prelab and postlabs

oropharynx

The palatine tonsils are found in which of the following regions? laryngopharynx nasopharynx oropharynx larynx

routing air and food into proper channels

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nasal conchae? routing air and food into proper channels reclaiming heat and moisture from expired air filtering, heating, and moistening incoming air during inhalation increasing the mucosal surface area exposed to air

nasopharynx

Which of the following regions contains the opening of a canal that equalizes pressure in the middle ear? laryngopharynx larynx oropharynx nasopharynx

epiglottis

What part of the larynx covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing to keep food out of the lower respiratory passages? epiglottis glottis thyroid cartilage vocal folds

arytenoid cartilage

Which cartilage belonging to the larynx anchors vocal cords? thyroid cartilage epiglottis arytenoid cartilage cricoid cartilage

cricoid cartilage

Which of these structures forms a complete ring around the airway? hyoid bone tracheal cartilage cricoid cartilage thyroid cartilage

alveolar macrophages

Which of these cells would be most effective in the ingestion and disposal of microorganisms that may enter the alveoli? type II alveolar cells type I alveolar cells alveolar macrophages lymphocytes in blood circulating through the lungs

simple squamous epithelium

What type of epithelial tissue forms the walls of the alveoli? simple cuboidal epithelium stratified squamous epithelium pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium simple squamous epithelium

type II alveolar cells

In children with infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS), the walls of the alveoli cling to each other and make them difficult to inflate. It is common in babies born prematurely. What cells in these infants are NOT fully developed and are NOT doing their job? type I alveolar cells endothelial cells of alveolar capillaries alveolar macrophages type II alveolar cells

pleural cavities

Which of the following cavities surround(s) the lungs alone? thoracic cavity pericardial cavity mediastinum pleural cavities

bronchial arteries

Which blood vessels supply oxygenated systemic blood to the lung tissue? bronchial arteries pulmonary veins bronchial veins pulmonary arteries

hilum

The indentation on the medial surface of each lung through which pulmonary and systemic blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter and leave is called the __________. cardiac notch apex base hilum

warming, moistening and filtering the air

The functions of the nasal cavity include ________. warming, moistening, and filtering the air passing air over the various tonsils accommodating both ingested food and air passing inspired air into the blood

contains the apparatus for speech

The larynx ________. contains the apparatus for speech is covered during swallowing by the cricoid cartilage is located posterior to the esophagus (food chute) is formed by a group of elastic cartilages

parietal pleura

The portion of the serous membrane that lines the thoracic walls is called the ________. pleural cavity parietal pleura pericardium visceral pleura

produces mucus to trap dust particles, bacteria, and other debris; sweeps the mucus toward the throat, where it can be expelled or swallowed; and lines the airway that is held open by C-shaped cartilaginous rings

The pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium of the trachea ________. produces mucus to trap dust particles, bacteria, and other debris lines the airway that is held open by C-shaped cartilaginous rings sweeps the mucus toward the throat, where it can be expelled or swallowed produces mucus to trap dust particles, bacteria, and other debris; sweeps the mucus toward the throat, where it can be expelled or swallowed; and lines the airway that is held open by C-shaped cartilaginous rings

superior

Which lobes of the lungs are found in the apex? inferior superior middle

cardiac notch

The medial surface of the left lung has a cavity that accommodates the contents of the mediastinum. It is called the ________. medial notch stinal indentation paraphrenic indentation cardiac notch

to move air, gas exchange

The function of the bronchial tree through the terminal bronchiole is ________; the function of the respiratory bronchiole and alveoli is ________. to warm and moisten air, to move air to the respiratory membrane gas exchange, gas exchange to move air, gas exchange to filter air, to move carbon dioxide across the respiratory membrane

the alveoli that first appear on the respiratory bronchioles

A respiratory bronchiole can be distinguished from a terminal bronchiole by ________. the absence of an epithelium lining it the loss of cartilage rings that are seen in the terminal bronchioles the total loss of smooth muscle in its walls the alveoli that first appear on the respiratory bronchioles

capillary and alveolar walls and their fused basal laminae

The respiratory membrane includes the ________. the capillary and alveolar epithelial sheets, and a common, mucous-coated basement membrane capillary and alveolar walls and their fused basal laminae capillary wall, a thin fluid-filled space, and the alveolar wal

conducting zone, trachea

Select the pair below that is a correct match of the structure and zone. respiratory zone, nasal cavity respiratory zone, terminal bronchiole conducting zone, trachea conducting zone, alveolar sac

feel like a soft sponge

The inflated lungs of a fresh pluck ________. feel like a soft sponge feel like a soft balloon change color and become paler as the lungs increase in size remain a tan/brown color, since it is no longer living tissue

epiglottis

This flap of elastic cartilage forms a lid over the larynx and prevents food from entering it during swallowing. thyroid cricoid epiglottis cuneiform

a drop in blood pH

Which of the following would induce the loss of oxygen from the hemoglobin and the blood? decreases in plasma carbon dioxide a decrease in blood temperature a drop in blood pH increase in hemoglobin that has oxygen bound to it already

as bicarbonate ions in the plasma

What is the most common method of carbon dioxide transport? dissolved in the plasma chemically bound to hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin chemically bound to hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin as bicarbonate ions in the plasma

Chloride rushes into RBCs to counterbalance the outflow of bicarbonate

Which of the following best describes the chloride shift as seen in the figure? Chloride is taken out of the blood to counterbalance the inflow of carbon dioxide. Chloride is removed from hemoglobin when carbon dioxide binds to it. Chloride binds bicarbonate and allows more of it to be carried in the bloodstream. Chloride rushes into RBCs to counterbalance the outflow of bicarbonate.

500

During normal quiet breathing, about __________ ml of air moves into and out of the lungs with each breath. 250 500 1000 2000

expiratory reserve volume (ERV), tidal volume (TV), and inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Dry spirometers use a turbine that rotates as air passes through it, turning a needle to indicate air volume. What values would be needed to calculate a patient’s vital capacity? inspiratory capacity (IC), residual volume (RV), and tidal volume (TV) residual volume (RV), tidal volume (TV), and inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) functional residual capacity (FRC), expiratory reserve volume (ERV), and inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) expiratory reserve volume (ERV), tidal volume (TV), and inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

4800 mL

According to this spirographic record, what is the total volume of exchangeable air for a normal male? 2400 milliliters 3600 milliliters 4800 milliliters 6000 milliliters

tidal volume(TV) and inspiratory reserve volume(IRV)

Which volumes are combined to provide the inspiratory capacity? expiratory reserve volume (ERV) and residual volume (RV) tidal volume (TV), inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), expiratory reserve volume (ERV), and residual volume (RV) tidal volume (TV), inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), and expiratory reserve volume (ERV) tidal volume (TV) and inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

expiration

__________ is the phase of pulmonary ventilation when air passes out of the lungs. Expiration Inspiration

inspiratory muscles relax

Which of the following processes does NOT occur during inspiration? diaphragm moves to a flattened position inspiratory muscles relax gas pressure inside the lungs is lowered size of thoracic cavity increases

Vital capacity

__________ is the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration. Vital capacity Tidal volume

False

The neural centers that control respiratory rhythm and maintain a rate of 12-18 respirations per minute are located in the medulla and thalamus. True False

aortic and carotid bodies

Changes in pH and oxygen concentrations in the blood are monitored by chemoreceptor regions in the __________. medulla aortic and carotid bodies

supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide

The major role of the respiratory system is to __________. dispose of waste products in a solid form supply the body with carbon dioxide and dispose of oxygen permit the flow of nutrients through the body supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide

True

Four processes—pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, transport of respiratory gases, and internal respiration—must all occur in order for the respiratory system to function fully. True False

pharynx

The upper respiratory structures include the nose, the larynx, and the __________. pharynx epiglottis lungs trachea

thyroid cartilage

The __________ is the largest and most prominent of the laryngeal cartilages. thyroid cartilage arytenoid cartilage

left and right main bronchi

Air flows from the larynx to the trachea, and then enters the __________. left and right main bronchi segmental bronchi left and right lungs pharynx

columnar epithelium

The lining of the trachea is pseudostratified ciliated __________, which propels dust particles, bacteria, and other debris away from the lungs. transitional epithelium columnar epithelium

True

All but the smallest branches of the bronchial tree have cartilaginous reinforcements in their walls. True False

two

Fissures divide the lungs into lobes, three on the right and __________ on the left. two three

supply the body with oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide

The function of the respiratory system is to ________. supply the body with oxygen and carbon dioxide create oxygen and break down carbon dioxide convert carbon dioxide to oxygen and carbon supply the body with oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide

the movement of air into and out of the lungs

Ventilation is ________. the exchange of gases between blood and the air-filled chambers of the lungs the transport of respiratory gases between the lungs and the tissues of the body the movement of air into and out of the lungs the exchange of gases between blood and tissue cells

nasopharynx

This portion of the upper respiratory system serves only as an air passageway. nasopharynx laryngopharynx oropharynx

vocal folds

Speech occurs when air is moved through this passageway between the ________. vocal folds walls of the arytenoid canal vestibular folds

2

The trachea divides into ________ bronchi that lead to the lungs. 2 3 4 5

terminal bronchiole/respiratory bronchiole junction

The boundary between conducting zone and respiratory zone structures occurs at the ________. terminal bronchiole/respiratory bronchiole junction. tertiary bronchi/bronchiole junction tracheal/main (primary) bronchi junction secondary bronchi/tertiary bronchi junction

anatomical dead space

Because the conducting zone structures have no gas exchange function, they are called ________. anatomical dead space respiratory dead space physiological dead space

thyroid

The prominence on this laryngeal cartilage is called the Adam’s apple. cricoid cuneiform thyroid arytenoid

pseudostratified ciliated columnar

What kind of epithelium lines the trachea? simple squamous stratified squamous ciliated columnar pseudostratified ciliated columnar

hilum of the lung

The main bronchi enter the lungs at an area called the ________. pulmonary indentation pleural connection hilum of the lung cardiac notch of the lung

simple squamous epithelium

The alveoli are made up of ________. simple squamous epithelium stratified squamous epithelium simple cuboidal epithelium simple columnar epithelium

middle

The right lung has superior, middle, and inferior lobes. Which lobe is missing on the left side? middle superior inferior

terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct

What is the correct order of passageways, from proximal to distal? terminal bronchiole, alveolar duct, respiratory bronchiole respiratory bronchiole, terminal bronchiole, alveolar duct alveolar duct, respiratory bronchiole, terminal bronchiole terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct

visceral pleura

The portion of the serous membrane that covers and adheres to the lung is called the ________. fibrous sac parietal pleura visceral pleura pleural cavity

respiratory volumes

What does a spirometer measure? blood oxygen levels how much air you can hold in your lungs temperature respiratory volumes breathing sounds

inspiratory capacity(IC)

the maximum amount of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration

vital capacity(VC)

the maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiration

inspiratory reserve volume(IRV)

volume of air that can be forcefully inhaled following a normal inspiration

tidal volume

volume of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions

total lung capacity(TLC)

the maximum amount of air contained in the lungs after a maximum inspiration

functional residual capacity(FRC)

volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration

residual volume(RV)

volume of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration

expiratory reserve volume(ERV)

volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal expiration

TLC

TV+IRV+ERV+RV=

VC

TV+ERV+IRV=

IC

TV+IRV=

FRC

ERV+RV