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A participant’s score on a dependent variable is a combination of which of the following: |
Measurement error and their true score |
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Imagine that Dr. Bloedorn finds no difference between the calories consumed with the drink additive and without. This is known as: |
A null effect-a result that does not support the hypothesis. |
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Dr. Whetstone is curious about how self-esteem changes as a result of a new counseling program. She is concerned about testing threats in her study. Which of the following would you NOT recommend to her as a way to address this type of threat? |
Collecting pretest data twice. Testing threats- |
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When a double-blind study is not possible, an acceptable alternative may be a ________. |
A masked design |
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A masked design |
participants know what group they are in, but observers do not (variation of double-blind) |
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Which of the following threats to internal validity CANNOT occur in just any study? |
History threats-a historical or external event that affect most member of the treatment group at the same time as the treatment, making it unclear whether the change in the experimental group is cause by the treatment received or the historical factor |
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Imagine that in Dr. Schulenberg’s study, he notes that all of the students do extremely well on the midterm exam. When he looks at the results of the final exam, he notices that all the students’ exam scores went down. Given this information, which of the following threats might be present in his study? |
Regression |
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Regression is especially problematic in which of the following situations? |
When one group has an extremely high score at pretest |
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A researcher’s attempt to control sounds, smells, and even temperature in a testing environment is meant to reduce which of the following? |
Situation noise-is any kind of external distraction that could cause variability within groups that obscure between groups differences can be minimized by controlling the surroundings of an experiment |
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A decrease in participants’ scores on a measure from pretest to posttest could suggest all of the following threats to internal validity EXCEPT? |
Attrition-reduction in participant numbers that occurs when participants drop out before the end only becomes a problem to internal validity when only a certain kind of participant drops out (systematic attrition) |
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The addition of a group that does not use the drink additive but adds a similar-looking substance that they think is the additive would help Dr. Bloedorn address which of the following threats to internal validity? |
Placebo effects |
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Which of the following things CANNOT be done to reduce measurement error? |
Using a pretest/posttest design |
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Which of the following is NOT a method researchers used to identify or correct for attrition? |
Not allow participants to leave a study once it has started |
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Which of the following aspects of Dr. Schulenberg’s study allows him to prevent observer bias? |
Ensuring the person grading the exams is unaware of each student’s writing group |
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Which of the following is NOT a reason that a study might yield a null result? |
Use of a within-subjects design |
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Dr. Morimoto is curious as to whether exposing people to violent video games causes them to be more aggressive. He assigns half his participants to play a video game for five minutes and the other half to play for seven minutes. He finds that there is no relationship between playing the game longer and being more aggressive. What might be to blame for this null effect? |
A weak manipulation |
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Which of the following studies would NOT have a possible threat of observer bias? |
A study looking at the relationship between college GPA and SAT scores |
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Dr. LaGuardia is curious as to whether children in a daycare center will share more after watching an educational video on sharing. Immediately before and after the video, he has several undergraduate research assistants code the sharing behavior of a group of 33 four-year-olds. Which of the following would you NOT recommend to him to decrease the threat of instrumentation? |
Using only one research assistant to code all the videos |
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All of the following are true of ceiling and floor effects EXCEPT: |
They are only problematic in pretest/posttest designs. Ceiling Effects- all the scores are squeezed together at the high end Floor Effects- all the scores are squeezed together at the low end |
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Which of the following is NOT true of testing effects? |
It can be prevented by use of a control group. Testing effect- is the finding that long-term memory is increased when some of the learning period is devoted to retrieving the to-be-remembered information through testing with proper feedback. |
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Imagine that in Dr. Schulenberg’s study, he notes that all of the students do extremely well on the midterm exam. When he looks at the results of the final exam, he notices that all the students’ exam scores went down. Which of the following pattern of results would suggest that there is a threat to internal validity? |
The final exam scores were equally low in both groups. |
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Threats to internal validity: name the 6 |
-maturation-maturation- the participants change over time (ex: the students become adjusted to college life) -history-history- external factor that affects all the participants (ex: in the middle of an experiment measuring test anxiety, college decides exams will be graded on pass/fail basis) -regression-regression is- when participants are at extreme levels of behavior (ex: when you have a large set of scores, most of them will cluster around the mean and only a few of them will be outliers) -attrition-attrition is- "drop out" rate, people may leave the study -testing- behavior changes as a result of the pretest -instrumentation-method that researchers use to test changes over time |
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To be a history threat, the external event must occur: |
Systematically, affecting most members of the group |
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Which of the following things CANNOT be done to reduce the effect of individual differences? |
Decrease power |
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Spontaneous remission in clinical studies is an example of which of the following threats to internal validity? |
Maturation |
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Which of the following cannot be found in a one-group, pretest/posttest design? |
A comparison group |
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Why is there a publication bias against null effects? |
Because people tend to prefer reading about differences more than similarities |
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Which of the following threats to internal validity will Dr. Bloedorn NOT be worried about? |
Testing effect |
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Testing threats involve ________ whereas instrumentation threats involve ________. |
Participants; measurements |
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Observer bias can threaten which of the following big validities? |
Internal validity and construct validity |
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Which of the following is NOT a reason a researcher might choose to conduct a double-blind placebo control group study? |
To prevent attrition |
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A confound that keeps a researcher from finding a relationship between two variables is known as a/an: |
Reverse confound |
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The addition of a comparison group can address all of the following threats to internal validity EXCEPT: |
Attrition |
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The addition of a control group that does not use the drink additive would help Dr. Bloedorn address which of the following threats to internal validity? |
History |
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Dr. Schulenberg likely designed his study so that neither he nor his students knew which group they were in to address which of the following? |
Demand characteristics |
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In what way does high within-groups variance obscure between-groups variance? |
It causes more overlap between experimental/comparison groups. |
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within-groups variance |
-a weighted average of the variances within each sample -an estimate of the population variance based on the differences within each of the three (or more) sample distributions -reflects the difference between means that we’d expect just by chance determine the variance within each of the three samples, and then take a weighted average of the three variances |
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between-groups variance |
-an estimate of the population variance based on the differences among the three (or more) means -if there is a great deal of spread among several means, this suggests a difference exists among them -reflects the difference between means that we found in our data determine the variance among the three sample means |
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Which of the following is true of instrumentation threats? |
They can be avoided with counterbalancing. |
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Dr. Deveraux has conducted a study that has resulted in a null effect. Nonetheless, she suspects that there truly is a causal relationship between her independent and dependent variables. Which of the following is UNLIKELY to be to blame? |
Too many participants |
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When interrogating experiments, on which of the big validities should a person focus? |
Internal Validity |
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Which of the following aspects of Dr. Schulenberg’s study allows him to prevent observer bias? |
Ensuring the person grading the exams is unaware of each student’s writing group |
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Demand characteristics |
Cues about the purpose of the study which participants use to try to respond appropriately. Participants realize the aim of the study and may change their behavior to help or disrupt the study. |
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Imagine that in Dr. Schulenberg’s study, he notes that all of the students do extremely well on the midterm exam. When he looks at the results of the final exam, he notices that all the students’ exam scores went down. Given this information, which of the following threats might be present in his study? |
Regression |
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