PSY 3404C CH.7

The schedule that is not an intermittent schedule is

FR 1

The explanation of the PRE that puts greatest emphasis on internal cues is the ________ hypothesis.

frustration

Resurgence may help account for

regression

George trains a pigeon to peck a disk by reinforcing each disk peck. Once the response is learned, George begins to cut back on the reinforcers. At first he reinforces every other response, then every third response, every fifth response, every tenth response, and so on. George is using a procedure called

stretching the ratio

Of the following, the schedule that most closely resembles noncontingent reinforcement is

FT

One explanation for the PRE implies that the effect is really an illusion. This is the

response unit hypothesis

In schedules research, VD stands for

variable duration

A schedule that does not require the performance of a particular behavior is the

FT schedule

Stanley wants to determine which of two reinforcement schedules is more attractive to rats. He trains a rat to press a lever for food, and then puts the rat into an experimental chamber containing two levers. Pressing one lever produces reinforcement on an FR 10 schedule; pressing the other lever produces reinforcement on an FI 10" schedule. Lever pressing is on a

concurrent schedule

When reinforcement is contingent on continuous performance of an activity, a __________. reinforcement schedule is in force.

duration

Things are going pretty well for George (see item 26) until he jumps from reinforcing every tenth response to reinforcing every 50th response. At this point, the pigeon responds erratically and nearly stops responding entirely. George’s pigeon is suffering from

ratio strain

Studies of choice involve

concurrent schedules

The thinner of two schedules, VR 5 and VR 10, is VR 10.

True

In a _____ schedule, reinforcement is contingent on the continuous performance of a behavior for some period of time.

fixed duration

Harry spent his summer in the city panhandling. Every day he would sit on the sidewalk, put a cardboard sign in front of him that said, "Please help," and place his hat on the sidewalk upside down. Then he would wait. Every now and then someone would put money into his hat. Harry’s reinforcement schedule is best described as a

variable time schedule

The schedule that is likely to produce a cumulative record with scallops is the

FI schedule

Bill spends his summer in the city panhandling. Every day he takes a position on a busy corner and accosts passersby saying, "Can you spare some change?" Most people ignore him, but every now and then someone gives him money. Bill’s reinforcement schedule is best described as a

variable ratio schedule

Extinction often increases the variability of behavior.

True

A schedule that does not require the performance of a particular behavior is the

FT schedule

In VI schedules, the reinforcer occurs periodically regardless of what the organism does.

False

schedules differ from other schedules in that the rules describing the contingencies change systematically.

Progressive

A pigeon is confronted with two disks, one green, the other red. The bird receives food on a VI 20" schedule when it pecks the green disk, and on a VI 10" schedule when it pecks the red one. You predict that the bird will peck

the red disk about twice as often as the green disk

Although important, the matching law is restricted to a narrow range of species, responses, reinforcers, and reinforcement schedules.

False

FT and VT are both kinds of ______ reinforcement.

noncontingent

Extinction often increases the frequency of emotional behavior.

True

When reinforcement is contingent on continuous performance of an activity, a __________. reinforcement schedule is in force.

duration

John spent his summer picking cantaloupes for a farmer. The farmer paid John a certain amount for every basket of cantaloupes picked. John worked on a

fixed ratio schedule

When food is the reinforcer, it is possible to stretch the ratio to the point at which an animal expends more energy than it receives.

True

In schedules research, VD stands for

variable duration

Gradually reducing the frequency of reinforcement is called

stretching the ratio

Shirley trains a rat to press a lever and then reinforces lever presses on an FR 10 schedule when a red light is on, and an FI 10" schedule when a green light is on. In this case, lever pressing is on a

multiple schedule

CRF is synonymous with

FR 1

Post-reinforcement pauses are now often referred to as

pre-ratio pauses

The schedule that is not an intermittent schedule is

FR 1

A classic work on reinforcement schedules is by

Ferster and Skinner

When using punishment to suppress an undesirable behavior, it is important to provide alternative means of obtaining the reinforcers that have maintained that behavior.

True

All of the following enhance the effectiveness of punishment except

increasing the reinforcer deprivation level

When disciplining their son, Jacob, Mr. and Ms Grinch begin with an extremely mild form of punishment and gradually increase its strength if the offenses continue. This procedure is likely to result in

the use of excessively strong aversives

Each time Charles, who has a lisp, says "Mithithippi" or the like, his wife, Evelyn, yells, "Idiot!" However, there is no evidence that Evelyn’s efforts to reduce the frequency of such mispronunciations have been effective. We can therefore conclude that

Charles’s behavior has not been punished

In positive punishment, a stimulus that serves as a punisher is called a(n)

aversive

Harriet hears a noise in the kitchen and investigates. She finds the cookie jar in pieces on the floor and 5-year-old Willy standing nearby. Harriet knows what happened, but asks Willy anyway. Willy admits that he broke the jar while trying to get cookies. Harriet gives Willy a spanking. Willy is most likely to learn from this experience that

it doesn’t pay to tell the truth

Positive punishment is most often confused with

negative reinforcement

The word positive in positive punishment refers to the fact that

something is added

In using punishment, it is best to begin with a weak punisher and gradually increase its strength as needed.

False

An early theory of punishment proposed that response suppression occurred because aversives disrupt ongoing behavior.

True

David Camp and colleagues found that, compared to a two-second delay in punishment, a 30-second delay resulted in

about half as much response suppression

Research has shown that abnormal behavior is often

an inappropriate way of obtaining appropriate reinforcers

If a rat receives a shock each time it presses a lever, but not otherwise, we can say that

shock is contingent on lever pressing

The first formal studies of punishment were probably done by

Thorndike

The two-process theory of punishment assumes that punishment involves

Pavlovian and operant learning

Differential reinforcement is best used in combination with

extinction

Each time Charles, who has a lisp, says "Mithithippi" or the like, his wife, Evelyn, yells, "Idiot!" However, there is no evidence that Evelyn’s efforts to reduce the frequency of such mispronunciations have been effective. We can therefore conclude that

Charles’s behavior has not been punished

In using punishment, it is best to begin with a weak punisher and gradually increase its strength as needed.

False

All of the following enhance the effectiveness of punishment except

increasing the reinforcer deprivation level

Murray Sidman’s book on aversive control, including punishment, is called

Coercion and Its Fallout

Negative punishment is also sometimes called ______ training.

penalty

If Charles Catania’s thinking about reinforcement is applied to punishment, we can say that all of the following are true of punishment except

the consequence of the behavior must be negative

When a student repeatedly behaves in an inappropriate way, probably the teacher’s first step should be to

try to discover what is reinforcing the behavior

The term punishment, as used by behavior scientists, has nothing to do with retribution.

True

Although punishment can have negative side effects, there is evidence that it can also have positive side effects.

True

Farmer Gable had a problem with motorcyclists riding across his meadow land, tearing up sod and frightening his cattle. He installed barbed wire fencing in the area and no longer had a problem. Gable’s approach is best described as an example of

response prevention

In positive punishment, a stimulus that serves as a punisher is called a(n)

aversive

One way to make punishment more effective is to provide an alternative means of obtaining reinforcement.

True

David Camp and colleagues found that even a delay of only _____ reduced the effectiveness of a punisher.

2 seconds

Generally speaking, the more intense a punisher, the

more it suppresses behavior

Positive punishment is most often confused with

negative reinforcement

The one-process theory of punishment goes back to

Thorndike

The word positive in positive punishment refers to the fact that

something is added

Frequent use of weak punishers is more effective than occasional use of intense punishers.

False

Of the following procedures, the one that focuses on reducing the rate at which a behavior occurs is

DRL

At Morningside Academy, student achievement test scores in reading and math typically rise two grade levels in one school year.

True

Carr and McDowell found that Jim’s scratching was reinforced mainly by

parental attention

Most teachers reprimand students more often than they praise them.

True

A study by John Austin and colleagues increased safe practices in roofers by providing those who followed safe practices at least 80% of the time with

time off

Edward Taub’s treatment of people with paralyzed limbs emerged from research with

monkeys

Charles Madsen and his colleagues asked a teacher to _______ . This change in teacher behavior produced a marked reduction in misconduct .

ignore misbehavior and praise students when they behaved well

In the treatment of long-standing self-injurious behavior, punishment is often

effective

Skinner devised a mechanical teaching machine that divided the material to be learned into short segments called

frames

Lovaas and Simmons used punishment to reduce self-injurious behavior in a boy. Before treatment, this boy would hit himself at a rate of up to

30 times a minute

Hal __________ pioneered the use of operant procedures to improve the quality of life of captive wild animals.

