Public speaking study guide

1. The __________ is the key to finding information in the library.

b. catalogue

2. The library’s catalogue allows you to search for books by

author. title. keyword. d. all of the above.

3. The library catalogue

lists all the books, periodicals, and other resources owned by the library. allows a researcher to look for books by author, title, or subject. e. a and c only.

4. Encyclopedias, yearbooks, biographical aids, and quotation books are all examples of

b. reference works

5. Who’s Who Among Asian Americans is an example of a(n)

d. biographical aid

6. As part of the research for his informative speech, Malik needs brief life and career facts about United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-moon. The best kind of library reference source for him to consult would be a(n)

d. biographical aid.

7. If you needed a quotation to use in your speech conclusion, which of the following would be the best reference source to consult?

e. Bartlett’s Familiar Quotations

8. Newspaper and periodical databases

catalog articles from a large number of newspapers, journals, and magazines. often provide abstracts and full texts of articles. e. a and c only.

9. A(n) __________ is a research aid that catalogues articles from a large number of scholarly journals.

d. academic database

10. Academic databases are the best place to look for

b. articles in scholarly journals.

11. As part of the research for her informative speech on the Chinese workplace, Dana needs to find recent articles published in scholarly journals. The best resource for her is a(n)

a. academic database such as JSTOR or Google Scholar.

12. Colin wants to find scholarly research on eating disorders. The best place for him to look is in

c. academic databases.

13. A(n) __________ is a summary of a magazine or research article, written by someone other than the original author.

b. abstract

14. According to your textbook, when is it appropriate to cite an abstract of a magazine or journal article in your speech rather than locating and reading the full article?

a. never

15. According to your textbook, you can make a Google search more precise by

developing a search strategy. . putting phrases in quotation marks. . joining search terms with plus signs. d. all of the above.

16. Which of the following does your textbook recommend for narrowing a Google search to make it more effective?

Develop a strategy to search for specific terms you want to find. . Put phrases in quotation marks and connect them with plus signs. Explore specialized Google resources such as news, books, and scholar. d. all of the above

17. Using __________ is the best way to pull listeners into your speeches.

c. extended examples

18. The more __________ your examples, the greater impact they are likely to have.

e. vivid

19. Accomplished speakers consider __________ "the very life of the speech."

d. examples

20. Which of the following is recommended by your textbook as a way to enhance the effectiveness of your examples?

. Practice delivery to enhance your extended examples. Make your examples vivid and richly textured e. a and c only

21. Examples are especially helpful as supporting materials because they

a. personalize your ideas.

22. As your textbook explains, examples help a speaker

reinforce ideas. . personalize ideas. . clarify ideas. d. all of the above

23. As your textbook explains, you should use examples in your speeches in order to

e. b and c only.

24. Your textbook presents each of the following as a tip for using examples in a speech
except

d. combine examples with causal reasoning.

25. Research indicates that the impact of examples is greatly enhanced when they are combined with __________ that show(s) the examples to be typical.

e. statistics

26. Alisha began the introduction of her speech by saying:
Have you ever been knocked down so hard by life that you didn’t feel you’d ever get back up? This has happened to me many times, the first being when I tried to ride a bicycle when I was very young. Today I want to discuss with you some basic strategies for coping with life’s challenges.
What kind of supporting material did Alisha use in her introduction?

b. brief example

27. According to your textbook, what kind of supporting materials are used in the following speech excerpt:
Not all Hollywood marriages are doomed to quick failure. Tom Hanks and Rita Wilson have been together for 23 years, as have Kevin Bacon and Kyra Sedgwick. Denzel and Pauletta Washington have been married for 28 years, Billy and Janice Crystal for 41 years, and Bill and Camille Cosby for 47 years

a. brief examples

28. According to your textbook, a(n) __________ is an imaginary story that makes a general point

d. hypothetical example

29. According to your textbook, an imaginary story that makes a general point is called a(n)

d. hypothetical example.

30. According to your textbook, what kind of supporting material is used in the following speech excerpt:
Imagine yourself driving down the freeway on your way to work. You see lights flashing in your rear-view mirror. You turn to see the police officer pulling you over. Were you speeding? No, says the officer, but he needs to search your vehicle as part of a new program to stop drug trafficking. Does he have a warrant? He says he doesn’t need one. You protest, but the officer carries out his search anyway. The officer finds nothing, but by the time he is done, you are very late for work.

b. hypothetical example

31. Jeff began his speech by saying:
Imagine that you are on a deserted island—palm trees sway in the breeze, the warm sun is on your face, and the smell of tropical flowers is in the air. Suddenly, the sound of distant drums breaks your euphoria. What do you do—panic? What would you do if you found yourself in such a situation?
What kind of supporting material did Jeff use in his introduction?

e. hypothetical example

32. According to your textbook, what kind of supporting materials is used in the following speech excerpt:
Imagine this: You have spent most of the night studying for an exam. But when you get up the next morning ready to take the test, you go to your front door and it won’t open. So you head to the back door, and it won’t open either. You are stuck in the house. It would be pretty frustrating, wouldn’t it? This is exactly the kind of frustration wheelchair-bound students feel when they can’t get to class because of the snow.

e. hypothetical example

33. According to your textbook, how well a speech is organized likely will influence

. how clearly the audience understands the speech. how the audience views the competence of the speaker. how confident the speaker feels about his or her delivery. d. all of the above.

34. The __________ is the longest and most important part of the speech

a. body

35. According to your textbook, what is the most important reason for limiting the number of main points in a speech?

e. It is hard for the audience to keep track of too many main points.

36. The most effective order of main points in a speech depends above all on your topic, purpose, and

a. audience.

37. When the main points of a speech follow a time pattern, they are organized in

e. chronological order.

38. When main ideas follow a directional pattern, they are organized in

c. spatial order.

39. Which of the following organizational patterns is used more than any other method of speech organization because of its applicability to almost any subject?

d. topical

40. Problem-solution order is most appropriate for organizing __________ speeches.

b. persuasive

41. Here are the main points for an informative speech about the process of drying and storing garden herbs.
I. The first step is to rinse the herbs.
II. The second step is to dry the herbs.
III. The third step is to strip the dried leaves.
IV. The fourth step is to store the herbs properly.
These main points are arranged in __________ order.

b. chronological

42. Here are the main points for an informative speech about the history of chocolate:
I. Chocolate was originally used in Mexico as a drink by the Aztecs.
II. Chocolate was introduced to Europe after the Spanish conquered the Aztecs.
III. Chocolate was first made into candy during the 1800s.
IV. Chocolate’s popularity and uses continue to expand today.
These main points are arranged in __________ order.

d. chronological

43. Here are the main points for a speech about the history of golf.
I. The game we know as golf originated in Scotland during the 15th century.
II. Most of golf’s rules and traditions developed during the 19th century.
III. Professional golf tours for men and women emerged during the 20th century.
IV. Today golf continues to evolve in response to changes in equipment.
According to your textbook, these main points are arranged in __________ order.

a. chronological

44. Here are the main points for an informative speech about the civil rights movement.
I. The 1954, the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education helped spark the modern civil rights movement.
II. In 1963, nonviolent protests in Birmingham, Alabama, dramatically increased support for the civil rights movement.
III. In 1965, the Voting Rights Act was passed, marking the major legislative achievement of the civil rights movement.
These main points are arranged in __________ order.

d. chronological

45. Jackson had been a rodeo fan since childhood. In his informative speech, he gave a presentation with the following main points. Jackson’s points were arranged in __________ order.
I. Rodeos began in the Old West as contests of skill among cowboys during cattle roundups.
II. By 1920, rodeos had become a popular spectator sport for the general public.
III. Today, rodeos combine traditional western events with a circuslike atmosphere and the marketing techniques of big business.

