Research Methods Chapter Twelve

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Which of the following reasons might Dr. Elder have for changing his study in this way?

To enhance external validity

Which of the following is the correct factorial notation for Dr. Elder’s new study?

2 ´ 2 ´ 2 Definition of n! n factorial is defined as the product of all the integers from 1 to n (the order of multiplying does not matter)

According to the textbook, why is it important to study interactions?

Many outcomes in psychology are interactions.

What does the author of your textbook mean when she writes, "we don’t live in a main effect world"?

She means that interactions are common in everyday life.

In the study described above, Dr. Elder will need to examine ________ main effects and ________ interactions.

3, 4

If a person describes the results of a study to you by saying that there is a zero difference in one condition but a large difference in another condition, they are most likely describing which of the following?

A spreading interaction- When an effect exists at one level of a second independent variable but is weaker or nonexistent at a different level of the second independent variable.

An author might use all of the following methods to indicate statistical significance EXCEPT:

The inclusion of a graph

The mathematical way to describe an interaction is:
Correct Answer

A difference in differences

Which of the following CANNOT be said of the interaction in a study?

It can be determined by investigating marginal means.

What are the two main reasons to conduct a factorial study?

To test limits and to test theories. Factorial Study-having more than one independent variable, or factor, in a stud

Dr. Gavin decides that instead of conducting a 2 ´ 4 independent-groups factorial design, he is going to conduct a 2 ´ 4 within-subjects factorial design. Which of the following things will change?

The number of participants needed within-subjects factorial design-all participants are exposed to every treatment or condition

In graphing the results of his study, which of the following would NOT be true for Dr. Elder?

Dr. Elder would reach different conclusions based on which independent variable he put on the x-axis.

Which of the following could NOT be said of the focus of activity variable in Dr. Elder’s study?

The focus of activity finding is not as important as the type of activity finding.

Imagine that you are reading a journal article and you see the following sentence: "The study used a 2 ´ 2 ´ 4 design." Where are you likely to have encountered this sentence?

The Method Section

Which of the following best describes Dr. Elder’s study?

A 2 ´ 2 crossed factorial design

In Dr. Elder’s study, how many possible main effects exist?

2. Main effects-is the effect of one of your independent variables on the dependent variable, ignoring the effects of all other independent variables.

To make his study a 2 ´ 2 ´ 3 factorial design, which of the following would Dr. Elder need to do?

Add a new manipulated variable (time to complete the task: 5 minutes versus 10 minutes versus 15 minutes)

Based on the graphs above, why should Dr. Elder conclude that there is a three-way interaction?

There is a two-way interaction for 10-year-olds but not for 20-year-olds.

Dr. Gavin is conducting a 2 ´ 4 independent-groups factorial design. Assuming he wants 25 people in each cell, how many participants does Dr. Gavin need to recruit?

200

Neely is examining the graph of an interaction and sees that one line is flat and one line rises sharply to the right. Which of the following should Neely conclude?

There is a spreading interaction.

Dr. Gavin is conducting a 2 ´ 4 independent-groups factorial design. How many cells are in his design?

8 ~Multiply the two numbers for number of cells

Imagine that you are reading a journal article and you see the following sentence: "The study used a 2 ´ 2 ´ 4 design." Based on this sentence alone, you would know all of the following pieces of information EXCEPT:

The number of participants in the study

A "difference in the difference between the differences" would indicate which of the following?

??A three-way interaction

Dr. Gavin is conducting a 2 ´ 4 independent-groups factorial design. How many interactions will Dr. Gavin need to examine?

1

Dr. Gavin decides that instead of conducting a 2 ´ 4 independent-groups factorial design, he is going to conduct a 2 ´ 3 ´ 4 mixed factorial design. Which of the following things will NOT have to change?

The number of researchers needed

In the case of a factorial design, another term for independent variable is:

Factor

The number of main effects that need to be examined is ________ the number of independent variables.

Equal to

Dr. Gavin is conducting a 2 ´ 4 independent-groups factorial design. How many independent variables are in his study?

2 ~First number is the number of independent variables

In graphing the difference between the differences, which of the following values would Dr. Elder use?

????9

Dr. Gavin is conducting a 2 ´ 4 independent-groups factorial design. How many main effects will Dr. Gavin need to examine?

??2

Which of the following reasons is the most likely reason Dr. Elder conducted a factorial design?

To test whether task type interacts with the effect of activity focus

When reading popular press articles, why does the inclusion of participant variable information often denote a factorial design?

Participant variables are often used as moderators.

The addition of the new variable to Dr. Elder’s study could be thought of as which of the following?

A Moderator

In the study described above, Dr. Elder will need to examine how many two-way interactions?

3

Based on the graphs above, Dr. Elder should conclude which of the following?

The interaction between activity focus and activity type depends on participants’ age.

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