship services and louder music.
the Episcopalian denomination.
the nearest church.

b.

Which statement is true about people toward the bottom of the class structure
They are more likely to be politically active.
On economic issues, they are conservative.
They are less likely to be politically active.
They walk the same political paths as the rich.

c

_____ refers to the change that family members make in social class from one generation to the next.
Structural mobility
Exchange mobility
Intergenerational mobility
Anomie

intergenerational mobility

In Mexico, Javier was a physician. Javier emigrated to the United States and ended up working as a carpenter (which had been his hobby in Mexico). Javier experienced _____ mobility.

downward social
upward social
intergenerational
exchange

downward social

What proportion of all African American adults works at white-collar jobs
One-fourth
More than one-half
Two-thirds
More than three-fourths

more than half

The official measure of poverty of the U.S. government is

called the poverty line.
kept secret.
five times a low-cost food budget.
nine times a low-cost food budget.

called the poverty line

Which statement about poverty is true?
Poverty is unusual.
Most poor people are poor because they do not want to work
More children than adults are poor.
There is more poverty in urban than in rural areas.

more children than adults are poor

The reason why families headed by a mother, rather than by a mother and father or a father alone, are more likely to be poor is because
two-parent families are more stable.
women average only 72% of what men earn.
women have less education.
women are less inclined to work if they have children.

b women average only 72% of what men earn

Going without something in the present in the hope of achieving greater gains in the future is called
the geography of poverty.
deprivation
deferred gratification.
immediate gratification.

deferred gratification

___ refers to a group whose inherited physical characteristics distinguish it from other groups.
ethnicity
race
minority group
dominant group

race

The annihilation or attempted annihilation of a people because of their presumed race or ethnicity is known as

genocide
racial superiority
racial purification
ethnic work.

genocide

The difference between ethnicity and race is that ethnicity refers to _____ characteristics, and race to _____ characteristics, distinguishing one group of people from another.

cultural; inherited physical
inherited physical; cultural
dominant group; minority group
minority group; dominant group

cultural; inherited physical

_____ is an act of unfair treatment directed against an individual or a group.
Racism
Contact theory
Discrimination
Prejudice

discrimination

Ezekiel’s research (1995) found that Ku Klux Klan and neo-Nazi leaders believed that race

represents the essence of a person.
exists only in the mind.
is superficial, because all people are the same in the eyes of God.
is not a rigid category.

represents the essence of a person

_____ mortgage applicants are most frequently offered subprime loans, which charge the highest interest.
White
African American
Wallonian
Latino

b

In unintentional discrimination,
the discrimination is deliberate.
the discrimination is written into law.
no one is aware of it.
health care is one area that is exempt.

c

Symbolic interactionists focus on the role of _____ in affecting perception and creating prejudice.
the authoritarian personality
labels
history
conflict

labels

The United States government’s relocation of Native Americans to reservations is an example of
direct population transfer.
friendship
indirect population transfer.
assimilation.

a. dpt

orcible expulsion and genocide are types of
internal colonialism.
segregation.
assimilation.
ethnic cleansing.

d. ec

_____ permits—or encourages—ethnic differences.
Functionalism
Ethnic cleansing
Multiculturalism
Compartmentalizati

multiculturalism

WASP stands for
Women Against Sexual Predestination.
White Anglo-Saxon Protestant.
War Against Special Populations.
White And Selected Populations

b. white anglo

Among Americans of European descent, the largest group comes from

Germany
England
Italy
Norway

a. germany

There is a disagreement among sociologists on whether _____ or race is (are) more important in determining the life chances of African Americans.
history
ethnicity
white ethnics
social class

d. social class

The concern in some quarters that too many immigrants will change the character of the United States is
new to the last two decades.
causing immigration to taper to a trickle.
age-old.
confined to California.

c. age old