Markowitz

Brad Alford’s study of the man who thought he was followed by a witch is an example of

an ABA design experiment

In the treatment of long-standing self-injurious behavior, punishment is often

effective

Hopkins and Conard found that when teachers made a few simple changes in how they taught, changes that included a shift from reprimands and threats to praise and positive feedback, students advanced at ______ the normal rate in reading.

more than twice

A study by John Austin and colleagues increased safe practices in roofers by providing those who followed safe practices at least 80% of the time with

time off

Time out is a form of punishment.

True

Skinner devised a mechanical teaching machine that divided the material to be learned into short segments called

frames

Most teachers reprimand students more often than they praise them.

True

Skinner’s teaching machines presented the student with some information, then asked a question. The reinforcer for answering correctly was

the opportunity to move on to the next frame

John gets into fights on a regular basis, always with formidable opponents. He has often been injured in these fights and knows that he runs the risk of sustaining serious brain damage or other permanent injuries, yet he continues to fight. John is a very successful professional boxer. This example illustrates that bizarre behavior

is less puzzling when the reinforcers maintaining it are known

The first true teaching machines were built by B. F. Skinner.

True

Efforts to treat stroke victims with paralyzed limbs have proved unsuccessful.

False

Ivar Lovaas first noticed that aversives could reduce self-injurious behavior when he absentmindedly slapped a child who was banging his head against a wall.

True

Wesley Becker suggests that parents should think of themselves as

teachers

The Lamere study found that performance-based bonuses improved productivity, but there was no difference between the effects of a 9% bonus and a 3% bonus.

True

Taub’s research suggests that one reason people do not recover following a stroke or injury that causes paralysis is because they do not use the damaged limb.

True

Betty Hart and Todd Risley found that the parents who provided the most instruction and practice in language later had the children with the best-developed verbal skills.

True

Research suggests that bonuses based on employee performance can improve productivity

and reduce company costs

A highly effective web-based instructional program designed to teach reading that makes use of reinforcement and shaping is called

Headsprout

Jack is a homeless man who lives on the streets of New York City. One cold January night he takes up a position outside a fancy restaurant and starts shouting, "God has ordered an equestrian invasion of Long Island." The restaurant owner calls the police and they take Jack to a hospital, where he spends a quiet night. You look into Jack’s medical history and find that he

has been hospitalized for bizarre behavior in the winter more than in other seasons

is the idea that any problem behavior that is eliminated through learning-based treatment will be replaced by a new problem behavior.

Symptom substitution

The author of your text suggests that the worst orphanages illustrate the importance of operant learning to normal child development.

True

At Morningside Academy, student achievement test scores in reading and math typically rise two grade levels in one school year.

True

Research demonstrates that when teachers provide positive consequences for good behavior and ignore minor misbehavior, the usual result is an increase in both good and bad behavior.

False

Carr and McDowell found that Jim’s scratching was reinforced mainly by

parental attention

Hal __________ pioneered the use of operant procedures to improve the quality of life of captive wild animals.

Markowitz

refers to the point at which a behavior stops or its rate falls off sharply.

Break point

Your text reports the case of a man who apparently made hundreds of harassing phone calls. The man’s behavior was most likley on a(n)

VR schedule

FT and VT are both kinds of ______ reinforcement.

noncontingent

Williams found that the greater the number of reinforcements before extinction, the

greater the number of responses during extinction

One difference between FT and FI schedules is that in FT schedules, reinforcement is not contingent on a behavior.

True

In VI schedules, the reinforcer occurs periodically regardless of what the organism does.

False

In a _____ schedule, reinforcement is contingent on the continuous performance of a behavior for some period of time.

fixed duration

When a response is placed on extinction, there is often an increase in emotional behavior.

True

John spent his summer picking cantaloupes for a farmer. The farmer paid John a certain amount for every basket of cantaloupes picked. John worked on a

fixed ratio schedule

The explanation of the PRE that puts greatest emphasis on internal cues is the ________ hypothesis.

frustration

When a student repeatedly behaves in an inappropriate way, probably the teacher’s first step should be to

try to discover what is reinforcing the behavior

Negative punishment is also sometimes called ______ training.

penalty

If Charles Catania’s thinking about reinforcement is applied to punishment, we can say that all of the following are true of punishment except

the consequence of the behavior must be negative

In using punishment, it is best to begin with a weak punisher and gradually increase its strength as needed.

