PSY 205- Chapter 8

industrious, practicing the skills valued by their culture.

More than people of any other age, children between the ages of 6 and 11 are:

industry

Barbara is in the third grade. She spends many hours rehearsing her math skills, reading books, and collecting bugs. According to Erikson, Barbara is developing a healthy sense of __________ through these tasks.

industry versus inferiority

What is Erikson’s fourth stage of psychosocial development?

It provides a crucial defense against emotional problems.

Why is it so important that children learn a sense of industry?

industrious or inferior.

According to Erikson’s theory, children in middle childhood tend to judge themselves as either:

emotional drives and psychosexual needs are quiet.

According to Freud, during the latency stage children:

Freud

Who described middle childhood as a time of latency?

self-concept.

Children’s ideas about their intelligence, personality, abilities, gender and ethnic background form their:

social comparison.

When one assesses one’s abilities, achievements, social status, and other attributes by measuring them against one’s peers, one is engaging in:

resilient.

The child who weathers severe family problems, even abuse, and yet emerges from those experiences unscathed is said to be:

how many total stressors are present.

In childhood, how children react to a serious stressor depends primarily on:

parentification.

When children act as parents and try to take care of everyone, it is called:

his circle of friends and their activities

Since Carter’s mother suffers from depression and his father is an alcoholic, Carter is often neglected. Despite his circumstances, he maintains a positive outlook. What may be helping Carter to maintain his positive attitude?

social support.

A significant factor that aids children and families as they deal with problems and stress is:

differential sensitivity theory

Marissa and Jessica, sisters born two years apart, grew up in an impoverished, violent neighborhood. As adults, Marissa is chronically jobless and is addicted to drugs while Jessica is a professor of economics at a community college. Which theory might explain their different life outcomes?

genes may have a stronger effect than familial environment on talents.

Alan is an adopted child who lives with three siblings, all biological children of his adoptive parents. Alan’s math skills are far better than those of his adoptive parents or his adoptive siblings. This provides evidence that:

the legal and genetic relationships of people in a household.

Family structure refers to:

how a family cares for its members.

Family function refers to:

functions of a family.

Developing self-respect, nurturing friendships with peers, and encouraging learning are three of the:

quite stressful, as this is a stage in which continuity is very important.

In middle childhood, the experience of moving to a new neighborhood or community is:

nuclear family.

The most common type of family for children in the United States is the:

step-parent family.

Dimitri has been married before and has two biological children. He has just married Natasha, who has also been married before and has a biological son. Their family is an example of a:

higher income.

Compared with single-parent homes, two-parent homes usually have:

right after the wedding.

The happiest time in a marriage is:

conflict was the main influence

A study that followed married parents and their adolescent children found that ____________ on the adolescents’ well-being.

child culture.

The particular rules and behaviors that are passed down to younger children from older children are what define:

same age

What is a hallmark of close friendships during middle childhood?

culture and cohort

What factors generally determine whether a child is well liked by his or her peers?

One who is disliked by most children because she is so uncooperative. (Veru)

The best example of an aggressive-rejected child is:

athletic, cool, dominant, aggressive

Children with these personality traits become popular around fifth grade.

bullying.

Repeated, systematic attacks on those who are unable to defend themselves is the definition of:

withdrawn-rejected.

Research shows that a child is most likely to be a victim of bullying if the child is:

mock and ridicule their victim.

Girls who bully typically:

using a whole-school strategy

According to the text, what method is MOST effective in stopping bullying in schools?

middle childhood

What period is the prime time for moral development?

Jean Piaget

Lawrence Kohlberg built on the theories of _______________ in his description of the stages of moral development.

conventional; law and order

Leon is asked whether a person should steal food if they are starving. Leon says no because it is against the law. Leon is in Kohlberg’s ________________ moral reasoning level, in the stage called _________________.

following what parents, teachers, and peers do.

Conventional morality involves:

Conventional

Susan decides not to tell the teacher that her classmate Ian is cheating on the math exam because she is afraid the other kids will call her a snitch. This is an example of Kohlberg’s stage _____________ of moral development.

theory does not take into account cultural differences.

Kohlberg’s theory has been criticized because his:

align themselves with their peers.

When child culture conflicts with adult morality, children will:

immoral

Child labor has been deemed ____________ by the United Nations.