c. chronological

46. Sheila had been making pottery for several years. In her informative speech, she gave a presentation with the following main points.
I. The first step in making pottery is preparing the clay.
II. The second step in making pottery is shaping the clay.
III. The third step in making pottery is decorating and glazing the clay.
IV. The fourth step in making pottery is firing the finished product.
Sheila’s points were arranged in __________ order.

c. chronological

47. Which organizational pattern would be most effective for arranging the main points of a speech with the specific purpose "To inform my audience about the major steps in setting up a home aquarium"?

a. chronological

48. Which organizational pattern would probably be most effective for arranging the main points of a speech with the specific purpose "To inform my audience of the steps involved in starting an online business"?

e. chronological

49. According to your textbook, when you are in a formal speaking situation the most effective way of gaining the initial attention of your audience after you walk to the lectern is

d. looking directly at the audience without saying a word.

50. Which of the following is a basic objective of a speech introduction?

Preview the main points. Gain the attention of the audience e. b and c only

51. Which of the following is a major objective of a speech introduction?

a. Reveal the topic.

52. All of the following are basic objectives of a speech introduction except

b. Support your main points.

53. Which of the following would you expect to find in a well-constructed speech introduction?

a statement establishing the speaker’s credibility a statement gaining the audience’s attention . a statement previewing the main points of the speech d. all of the above

54. Which of the following would you be most likely to find in a well-constructed speech introduction?

b. a preview statement

55. Which of the following would you most likely find in a well-constructed speech introduction

d. a startling statement

56. Which of the following would you most likely find in a speech introduction?

a. a credibility statement

57. Which of the following would you least likely find in a speech introduction?

e. an internal summary

58. Even when you use other interest-arousing lures in a speech introduction, you should always

c. relate the topic to the audience

59. When preparing a speech introduction, you should usually

preview the main points to be discussed in the body. gain the attention and interest of your audience. . establish your credibility on the speech topic. d. all of the above.

60. When preparing a speech introduction, you should usually

e. a and c only.

61. __________ is the audience’s perception of whether the speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic.

e. Credibility

62. According to your textbook, __________ is the audience’s perception of whether a speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind.

a. goodwill

63. When you advocate a highly unpopular position, it is particularly important to __________ in the introduction of your speech.

e. establish goodwill toward the audience

64. According to your textbook, a speaker who attempts to establish goodwill in the introduction of a speech is aiming to convince the audience that she or he

b. has the best interests of the audience in mind

65. Outlining is an important part of public speaking because

b. an outline helps ensure that ideas flow clearly from one to another.

66. Outlining is important to public speaking because an outline helps a speaker

judge whether each part of the speech is fully developed. . ensure that ideas flow clearly from one to another. . solidify the structure of a speech. d. all of the above.

67. According to your textbook, outlining is important to public speaking because an outline helps you judge whether

e. a and c only.

68. Two types of speech outlines discussed in your textbook are the

c. preparation outline and the speaking outline.

69. Both a preparation outline and a speaking outline should

c. use a consistent pattern of symbolization and indentation.

70. Which of the following should be included in a preparation outline?

. the bibliography a specific purpose statement transitions, internal previews, and internal summaries the central idea e. all of the above

71. According to your textbook, Raul should include which of the following in his preparation outline?

transitions the central idea a bibliography d. all of the above

72. According to your textbook, which of the following should be included in a preparation outline?

e. a and b only

73. According to your textbook, which of the following should be included in a preparation outline?

e. b and c only

74. All of the following are necessary in a preparation outline except

b. directions for delivering the speech.

75. According to your textbook, as Bekah prepares her preparation outline for her speech on spiders, she should remember to include all of the following except

d. directions for delivering the speech.

76. Which of the following is mentioned in your textbook as a guideline for a preparation outline?

a. Label the introduction, body, and conclusion.

77. According to your textbook, when making a preparation outline, you should

e. a and c only

78. Ryo is working on the preparation outline for his informative speech. According to your textbook, her outline should

e. b and c only.

79. According to your textbook, the specific purpose statement in a preparation outline should be written

e. before the text of the outline itself.