False

The two-process theory of punishment assumes that punishment involves

Pavlovian and operant learning

An early theory of punishment proposed that response suppression occurred because aversives disrupt ongoing behavior.

True

One way to make punishment more effective is to provide an alternative means of obtaining reinforcement.

True

David Camp and colleagues found that, compared to a two-second delay in punishment, a 30-second delay resulted in

about half as much response suppression

Delaying delivery of a punisher is most likely to

reduce its effectiveness

When using punishment to suppress an undesirable behavior, it is important to provide alternative means of obtaining the reinforcers that have maintained that behavior.

True

David Camp and colleagues found that even a delay of only _____ reduced the effectiveness of a punisher.

2 seconds

Of the following procedures, the one that focuses on reducing the rate at which a behavior occurs is

DRL

The use of punishers is so common that _______ concluded that "The world runs on fear."

Jack Michaels

When disciplining their son, Jacob, Mr. and Ms Grinch begin with an extremely mild form of punishment and gradually increase its strength if the offenses continue. This procedure is likely to result in

the use of excessively strong aversives

Farmer Gable had a problem with motorcyclists riding across his meadow land, tearing up sod and frightening his cattle. He installed barbed wire fencing in the area and no longer had a problem. Gable’s approach is best described as an example of

response prevention

Hal __________ pioneered the use of operant procedures to improve the quality of life of captive wild animals.

Markowitz

The Lamere study found that performance-based bonuses improved productivity, but there was no difference between the effects of a 9% bonus and a 3% bonus.

True

Ivar Lovaas first noticed that aversives could reduce self-injurious behavior when he absentmindedly slapped a child who was banging his head against a wall.

True

Wesley Becker suggests that parents should think of themselves as

teachers

John gets into fights on a regular basis, always with formidable opponents. He has often been injured in these fights and knows that he runs the risk of sustaining serious brain damage or other permanent injuries, yet he continues to fight. John is a very successful professional boxer. This example illustrates that bizarre behavior

is less puzzling when the reinforcers maintaining it are known

Betty Hart and Todd Risley found that the parents who provided the most instruction and practice in language later had the children with the best-developed verbal skills.

True

Charles Madsen and his colleagues asked a teacher to _______ . This change in teacher behavior produced a marked reduction in misconduct

ignore misbehavior and praise students when they behaved well

Hopkins and Conard found that when teachers made a few simple changes in how they taught, changes that included a shift from reprimands and threats to praise and positive feedback, students advanced at ______ the normal rate in reading.

more than twice

Eddie McNamara’s study showed that praising students when they are "on task" does not increase the frequency of on-task behavior in adolescents.

False

Time out is a form of punishment.

True

The author of your text suggests that the worst orphanages illustrate the importance of operant learning to normal child development.

True

Most teachers reprimand students more often than they praise them.

True

Self-injurious behavior sometimes occurs in healthy people, including college students.

True

In the treatment of long-standing self-injurious behavior, punishment is often

effective

Lovaas and Simmons used punishment to reduce self-injurious behavior in a boy. Before treatment, this boy would hit himself at a rate of up to

30 times a minute

Layng and Andronis reported the case of a psychiatric patient who feared that her head was falling off. This delusion appeared to be due to the fact that it got her social contact from the staff.

True

Skinner’s teaching machines presented the student with some information, then asked a question. The reinforcer for answering correctly was

the opportunity to move on to the next frame

A study by John Austin and colleagues increased safe practices in roofers by providing those who followed safe practices at least 80% of the time with

time off

Efforts to treat stroke victims with paralyzed limbs have proved unsuccessful.

False

Research demonstrates that when teachers provide positive consequences for good behavior and ignore minor misbehavior, the usual result is an increase in both good and bad behavior.

False

Carr and McDowell found that Jim’s scratching was reinforced mainly by

parental attention

Your text describes the use of _______ to get a bull elephant to cooperate with having his toenails trimmed.

shaping

A highly effective web-based instructional program designed to teach reading that makes use of reinforcement and shaping is called

Headsprout

is the idea that any problem behavior that is eliminated through learning-based treatment will be replaced by a new problem behavior.

Symptom substitution

Jack is a homeless man who lives on the streets of New York City. One cold January night he takes up a position outside a fancy restaurant and starts shouting, "God has ordered an equestrian invasion of Long Island." The restaurant owner calls the police and they take Jack to a hospital, where he spends a quiet night. You look into Jack’s medical history and find that he

has been hospitalized for bizarre behavior in the winter more than in other seasons

Social observational learning may be defined as

a change in behavior due to observing a model

In a study by Hopper and colleagues, some observers watched a model slide a door and retrieve a desired item. Other observers saw the door slide in the absence of a model, revealing the desired item. The latter procedure is called the __________ condition.

ghost

Videotapes of flossing monkeys suggest that mother monkeys attempt to teach their infants how to floss through modeling.

True

Jill is an impressionable 17-year-old college freshman with average academic skills. She lives in the college dorms with two roommates. One of them, Martha, is bright, attractive, popular, rich, and a local celebrity because of her singing; she seldom studies. Jill’s other roommate, Ann, is also bright, but has only a few friends, wears inexpensive clothes, and plays the tuba poorly; she studies all the time. On the basis of what you know about observational learning, you predict that Jill will

flunk out

Of the following terms, the one most associated with Bandura’s theory is

retentional processes

Little of classroom learning is observational.

False

Herbert and Harsh compared the behavior of cats that had observed a model perform an act 30 times with cats that had observed only 15 performances. They found that

cats that observed 30 performances did substantially better than those that observed 15

The book, The Last Gentleman Adventurer, includes an anecdote that illustrates cross-species observational learning.

True

A panel of experts reviewed studies on the influence of violence depicted on television and in films on the aggressive behavior of children. They found that the evidence for a causal connection between viewing such violence and aggressive behavior was

overwhelming

Lyons, Young, and Keil actively encouraged children not to imitate the acts of a model that were irrelevant to solving a problem. The result was that the children

imitated the irrelevant acts

You hear on the radio that Smash, the most popular rock music performer in Germany, has killed himself. He left a note ("Goodbye, cruel world"). You predict that

there will be a rash of suicides or suicidal gestures among German rock music fans

The influence of literary models on behavior was seen in the 18th century with the publication of

The Sorrows of Young Werther

In the Thompson and Russell two-mat study, children who observed a model

did better than those who did not observe a model

Lyons, Young, and Keil actively encouraged children not to imitate the acts of a model that were irrelevant to solving a problem. The result was that the children

imitated the irrelevant acts

According to the author of your text, observational learning involves observing

events and their consequences.

Research suggests that some students who do not naturally learn from a model can be taught the skills necessary to do so.

True

Experiments on asocial observational learning raise the question of the extent to which the social variety is truly social.

True

Herbert and Harsh demonstrated observational learning in cats.

True

In Bandura’s theory of observational learning, steps taken during observation to improve later recall of a model’s behavior are called

retentional processes

Observing a model is particularly helpful if the task involved is easy.

False

Social observational learning may be defined as

a change in behavior due to observing a model

Kanfer and Marston found that college students imitated the reinforced word choices of models. In their study, the observers

listened to models on a tape

The operant learning model of observational learning takes the

natural science approach

The tendency to imitate modeled behavior even when doing so is not reinforced is called

generalized imitation

Research suggests that humans tend to imitate behavior that is irrelevant to obtaining reinforcers.

True

Those who are most likely to learn from observing a model are probably

adults

Some researchers believe that the tendency of humans to imitate irrelevant modeled acts is beneficial.

True

The book, The Last Gentleman Adventurer, includes an anecdote that illustrates cross-species observational learning.

True

If an observer watches a well-trained model perform a response, the procedure is not really observational learning.

False

If an observer looks on as a model’s behavior is reinforced, we speak of

vicarious reinforcement

Learning is a change in behavior due to experience. In observational learning, the experience consists of

observing events and their consequences

The first studies of observational learning

failed to find evidence of observational learning in animals

All studies of observational learning involve learning to solve a problem or perform a skill.

