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Motivation is BEST defined as _____. |
the set of factors that activate, direct, and maintain behavior toward a goal |
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Emotion is BEST defined as _____. |
a subjective feeling that includes arousal, cognitions, and behavioral expressions |
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According to your textbook, motivation _____ behavior and emotion _____. |
energizes; is the feeling response |
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A behavior pattern that is unlearned, and found in almost all members of a species is called _____. |
an instinct |
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Sociobiologists believe that _____ (is)are genetically transmitted from one generation to the next. |
aggression and competit |
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In the _____ theory of motivation a lack or a deficiency of something creates a state of tension which motivates us to reduce the deficiency. |
drive-reduction theory |
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_____ is the body’s tendency to maintain a relatively stable state for internal processes. |
Homeostasis |
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_____ theory suggests that organisms are motivated to achieve and maintain an ideal or optimal level of stimulation that maximizes their performance. |
Arousal |
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Performance is BEST for most tasks when you are experiencing _____ levels of arousal. |
moderate |
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Zuckerman’s test for sensation seeking measures which of the following characteristics? A. dangerousness, antisocial traits, "letting loose," and intolerance for boredom |
thrill seeking, experience seeking, disinhibition, and susceptibility to boredom |
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Low levels of arousal lead to _____ and high levels of arousal lead to _____. |
reduced behavior efficiency; reduced behavior efficiency |
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According to the cognitive theory of motivation, _____ influence our goal-directed behavior. |
attributions and expectancies |
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The theory that some motives have to be satisfied before a person can advance to fulfilling higher motives is based on _____. |
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs |
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Hunger, arousal, and achievement are three basic _____. |
motives |
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What role does the stomach play in feelings of hunger? |
Pressure receptors in the stomach walls signal fullness or emptiness. |
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The feeling of fullness you get once you have ingested enough food is called _____. |
satiety |
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The heat generated in response to food ingestion is called _____. |
thermogenesis |
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When the lateral hypothalamus is destroyed, animals will _____. |
stop eating, and must be force-fed |
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_____ is one of the MOST important external factors related to when, what, where, and why we eat. |
Cultural conditioning |
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There are approximately _____ genes that contribute to a person’s weight. |
2000 |
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_____ involves extreme weight loss due to an obsessive fear of obesity and self-imposed starvation. |
Anorexia nervosa |
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_____ involves consuming large quantities of food followed by self-induced vomiting, the use of laxatives, or extreme exercise. |
Bulimia nervosa |
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Which of the following is NOT characteristic of bulimia nervosa? A. People with bulimia are underweight. |
People with bulimia are underweight. |
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Which of the following has been linked to the origin of eating disorders? A. genetic, hormonal, neurotransmitter, or hypothalamus abnormalities |
D. all of these options |
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The three components of emotion are _____. |
cognitive, physiological, and behavioral |
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Two parts of the brain that play an important role in emotion are the _____. |
limbic system and cerebral cortex |
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The _____ nervous system produces obvious signs of emotional arousal. |
autonomic |
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In a Duchenne smile, the cheek muscles are pulled back, and the muscles around the _____ also contract. |
eyes |
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This theory says that emotion results from physiological arousal and behavioral expression, and that each emotion is physiologically distinct. |
James-Lange |
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Which of the following is the CORRECT order of events in the James-Lange theory of emotion? |
D. perception of stimulus → perception of body response → emotion |
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Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched? |
A. Cannon-Bard theory: emotions occur before a body response |
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According to the facial feedback hypothesis, expressing an emotion should ______. |
intensify it |
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A therapist advises his depressed client to make himself smile for at least a few seconds every hour. This therapist may _____. |
believe in the facial feedback hypothesis regarding emotions |
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According to _____, bodily arousal must be labeled or interpreted for an emotional experience to occur. |
Schachter’s two-factor theory |
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In contrast to other theories of emotion, Schachter’s two-factor theory explains the origins of emotion based on _____. |
cognitive interpretation |
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The two factors in Schachter’s theory of emotion are _____. |
physical arousal and cognitive labeling |
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Intrinsic motivation comes from _____. |
personal enjoyment |
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Extrinsic motivation is based on _____. |
the desire for rewards or threats of punishment |
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_____ refers to the desire to perform an act for its own sake whereas _____ refers to the desire to perform an act because of external rewards or the avoidance of punishment. |
Intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation |
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A person with emotional intelligence knows and manages the ______ component of his emotions. |
cognitive, behavioral, & physiological |
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Knowing and managing one’s emotions, empathizing with others, and maintaining satisfying relationships are the key factors in _____. |
emotional intelligence |
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According to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, if you haven’t eaten all day, your thoughts will be MOST focused on your____________ |
physiological needs |
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