80. According to your textbook, transitions, internal summaries, and other connectives should be

e. a and b only.

81. In a preparation outline, main points should be

a. positioned farthest to the left.

82. According to your textbook, language is important because it

b. gives meaning to events.

83. Language helps to shape our sense of reality by

b. giving meaning to events.

84. The denotative meaning of a word is

e. its literal or dictionary meaning.

85. The connotative meaning of a word is

d. what the word suggests or implies.

86. Zhu wants to create concern among her listeners about the infringements on civil liberties she fears are resulting from the war on terrorism. She has decided to use words with strong connotative meanings because she knows they will help her

b. arouse an emotional response.

87. As your textbook explains, connotative meaning gives words their __________ power.

c. emotional

88. As your textbook explains, __________ meaning gives words their emotional power.

c. connotative

89. As a speaker, you would probably use more connotative words if you wanted to

a. arouse an emotional response.

90. Jerome wants his audience to appreciate the harsh reality of life for migrant workers in the United States. In addition to using strong supporting materials, he decides to use words with connotative meanings because he knows they will help him

c. arouse an emotional response.

91. Each of the following is discussed in your textbook as a basic criterion for the effective use of language in public speaking except

d. Use language technically.

92. Which of the following is discussed in your textbook as a basic criterion for the effective use of language in public speaking?

Use language clearly. Use language accurately. Use language vividly. d. all of the above

93. Which of the following is discussed in your textbook as a basic criterion for the effective use of language in public speaking

e. a and c only

94. Which of the following is discussed in your textbook as a basic criterion for the effective use of language in public speaking?

e. b and c only

95. Which of the following is discussed in your textbook as a way to use language clearly?

Use familiar words. . Choose concrete words. Eliminate clutter. d. all of the above

96. Which of the following words is the most general and abstract?

a. writing

97. According to your textbook, __________ words refer to ideas or concepts rather than to tangible objects.

d. abstract

98. Which of the following words is the most general and abstract?

e. food

99. Which of the following words is the most concrete and specific?

c. J. K. Rowling

100. Which of the following words is the most concrete and specific?

a. Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony

Using your own knowledge and experience in a speech can help bring the speech to life.

True

Most library catalogues allow a researcher to look for books by author, title, subject, or keyword.

True

Reference works include such items as encyclopedias, yearbooks, quotation books, and biographical aids.

True

The best known collection of quotations is Bartlett’s Familiar Quotations.

True

Yearbooks are reference works whose primary purpose is to help you find information about people.

False

Newspaper and periodical databases help you locate magazine, journal, and newspaper articles

True

As your textbook explains, academic databases are particularly useful for finding articles in scholarly journals.

True

InfoTrac Onefile is an example of an academic database.

False

According to your textbook, in the absence of a full magazine or journal article, you should cite the abstract of the article instead

False

As your textbook explains, when you locate an abstract of a magazine article, you should feel free to cite the article in your speech on the basis of the abstract alone.

False

Newspaper and periodical databases are good places to find articles in scholarly journals.

False

Experts advise that you use Internet research to supplement, not to replace, library research.

True

You can find a great deal of information on the Internet, but you cannot always find the same depth of research materials as in a good library.

True

You can find a great deal of information on the Internet, but you cannot always find the same depth of research materials as in a good library.

False

A virtual library is a search engine that combines Internet technology with traditional library methods of cataloguing and assessing data.

True

One advantage of using virtual libraries for speech research is that they contain only material that has been screened for quality and reliability.

True

The selection and use of supporting materials for a speech involves critical thinking skills.

True

The two basic types of supporting materials discussed in your textbook are facts and opinions.

False

The three basic types of supporting materials discussed in your textbook are examples, statistics, and testimony.

True

Research has shown that examples have little effect on listeners’ beliefs and actions.

False

Although examples work very well to clarify ideas in an informative speech, they are less effective in a persuasive speech.

False

Examples are particularly effective as supporting materials because they help get the audience involved in a speech.