False

Primatologist Elizabeth Lornsdorf found that wild young female chimps are more likely than males to learn about

termite fishing

Of the following terms, the one most associated with Bandura’s theory is

retentional processes

Howard studied hard for his math test and found that what he learned helped him on his physics test. Howard benefited from

generalization

Herrnstein and others trained pigeons to respond to images of people. The researchers did this by pinpointing a single defining feature (such as hair) on which the birds could discriminate humans from other objects.

False

In ______, the task is to select from two or more alternatives the stimulus that matches a standard.

matching to sample

When a behavior reliably occurs in the presence of an S^DSD, but not in the presence of an S^-, we can say the behavior is

under stimulus control

The figures below illustrate various generalization gradients. The greatest degree of generalization is depicted by Figure

2

A dog learns to salivate at the sound of a soft buzzer, but not at the sound of a loud buzzer. After training, the dog is presented with buzzers of various volumes. You predict that the dog will salivate most in response to a buzzer that is

slightly softer than the CS+

The flatter the generalization curve, the greater the degree of generalization.

True

Response maintenance can be considered generalization across

time

The person whose name is most associated with errorless discrimination training is

Herbert Terrace

The findings of Eisenberger and others concerning increasing effort is called

learned industriousness

The findings of Eisenberger and others concerning increasing effort is called

learned industriousness

The tendency of changes in one behavior to spread to other behaviors is called __________ generalization.

response

Jill trains her dog, Boozer, to come to her when she snaps her fingers. She snaps her fingers, then gives the dog a bit of food when it approaches. Finger snapping is

SD

In stimulus generalization, a behavior "travels" from one situation to another.

True

With discrimination training, pigeons have learned to discriminate between paintings by Monet and Picasso, even when the pictures were ones they had never seen before.

True

In the Dweck and Repucci study, teachers asked students to work on unsolvable problems, and then on problems that could be solved. They failed to solve the second set of problems, but were able to solve similar problems when the problems were presented

by a different teacher

When a behavior reliably occurs in the presence of an SD, but not in the presence of an S-, we can say the behavior is

under stimulus control

Bill conducts an experiment in which he pairs the word psychologist with words such as nasty, evil, and corrupt. Later Bill asks his subjects to give their opinion of various professions by rating them on a scale from very positive to very negative. Of the following professions, _______ will probably receive the lowest rating.

social worker

Herrnstein and others trained pigeons to respond to images of people. The researchers did this by pinpointing a single defining feature (such as hair) on which the birds could discriminate humans from other objects.

False

You test Mary’s drawing ability by having her draw fruit, animals, landscapes, and houses. Mary then takes a drawing class in which she learns to draw human figures. You decide to test Mary again to see if her drawing ability has improved. You predict that if she shows any improvement at all it will be at drawing

animals

In _______ discrimination training, the SD and SΔ are presented at the same time.

simultaneous

The figures below illustrate various generalization gradients. The greatest degree of generalization is depicted by Figure

2

Spence’s theory anticipated the discovery of the peak shift phenomenon.

True

Generalization is sometimes called

transfer

Pigeons that have learned to peck a disc when two lights of the same color come on, and not when the lights differ, can be said to have learned a concept.

True

Concepts involve both generalization and discrimination.

True

Generalization is a by-product of learning that nearly always occurs spontaneously.

False

An SD is analogous to a

CS+

Robert Eisenberger found that rewarding a high level of effort on one task increases the level of effort on other tasks. This illustrates

generalization

Dweck and Repucci had teachers give students unsolvable problems, and then problems that could be solved. The result was that the students

failed to solve the problems in the second set

Honig and Slivka trained pigeons to peck discs of various colors. After this they began shocking the birds when they pecked a disc of a particular color. This

reduced pecking discs of all colors, but especially those that resembled the punished color

The person whose name is most associated with errorless discrimination training is

Herbert Terrace

An ________ is a stimulus that indicates that a particular behavior will be reinforced.

SD

A dog learns to salivate at the sound of a soft buzzer, but not at the sound of a loud buzzer. After training, the dog is presented with buzzers of various volumes. You predict that the dog will salivate most in response to a buzzer that is

slightly softer than the CS+

Robert Allan trained pigeons to peck pictures containing human figures. He found that birds

pecked the human figures

Harry Bahrick’s studies of forgetting have involved retention inervals of up to

five decades

The work of Levine and Murphy suggests that people are more likely to forget what they read if they

disagree with it

Declarative knowledge is also called explicit knowledge.

True

Forgetting can be studied by requiring the subject to match a stimulus presented earlier, a procedure called

DMTS

The term _______ memory refers to learned behavior that can be expressed, usually in words.

declarative

The "savings method" is one way of measuring forgetting.

True

The Chase and Simon study comparing chess masters and ordinary players showed that when chess pieces were arranged in random order,

chess masters and ordinary players forgot about the same amount

The Jenkins and Dallenback study of forgetting after sleep suggests that forgetting is a function of learning.

True

The names of the Great Lakes can be recalled with help of the acronym,

HOMES

In one of Rovee-Collier`s experiments with babies and mobiles, after a retention interval there was no sign of forgetting when the context was the same as that during training.

True

The first person to demonstrate the relationship between forgetting and degree of learning was probably

Ebbinghaus

A study of immobilized cockroaches showed the importance of ________________ in forgetting.

retroactive interference

Declarative knowledge is also called explicit knowledge.

true

The term _______ memory refers to learned behavior that can be expressed, usually in words.

declarative

Memories that cannot be expressed are called

nondeclarative

To measure forgetting, Ebbinghaus used the ____________ method.

relearning

The "savings method" is one way of measuring forgetting.

True

The "man who couldn’t forget" was studied by

Luria

When measuring forgetting using the extinction method, the behavior studied is

put on extinction after the retention interval

Loftus found that eyewitness reports are influenced by the words used to ask about the event. In one experiment, she found that use of the word "smashed" produced higher estimates of car speed than use of the word

hit

When what we learned on Monday interferes with our ability to recall what we learned the following Tuesday, we speak of

proactive interference

Sir Frederick Barlett’s classic study of forgetting used the story,

The War of the Ghosts

Harry Bahrick’s studies of forgetting have involved retention inervals of up to

five decades

t turns out that Jack (see item 7) can’t remember anything that happened from the time he and Jill started up the hill. Jill takes Jack up the hill again and finds that he remembers seeing the well before. Jill is measuring forgetting by using

prompted recall

One measure of forgetting is called delayed matching to sample. This procedures could be considered a form of

prompted recall

The Jenkins and Dallenback study of forgetting after sleep suggests that forgetting is a function of learning.

True

Forgetting is a deterioration in learned performance following a period without practice.

True

Forgetting can be measured as a flattening of the generalization gradient, a procedure called gradient

degradation

Marjory memorized her part in the school play thoroughly in her apartment, but found that she couldn’t remember her lines at rehearsal. Her trouble is consistent with the effects of context cues.

True

The name Benton Underwood is associated with paired associate learning.

True

In _________ learning, two stimuli, A and B, are presented, and the task is then to recall B when presented with A.

paired associate

The measure of forgetting called gradient degradation has to do with extinction.

False

The Jenkins and Dallenback study of forgetting after sleep suggests that forgetting is a function of

learning

The work of Levine and Murphy suggests that people are more likely to forget what they read if they

disagree with it

Clark’s nutcrackers apparently recall the location of something like _________ food caches.

2,000

Extinction often increases the frequency of emotional behavior.

True

Your text reports the case of a man who apparently made hundreds of harassing phone calls. The man’s behavior was most likley on a(n

VR schedule

In a _____ schedule, reinforcement is contingent on the continuous performance of a behavior for some period of time.

fixed duration

In a multiple schedule, the organism is forced to choose between two or more reinforcement schedules.

False

The first formal studies of punishment were probably done by _________ .

Thorndike

If Charles Catania’s thinking about reinforcement is applied to punishment, we can say that all of the following are true of punishment except _______.

the consequence of the behavior must be negative

The use of punishers is so common that _______ concluded that "The world runs on fear."

Jack Michaels

In positive punishment, a stimulus that serves as a punisher is called a(n)

aversive

Layng and Andronis reported the case of a psychiatric patient who feared that her head was falling off. This delusion appeared to be due to the fact that it got her social contact from the staff.

True

At Morningside Academy, student achievement test scores in reading and math typically rise two grade levels in one school year.

True

Skinner devised a mechanical teaching machine that divided the material to be learned into short segments called

frames

Wesley Becker suggests that parents should think of themselves as

teachers

Betty Hart and Todd Risley found that the parents who provided the most instruction and practice in language later had the children with the best-developed verbal skills.

True

Jack is a homeless man who lives on the streets of New York City. One cold January night he takes up a position outside a fancy restaurant and starts shouting, "God has ordered an equestrian invasion of Long Island." The restaurant owner calls the police and they take Jack to a hospital, where he spends a quiet night. You look into Jack’s medical history and find that he

has been hospitalized for bizarre behavior in the winter more than in other seasons

In a study by Hopper and colleagues, some observers watched a model slide a door and retrieve a desired item. Other observers saw the door slide in the absence of a model, revealing the desired item. The latter procedure is called the __________ condition.

ghost

Experiments on asocial observational learning raise the question of the extent to which the social variety is truly social.

True

In the Thompson and Russell two-mat study, children who observed a model

did better than those who did not observe a model

Kanfer and Marston found that college students imitated the reinforced word choices of models, even though the observers did not see the models.

True

Fisher and Harris found that observers learned more when a model

frowned and shook her head

Although the consequences of a model’s behavior have a strong influence on an observer’s tendency to imitate the model’s behavior, ultimately the consequences of the observer’s behavior tend to win out.

True

In the study by Thompson and Russell, there was a toy on a mat, but it was out of reach. Children learned to retrieve the toy by observing a model who pulled the mat closer.

False

In Bandura’s theory of observational learning, steps taken during observation to improve later recall of a model’s behavior are called

retentional processes

You hear on the radio that Smash, the most popular rock music performer in Germany, has killed himself. He left a note ("Goodbye, cruel world"). You predict that

there will be a rash of suicides or suicidal gestures among German rock music fans

The earliest experiments on observational learning were performed by

E. L. Thorndike

Herbert and Harsh compared the behavior of cats that had observed a model perform an act 30 times with cats that had observed only 15 performances. They found that

cats that observed 30 performances did substantially better than those that observed 15

Of the following terms, the one most associated with Bandura’s theory is

retentional processes

The kind of generalization your text focuses on is

stimulus generalization

The figures below illustrate various generalization gradients. The greatest degree of generalization is depicted by Figure

2

Generalization is sometimes called

transfer

In stimulus generalization, a behavior "travels" from one situation to another.

True

Honig and Slivka trained pigeons to peck discs of various colors. After this they began shocking the birds when they pecked a disc of a particular color. This

reduced pecking discs of all colors, but especially those that resembled the punished color

In a classic study, Guttman and Kalish trained pigeons to peck a disc of a particular color, and then gave them the opportunity to peck

discs of various colors

An ________ is a stimulus that indicates that a particular behavior will be reinforced.

SD

Robert Eisenberger found that rewarding a high level of effort on one task increases the level of effort on other tasks. This illustrates

generalization

In errorless discrimination training

he S^{\Delta} is introduced in very weak form and its strength is gradually increased

Concepts involve both generalization and discrimination.

True

If a person smokes a pack of cigarettes a day, in a year, cigarette smoking is reinforced

73,000 times

In _______ discrimination training, the S^DSD and S^{\Delta}SΔ are presented at the same time.

simultaneous

When what we learned on Monday interferes with our ability to recall what we learned the following Tuesday, we speak of ____________.

proactive interference

The Jenkins and Dallenback study of forgetting after sleep suggests that forgetting is a function of learning.

True

Declarative knowledge is also called explicit knowledge.

True

The "man who couldn’t forget" was studied by

Luria

Forgetting is a deterioration in learned performance following a period without practice.

True

Riding a bicycle is an example of _____ memory.

procedural

Loftus found that eyewitness reports are influenced by the words used to ask about the event. In one experiment, she found that use of the word "smashed" produced higher estimates of car speed than use of the word

hit

The measure of forgetting called gradient degradation has to do with extinction.

False

Forgetting can be measured as a flattening of the generalization gradient, a procedure called gradient

degradation

Sir Frederick Barlett’s classic study of forgetting used the story,

The War of the Ghosts

When measuring forgetting using the extinction method, the behavior studied i

put on extinction after the retention interval

In one of Rovee-Collier`s experiments with babies and mobiles, after a retention interval there was no sign of forgetting when the context was the same as that during training.

True