PSY 205- Chapter 5

4.5; 3

Between the ages of 2 and 6, a well-nourished child will gain about _____ pounds and grow about _____inches per year.

Eat well-balanced meals with a variety of foods.

To ensure adequate nutrition and vitamin intake, what is recommended?

"just right"

Kindra, age 4, is very particular about her daily routines, especially at mealtime. She will only eat from a certain plate, drink from one certain cup, and must have a folded napkin next to her plate. She is exhibiting the phenomenon called:

3

A child’s passion for continuity and sameness is normal at about ____ year(s) of age.

tooth decay

One of the most common diseases of young children in developed nations is:

hopping on one foot.

An example of a gross motor skill is:

fine motor skills.

Preschoolers often have trouble tying their shoelaces because they have inadequate:

Tertiary

Which type of injury prevention begins after an injury and is done to limit the damage caused by the injury?

committing violent acts as a teenager.

Many researchers believe that a preschooler with plumbism is prone to:

prefrontal

The ability to plan and prioritize appears to be directly related to the development of the ______ cortex.

myelination.

The process through which axons become coated with a fatty substance that speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses is called:

perseveration.

During a long car trip, Anna and Robert asked "Are we there yet?" so many times that their mother began covering her ears. Her children were exhibiting:

the growth of her corpus callosum.

Kayla is 4 years old and has recently begun coordinating the two sides of her body more efficiently. This improvement can be attributed to:

lateralization.

The specialization of the functioning of the two halves of the brain is called:

frightening nightmares.

The increased activity of the amygdala is a reason that young children experience:

hypothalamus

Stress can lead to weight gain since having too much cortisol in one’s bloodstream has been associated with increased abdominal fat. Cortisol is the hormone released by the ________ when a person is stressed.

allows children to think in symbols.

Preoperational intelligence:

logically.

Piaget believed that until about age 6, it is difficult for children to think:

animism.

Ivan was playing under the kitchen table when he stood up suddenly and bumped his head. He pointed at the table and sternly said, "Naughty table!" This is an example of:

demonstrate centration.

A magician’s goal is to get the audience to focus on one aspect of his demonstration while he manipulates another. This is easy to do with preoperational children, as they are fooled by their tendency to:

egocentrism.

The Piagetian term for a particular type of centration in which a child thinks about the world only from his or her personal perspective is:

focus on appearance.

A preschool child thinks a tall 20-year-old man is older than a short 40-year-old man. This is an example of:

static reasoning.

When Jennie sees her third-grade teacher in the grocery store, she is shocked to see her outside of school. This is likely due to Jennie’s:

irreversibility.

Jake’s father takes him to the barber for his first real haircut. At first, Jake is excited, but as soon as the barber makes the first cut in his hair he becomes very upset and tells his father to make the barber stop. In spite of his father’s efforts to assure Jake that his hair will grow back, Jake is exhibiting the characteristic known as:

conservation

Four-year-old Jonathan is sitting at the lunch counter next to his sister Erin. They are having hot dogs for lunch. When his mom cuts Jonathan’s hot dog into five pieces and Erin’s into six pieces. Jonathan protests, "Erin has more than me!" Which ability does Jonathan not yet demonstrate?

underestimated; underestimated

Researchers now believe that Piaget _______ cognition in infancy and ________ cognition in early childhood.

the zone of proximal development.

Skills that the child can accomplish with assistance but can’t yet perform independently are part of:

interacts with a mentor to accomplish a task.

According to Vygotsky, guided participation requires that a child:

scaffolding.

According to Vygotsky, a teacher who carefully plans each child’s participation in the learning process within the zone of proximal development uses:

He is overimitating his mom.

Benjy is a preschooler. He can put a dish into the microwave and press the "2" button to cook for 2 minutes. One day he sees his mother wipe the front of the microwave with a damp paper towel before she presses a number button. After that, Benjy rubs the front of the microwave with a napkin before he presses the number button. Why?

theory-theory.

Preschoolers try to make up a reason for the things that they see and hear. This tendency is known as:

theory of mind.

A person’s understanding of the thoughts of other people is called:

tell a lie.

Only after a child has developed theory of mind can he or she:

maturation of the prefrontal cortex.

The underlying factor allowing the development of theory of mind is:

private speech.

According to Vygotsky, the internal dialogue that people have with themselves either silently or aloud is referred to as:

to advance thought.

According to Vygotsky, within the context of cognition, language is a tool:

having an older sibling.

A key factor that strengthens a preschooler’s cognition is:

watching a lot of TV.

Research has shown that the development of a theory of mind is suppressed by:

critical period

When Renee was 11 months old, she was injured in a car crash. She was in a coma for almost a year and then spent many months of recovery from a brain injury. By her third birthday, although she is making good process, she has not yet spoken, and her parents are fearful that she will never speak. The doctors, however, feel confident that Renee will learn speak. This is because language learning in the first four years is NOT a:

fast-mapping.

When children hear a new word in a familiar context, they can simply add the word to the general category without fully understanding the word. This is called:

grammar.

The structures, rules, and techniques used to communicate meaning in language are called:

overregularization.

"I catched two mouses in a trap" is an example of:

a language shift.

Demetrius’s family recently immigrated to the United States from the Ukraine. After he attended kindergarten, his parents noticed that his English was more fluent than his native language. Demetrius was exhibiting:

development and growth.

Preschool programs are called "child-centered" when they stress children’s:

individual achievement

What was Maria Montessori’s objective when she created her preschool?

children’s creativity and artistic talent.

The Reggio Emilia early-childhood program focuses on: