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ventral respiratory group (VRG) |
What area in the brain sets the respiratory rhythm? |
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phrenic nerve |
Inspiratory neurons send information to the diaphragm via what nerve? |
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H+ Hydrogen ions |
What directly stimulates the central chemoreceptors, thus increasing respiration? |
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decreased pCO2 and increased pH |
As a result of hyperventilation, what will happen to the partial pressures of CO2 (pCO2) and pH? |
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pulmonary stretch receptors |
Which receptors inhibit inspiration during hyperinflation of the lungs? |
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sensory input from receptors in joints, neural input from the motor cortex, and other factors |
What stimulates increased respiration at the beginning of exercise? |
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respiratory muscles |
A homeostatic control mechanism controls respiration. What acts as the effector(s) in this system? |
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increased heart rate and increased stroke volume |
Which of the following would increase cardiac output to the greatest extent? |
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increased contractility |
How would an increase in the sympathetic nervous system increase stroke volume? |
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increased end diastolic volume |
By what mechanism would an increase in venous return increase stroke volume? |
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decreased stroke volume and no change in cardiac output |
How would a decrease in blood volume affect both stroke volume and cardiac output? |
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atrial blood carbon dioxide level |
What is the most powerful respiratory stimulant in a healthy person? |
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