True

Brief examples can be used either one at a time to illustrate a point or piled one upon another to create an impression.

True

Because they tell a story vividly and dramatically, extended examples are a good way to pull listeners into a speech.

True

A hypothetical example describes an imaginary or fictitious situation.

True

Hypothetical examples can be especially powerful as supporting materials when they create scenarios that involve the audience.

True

Whenever you use a hypothetical example in a speech, it is usually a good idea to follow it with statistics or testimony to show that the example is realistic.

True

Because of their high credibility, you should use only factual examples in your speeches.

False

As a speaker, you should usually avoid examples when explaining complex or unfamiliar ideas.

False

One of the main reasons to use examples in a speech is that they put abstract ideas into concrete terms that listeners can easily understand.

True

Examples are an excellent way to personalize a speech because they put abstract facts and figures into vivid, human terms.

True

As your textbook makes clear, a vivid, richly textured extended example is usually effective regardless of how well it is delivered

False

Clear organization is usually less important in speaking than in writing

False

Audiences find well-organized speakers to be more credible than poorly organized speakers.

True

How well a speech is organized affects how listeners view the speaker’s competence and trustworthiness.

True

Research suggests that using a clear, specific method of speech organization can enhance your ability to deliver a speech fluently.

True

The introduction of a speech usually should be prepared before the body.

False

According to your textbook, it is usually best to prepare the body of the speech before the introduction.

True

Once you know the main points of your speech, you should then formulate your specific purpose

False

Most speeches should contain from two to five main points.

True

According to your textbook, most speeches should contain from five to eight main points.

False

If a speech is 45 minutes long, an audience can be expected to keep track of as many as a dozen main points.

False

Strategic organization means putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience.

True

The most effective order for the main points of a speech depends upon the topic, the specific purpose, and the audience.

True

Speeches arranged in chronological order follow a time pattern

True

Speeches arranged in chronological order follow a time pattern

True

Speeches arranged in spatial order follow a time sequence.

False

Spatial organization is used primarily for informative speeches.

True

Regardless of what other methods you use to gain attention, you should always relate the topic to your audience in the introduction of a speech.

True

It is seldom a good idea to discuss the importance of your topic in the introduction of a speech.

False

The first thing you should do in the introduction of a speech is to reveal the topic

False

A startling introduction is effective only if it is firmly related to the speech topic.

True

A rhetorical question is a question that the audience answers mentally rather than out loud.

True

When you use a rhetorical question to gain attention in a speech introduction, you should state the question, pause a moment, and then give the answer.

False

Opening your speech with a lengthy quotation is an excellent way to gain the attention of your audience.

False

A story is an effective way to get the interest and attention of the audience, regardless of how well the story is delivered.

False

Using visual aids is an acceptable method of gaining attention in the introduction of a speech.

True

The best way to gain the audience’s attention and interest in a speech introduction usually depends on the topic, the audience, and the occasion.

True

If your topic is clear in the body of the speech, there is no need to state it in the introduction.

False

It is usually a good idea to restate your topic at some point in the introduction, even if the listeners already know it.

True

Credibility is the audience’s perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic.

True

Establishing credibility is an important function of a speech introduction

True

One way to establish your credibility in a speech introduction is to let the audience know the source of your expertise.

True

Goodwill is the audience’s perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic.

False

The visual framework of a preparation outline shows the relationships among the speaker’s ideas.

True

The preparation outline should be drawn up before a speaker begins research for a speech.

False

You should include your specific purpose statement with your preparation outline.

True

Including the specific purpose with your preparation outline makes it easier to assess how well you have constructed the speech to accomplish your purpose.

True

In a preparation outline, the specific purpose is usually stated before the introduction.

True

In a preparation outline, the specific purpose is usually stated as part of the introduction.

False

In a preparation outline, the specific purpose and central idea are identified by Roman numerals.

False

According to your textbook, the introduction, body, and conclusion should all be labeled in a speech preparation outline.

True

When making a preparation outline, you should state your main points and subpoints in full sentences to ensure that you develop your ideas fully.

True

When making an outline, you should place the main points farthest to the left and less important ideas progressively farther to the right.

True

In the most common system of outlining, main points are identified by Roman numerals and subpoints by capital letters

True

In the most common system of outlining, main points are identified by capital letters.

False

Stating main points in a word or two is usually sufficient for a preparation outline.

False

A preparation outline should include transitions and internal summaries.

True

According to your textbook, transitions and other connectives should be identified with Roman numerals on a speech preparation outline.

False

the other parts of the speech preparation outline.

False

A preparation outline should include your bibliography

True

The words we use to label an event determine to a great extent how we respond to that event.

True

If the meaning of a word is clear to you, you can assume that it is also clear to your audience

False

The denotative meaning of a word includes all the feelings, associations, and emotions that the word touches off in different people.

False

The connotative meaning of a word is more variable, figurative, and subjective than its denotative meaning.

True

The connotative meaning of a word includes all the feelings, associations, and emotions that the word touches off in different people

True

Connotative meaning is precise, literal, and objective.

False

One way to think of a word’s denotative meaning is as its dictionary definition.

True

Denotative meaning gives words their emotional power.

False

The more abstract a word, the more ambiguous it will be.

True

A public speaker needs to use big words to impress the audience.

False

It is often possible to use words accurately without using them clearly

False

You can usually assume that if the words you use are clear to you, they are also clear to your audience.

False

A speaker should avoid using familiar words because they make a speech sound trite.

False

As your textbook explains, if you want to sound eloquent, you should use words that are unfamiliar to the audience.

False

In dealing with technical topics, a speaker has little choice but to use technical language.

False

Abstract words are usually clearer to listeners than are concrete words.

False

A speech dominated by abstract words will almost always be clearer than one dominated by concrete words.

False

Abstract words are easier to misinterpret than are concrete words.

True

Concrete words add to the imagery of language use by creating sensory impressions.

True

1. A(n) _______________ is a summary of a magazine or journal article, written by someone other than the original author

abstract

2. A _______________ is a search engine that combines Internet technology with traditional library methods of cataloguing and assessing data.

virtual library

3. The _______________ is the group that, in the absence of a clearly identified author, is responsible for the content of a document on the Internet.

sponsoring organization

4. When doing research, you should prepare a _______________ that includes all the books or articles you find that look as if they might be useful in your speech

preliminary bibliography

5. When doing research, you should prepare a _______________ that includes all the books or articles you find that look as if they might be useful in your speech

preliminary bibliography

6. According to your textbook, the three basic kinds of supporting materials are _______________ , _______________ , and _______________ .

examples statistics testimony

7. According to your textbook, an imaginary story that makes a general point is called a(n) _______________ example.

hypothetical

8. The _______________ , popularly called the average, is determined by adding up all the items in a group and dividing by the number of items.

mean

9. The _______________ is the middle figure in a group once the numbers are put in order from highest to lowest.

median

10. The number that occurs the most in a group of numbers is the ______________ .

Mode

11. If you quoted Charles McCreery, director of the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, on the new systems in place for early detection of possible tsunamis, you would be using _______________ testimony.

expert

12. If you quoted the head of the United States Centers for Disease Control on chronic fatigue syndrome, you would be using _______________ testimony.

expert

13. If you quoted Nobel Prize-winning novelist Toni Morrison on recent developments in popular literature, you would be using _______________ testimony.

expert

14. If you quoted your brother who plays football in high school about steroid use among high school athletes, you would be using _______________ testimony.

peer

15. If you quoted your roommate in a speech about the stress of being a college student, you would be using _______________ testimony.

peer

16. If you quoted your younger cousin in a speech about her experience playing youth soccer, you would be using _______________ testimony.

peer

17. When you give the gist of someone else’s statement in your own words, rather than quoting that person verbatim, you are _______________ .

Paraphrasing

18. A speech narrating a series of historical events will usually be arranged in _______________ order.

chronological

19. Speeches arranged in _______________ order follow a directional pattern from top to bottom, east to west, or some other route.

spatial

20. Because it is adaptable to such a wide variety of topics and purposes, _______________ order is used more than any other pattern of speech organization.

topical

21. The following main points are arranged in _______________ order.
I. The rise of the American film industry started with the age of silent movies from 1910 to 1930.
II. The American film industry was at its peak during the Golden Age of Hollywood from 1930 to 1950.
III. Since 1950 the American film industry has withstood the rise of television and the development of home video systems.

chronological

22. The following main points are arranged in _______________ order.
I. The innermost layer of the sun’s surface, the photosphere, is 500 kilometers thick.
II. The middle layer of the sun’s surface, the chromosphere, is 2,000 kilometers thick.
III. The outermost layer of the sun’s surface, the corona, is millions of kilometers thick.

spatial

23. The following main points are arranged in _______________ order.
I. The major causes of airborne pollution are industrial and automobile contaminants.
II. The effects of airborne pollution are felt in cities and villages around the world.

causal

24. The following main points are arranged in _______________ order.
I. Gambling addiction is an increasingly serious problem throughout the United States.
II. The problem of gambling addiction can best be solved by a combination of education and rehabilitation.

problem-solution

25. The following main points are arranged in _______________ order.
I. The cause of rabies in humans is the bite or scratch of an infected animal.
II. The symptoms of rabies include drooling, changes in temperament, sudden changes in voice, and abnormal positioning of the limbs.
III. The treatment for possible exposure to rabies is a prompt series of injections.

topical

26. _______________ are words or phrases that join one thought to another and indicate the relationship between them.

Connectives

27. Technically, _______________ state both the idea the speaker is leaving and the one she or he is coming to.

transitions

28. A(n) _______________ works just like the preview statement in the introduction, except that it comes in the body of the speech.

internal preview

29. "The final point I’d like to present . . . " is an example of a(n) _______________ .

Signpost

30. When you use a _______________ question in the introduction of a speech, you expect the audience to answer mentally rather than out loud.

rhetorical

31. According to your textbook, no matter what other methods of gaining attention you use in a speech introduction, you should always _______________ .

relate the topic to the audience

32. Establishing _______________ in a speech introduction is a matter of getting your audience to perceive you as qualified to speak on the topic.

credibility

33. The _______________ provides a lead-in from the introduction to the body of the speech.

preview statement

34. A statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body is called a _______________ statement.

preview

35. The two major functions of a speech conclusion are to _______________ and to _______________ .

signal the end of the speech reinforce the central idea

36. One way to let an audience know that you are coming to the end of a speech is by saying something like "In conclusion." Another way is by your manner of ______________ .

delivery

37. When you use a(n) _______________ ending, the speech builds in force until it reaches a zenith of power and intensity in the conclusion.

Crescendo

38. A detailed outline for the planning stage of a speech is called a _______________ outline.

preparation

39. When making a _______________ outline, you should state your main points and subpoints in full sentences to ensure that you develop your ideas fully.

preparation

40. A bibliography is often included as part of the _______________ outline.

preparation

41. A _______________ outline should include cues for delivering the speech.

speaking

41. A _______________ outline should include cues for delivering the speech.

speaking

43. In a speech outline, main points are identified by _______________ , while subpoints are identified by _______________ .

Roman numerals; capital letters

44. The _______________ meaning of a word is its literal or dictionary meaning.

denotative

45. The _______________ meaning of a word includes all of the associations and feelings the word touches off in different people, while the _______________ meaning of a word is best thought of as its dictionary definition.

connotative; denotative

46. As your textbook explains, language should be appropriate to the topic, the audience, the occasion, and the _______________ .

speaker

47. Using _______________ words is the key to creating effective verbal imagery.

concrete

48. A(n) _______________ is a figurative comparison that always contains the word "like" or "as."

simile

49. The similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words is a language device called _______________ .

parallelism

50. When you repeat the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words, you are using the language device known as _______________ .

alliteration