OCE1001 Chapter 8

How does water move as waves pass?

Water moves linearly in the opposite direction to wave movement.
Water moves in a circle in the direction opposite to wave movement.
Water moves in a circle in the same direction as wave movement.
Water moves linearly in the same direction as wave movement.

Water moves in a CIRCLE in the SAME direction as wave movement.

How does wave amplitude change with depth in water?

Wave amplitude decreases as depth increases.
Wave amplitude increases as depth increases.
Wave amplitude remains the same as depth increases.

Wave amplitude decreases as depth increases.

What is the wave base?

the lower limit of wave-induced motion in the water
the furthest distance a wave can get to shore before dissipating
the upper limit of wave-induced motion in the water
the closest distance a wave can get to shore before breaking

the lower limit of wave-induced motion in the water

What is the relationship between wave base and wavelength?

The depth of the wave base is two-thirds the wavelength of the waves.
The depth of the wave base is one-half the wavelength of the waves.
The depth of the wave base is twice the wavelength of the waves.
The depth of the wave base is one-and-a-half times the wavelength of the waves.
The depth of the wave base is three-quarters of the wavelength of the waves.

The depth of the wave base is one-half the wavelength of the waves

Why does wave height increase as waves enter shallow water?

The energy of the wave must be contained within a larger water column in shallow water.
The wavelength of the wave must be contained within a larger water column in shallow water.
The wavelength of the wave must be contained within a smaller water column in shallow water.
The energy of the wave must be contained within a smaller water column in shallow water.

The ENERGY of the wave must be contained within a SMALLER water column in shallow water.

Why do ocean waves bend around headlands?

The waves are moving faster just in front of the headland, causing the waves to bend.
The waves are moving more slowly just in front of the headland, causing the waves to bend.
The waves have longer wavelength just in front of the headland, causing the waves to bend.
The waves have shorter wavelength just in front of the headland, causing the waves to bend.

The waves are moving more SLOWLY just in front of the headland, causing the waves to bend.

What is refraction?

the bending of waves due to a change in wave phase
the bending of waves due to a change in wave velocity
the bending of waves due to a change in wave amplitude
the bending of waves due to a change in wavelength

the bending of waves due to a change in wave velocity

How does wave refraction at headlands affect deposition and erosion?

Wave refraction at the headland decreases deposition at the headland and causes erosion in adjacent bays.
Wave refraction at the headland increases erosion at the headland and causes deposition in adjacent bays.
Wave refraction at the headland decreases erosion at the headland and causes deposition in adjacent bays.
Wave refraction at the headland increases deposition at the headland and causes erosion in adjacent bays.

Wave refraction at the headland INCREASES EROSION at the headland and causes deposition in adjacent bays.

What is the crest of a wave?

the distance between the highest and lowest part of the wave
the highest part of the wave
the lowest part of the wave
the distance between consecutive wave crests or troughs
the time it takes for one wavelength of a wave to pass a particular point

the highest part of the wave

What is the trough of a wave?

the distance between consecutive wave crests or troughs
the lowest part of the wave
the distance between the highest and lowest part of the wave
the highest part of the wave
the time it takes for one wavelength of a wave to pass a particular point

the lowest part of the wave

What is the wave height?

the distance between the highest and lowest part of the wave
the distance between consecutive wave crests or troughs
the time it takes for one wavelength of a wave to pass a particular point
the lowest part of the wave
the highest part of the wave

the distance between the highest and lowest part of the wave

What is the wavelength?

the lowest part of the wave
the highest part of the wave
the distance between the highest and lowest part of the wave
the time it takes for one wavelength of a wave to pass a particular point
the distance between consecutive wave crests or troughs

the distance between consecutive wave crests or troughs

What is the wave period?

-the distance between the highest and lowest part of the wave

-the time it takes for one wavelength of a wave to pass a particular point
-the highest part of the wave

-the distance between consecutive wave crests or troughs

– the lowest part of the wave

the TIME it takes for one wavelength of a wave to pass a particular point

How are wave period and wavelength related?

Waves with shorter periods have longer wavelengths.
Waves with shorter periods have shorter wavelengths.
Waves with longer periods have shorter wavelengths.

Waves with shorter periods have shorter wavelengths.

Which of the following statements about wave period is most accurate?

Wave period is the inverse of wave frequency.
Wave period is the inverse of wave height.
Wave period is the inverse of wavelength.
Wave period is the inverse of wave amplitude

Wave period is the inverse of wave frequency.

Wave refraction is __________.

also known as an internal wave
another name for a seismic sea wave or tsunami
the overlapping of different wave sets
the bouncing back of wave energy
the bending of waves

the bending of waves

What causes wave refraction?

Offshore sand bars that cause waves to break offshore.
A wave strikes a shallowly submerged underwater object.
The part of a wave in shallow water slows down, causing the wave to bend and line up nearly parallel to the shore.
Water piles up against a beach and then flows offshore against incoming waves.
Winds that blow for a long time offshore create an area where waves are generated.

The part of a wave in shallow water slows down, causing the wave to bend and line up nearly parallel to the shore.

Most of the year, and most of the time, the movement of sediment and water (longshore current) along the California coast is from __________.

North to South

What is an interference pattern?

The wavelength produced when a new wave is created.
The wavelength produced when two or more waves interact.
The wave pattern produced when two or more waves interact.
The wave pattern produced when a new wave is created.

The wave pattern produced when two or more waves interact.

What results when two waves, in phase and with the same wavelength, interact?

A wave with an amplitude that is the sum of the amplitudes of the initial two waves.
A wave with an amplitude that is the multiplication of the amplitudes of the initial two waves.
A wave with an amplitude that is the difference between the amplitudes of the initial two waves.
A wave with an amplitude that is the larger of the amplitudes of the initial two waves.

A wave with an amplitude that is the SUM of the amplitudes of the initial two waves

What does the term "in phase" refer to?

Waves in phase have different wavelengths and are aligned peak-to-peak and trough-to-trough
Waves in phase have identical wavelengths and are aligned peak-to-peak and trough-to-trough
Waves in phase have different wavelengths and are aligned peak-to-trough and trough-to-peak
Waves in phase have identical wavelengths and are aligned peak-to-trough and trough-to-peak

Waves in phase have identical wavelengths and are aligned peak-to-peak and trough-to-trough

When will perfect constructive interference occur for waves that are in phase and moving at the same velocity?

When waves with identical amplitudes interfere.
When waves with short wavelengths interfere.
When waves with identical wavelengths interfere.
When waves with large amplitudes interfere.

When waves with identical wavelengths interfere

When will perfect destructive interference occur?

When two waves that have long wavelength interfere.
When two waves that are in-phase interfere.
When two waves that are 180 degrees out-of-phase interfere.
When two waves that have low amplitude interfere.

When two waves that are 180 degrees out-of-phase interfere.

What occurs more often, pure destructive, pure constructive, or mixed interference?

Mixed interference
Pure destructive interference
Pure constructive interference

Mixed interference

Which of the following are names for large ocean waves that can be created by constructive interference?
Choose all that apply.

Rogue Waves Superwaves Freak waves

Of the following statements about tsunami, which is/are true?

-Tsunami always express themselves at the coast as a single rapid surge of water towards the shore.
-The tsunami warning system uses seismic waves and deep-ocean pressure sensors to detect tsunami.
-Tsunami have a very long wavelength, so they travel at very high speeds (equivalent to the speed of a jet airplane).
-Tsunami are undetectable by ships in the open ocean.
-If you are at a beach and the water suddenly drains out away from shore, it is safe to go explore the newly exposed land.
-At the coast, a tsunami looks like a suddenly occurring high or low tide, which is why they are misnamed "tidal waves."

-The tsunami warning system uses seismic waves and deep-ocean pressure sensors to detect tsunami. -Tsunami have a very long wavelength, so they travel at very high speeds (equivalent to the speed of a jet airplane). -Tsunami are undetectable by ships in the open ocean. -At the coast, a tsunami looks like a suddenly occurring high or low tide, which is why they are misnamed "tidal waves."

What is a tsunami?

a series of water waves that travel away from a fault in all directions at low speed
a series of water waves that travel away from a fault in all directions at high speed
a series of water waves that travel toward a fault in all directions at high speed
a series of water waves that travel toward a fault in all directions at low speed

a series of water waves that travel away from a fault in all directions at high speed

How are tsunamis generated?

through displacement of the seafloor above water
through displacement of the seafloor under water
through creation of the seafloor above water
through creation of the seafloor under water

through displacement of the seafloor under water

Why do ships at sea tend not to notice tsunamis?

Tsunamis in deep water have small wave height and long wavelength.
Tsunamis in deep water have small wave height and short wavelength.
Tsunamis in deep water have large wave height and long wavelength.
Tsunamis in deep water have large wave height and short wavelength.

Tsunamis in deep water have SMALL wave height and LONG wavelength.

Why does the wave height of a tsunami increase as the tsunami enters shallow water?

In shallow water, the wind driving the tsunami must push a larger water column.
In shallow water, the wind driving the tsunami must push a smaller water column.
In shallow water, the energy of the tsunami must be contained within a larger water column.
In shallow water, the energy of the tsunami must be contained within a smaller water column.

In shallow water, the ENERGY of the tsunami must be contained within a SMALLER water column.

What type of plate boundary are most tsunamis associated with?

convergent plate boundaries
transform plate boundaries
divergent plate boundaries

convergent plate boundaries

Which ocean is associated with most tsunamis?

Arctic Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Indian Ocean
Pacific Ocean

Pacific Ocean

Will Sumatra experience another tsunami like the destructive one of December 2004?

This is unlikely, because Sumatra is near many ocean trenches.
This is unlikely, because Sumatra is in the Pacific Ocean.
This is likely, because Sumatra is in the Pacific Ocean.
This is likely, because Sumatra is near many ocean trenches

This is likely, because Sumatra is near many ocean trenches.

Which of the following best describes how scientists help the public prepare for an earthquake event?

-Scientists can predict when earthquakes will happen and alert the public because there are many precursors and signs that an earthquake is about to occur.
-Scientists cannot predict when exactly an earthquake will occur, but they can identify tectonically active areas that are likely to produce earthquake activity and let the public know they are in an earthquake-prone area.
-Scientists have no idea what areas might experience earthquakes in the future, so there is no way to help the public prepare.

-Scientists cannot predict when exactly an earthquake will occur, but they can identify tectonically active areas that are likely to produce earthquake activity and let the public know they are in an earthquake-prone area.

Look at the accompanying map showing the locations of the 15 largest earthquakes in the world since 1900. Imagine an earthquake occurs at location 2 on the map (southern Alaska), which could generate a tsunami. Which of the following statements are most accurate

All locations (except 9) could benefit from an alert that an earthquake occurred at location 2, because they are near the ocean and might experience a resultant tsunami. Most of the people living at location 2 probably are aware that they live in a location where earthquakes are likely.

Look again at the map. An earthquake at which of the following locations could cause a tsunami?

All of the locations except 9 could produce tsunamis, as all are subduction zones involving at least one oceanic plate

The diagram below shows a perspective view of a set of waves moving to the right. Match each letter with the correct feature of a wave.

1. D: Wave height 2. F: Wave base 3. C: Crest 4. B: Still water level 5. E: Trough 6. A: Wavelength

On this image of a storm area, match the correct letter to each of the following items.

1. C: Wave fronts 2. B: Limit of the storm 3. A: Fetch

This diagram illustrates the phenomenon of wave interference (results not shown). Correctly match the letter with each type of interference that would be produced by the overlapping of the sets of waves shown below.

1. A: Destructive interference 2. C: Constructive interference 3. B: Mixed interference

In this perspective view of waves approaching shore, match the correct letter to each of the following items.

1. C: Wavelength decreases in nonbreaking waves 2. D: Depth equals one-half wavelength 3. A: Surf zone 4. B: Waves with constant wavelength 5. E : Velocity decreases and wave height increases until wave breaks

The map below shows global coastal wave energy resources. Using what you’ve learned about ocean waves, match the letters to the correct colors.

1. C: Color that represents a middle value of wave energy 2. B: Color that represents the lowest value of wave energy 3. A: Color that represents the highest value of wave energy

Ocean surface waves are:

orbital waves

Most ocean waves form as a result of:

winds blowing across the ocean surface.

Ripple like clouds in the sky are an example of ________ waves.

atmospheric

Tidal movement, turbidity currents, wind stress, and even passing ships at the surface create ________ waves.

internal
turbidity
tidal
ocean
splash

internal

Sound travels as ________ waves.

longitudinal

Waves at the ocean surface are ________ waves.

orbital

_______ waves also known as side-to-side waves.

Transverse

________ waves also known as push-pull waves.

longitudinal

Ocean waves in motion are classified as ______waves.

orbital

Of the following statements about ocean waves, which is/are true?

Ocean waves can be described by their period, wavelength, and height. Ocean waves can be classified by the way in which they form. Ocean waves can be classified by the depth of water in which they move.

The time between two successive waves is called the __________.
(a) crest
(b) frequency
(c) height
(d) period
(e) trough

period

Wave speed is equal to __________.

(a) wave height divided by frequency
(b) wave height divided by period
(c) wavelength divided by fetch
(d) wavelength divided by frequency
(e) wavelength divided by period

wavelength divided by period

The circular motion of water molecules extends to a depth that is equal to __________.

(a) wave height/wavelength
(b) wave height/wave period
(c) wavelength/wave height
(d) wavelength/2
(e) wavelength/20

wavelength/2

A deep-water wave occurs when the water depth is equal to __________.

(a) the fetch
(b) wave height
(c) wavelength
(d) ½ of wavelength
(e) 1/20 of wavelength

D.1/2 of wavelength

The speed of a deep-water wave is proportional to __________.
(a) water depth
(b) wave frequency
(c) wave height
(d) wave period
(e) wavelength

E. wavelength

The speed of a shallow-water wave is proportional to __________.

(a) water depth
(b) wave frequency
(c) wave height
(d) wave period
(e) wavelength

water depth

The horizontal distance between wave crest to crest is called the ________.

wave frequency
wave period
wavelength
wave height
wave steepness

wavelength

The time it takes one full wave to pass a fixed position is called the ________.

wave frequency
wavelength
wave period
waveform
wave drift

wave period

The number of wave crests passing a fixed location per unit of time is called the ________.

wave period
waveform
wave base
wavelength
wave frequency

wave frequency

The depth below the surface where the circular orbits become so small that movement is negligible is called the ________.

wave height
waveform
wave base
wave frequency
wave period

wave base

What is the speed in meters per second of a deep water wave with a wavelength of 1.5 meters?

1.53 meters per second
0.98 meters per second
2.34 meters per second
2.77 meters per second
7.68 meters per second

1.53 meters per second

What is the speed in meters of a deep water wave w a wavelength of 5 meters

7.8 meters per second
3.49 meters per second
1.79 meters per second
2.8 meters per second
11.45 meters per second

2.8 meters per second

Speed in meters per second of a deep water wave w/ wavelength of 3.5 meters

2.92 meters per second
4.23 meters per second
2.34 meters per second
1.5 meters per second
5.46 meters per second

2.34

Submarines sometimes ride out heavy storms in deep water by submerging. Practical application of utilizing the:

principle of decreasing orbital motion with depth
principle of constant proportions
SOFAR channel for safe navigation
thermohaline stratification
wave refraction in deep water

Principle of decreasing orbital motion with depth

You live on an island in the Pacific. An earthquake of magnitude 8.5 off the coast of Japan, 8000 km away, generates a tsunami with a wavelength of 200 km. The average water depth between your island and Japan is 4900 m. If a tsunami warning is issued for your island, how many hours will you have before the waves arrive?

8.51 hours
7.40 hours
6.87 hours
12.34 hours
10.14 hours

10.14 hours

Of the following statements which one describes wave period

the time it takes for one full wavelength to pass a given point
the inverse of wave frequency
the vertical distance between a wave crest and an adjacent trough
wave height divided by wavelength
the horizontal distance between adjacent wave crests
the number of waves that pass a given point in a certain amount of time

-Time it takes for one full wavelength to pass a given point -inverse of wave frequency

Which one of the following variables is necessary to determine the speed of shallow-water waves?

water depth
period
wavelength
wave height
wave steepness

water depth

Based on graph what’s the approximate speed of a deep water wave w/ wavelength of 400 meters

12 meters per second
25 meters per second
27 meters per second
22 meters per second
18 meters per second

25 meters per second

Based on graph whah is the deep water wave w speed of 15 meters

3.5 seconds
6.7 seconds
10 seconds
13 seconds
16 seconds

10 seconds

Height of wave depends upon

fetch, wind duration, and wind speed.
fetch.
wind duration and wind speed.
fetch and wind speed.
wind duration.

Fetch, wind durations, wind speed

In general the restoring force for wind-generated waves is:

surface tension of water molecules.
wind.
seismic activity.
cohesion of water molecules.
gravity.

gravity

Largest wind generated waves tend to be associated with the

trade winds.
westerlies.
polar regions.
horse latitudes.
equatorial doldrums.

westerlies

Constructive interference results in larger waves whereas destructive interference produces

swells.
smaller waves.
rouge waves.
tsunamis.
capillary waves.

smaller waves

In the open ocean 1 wave in ___ will be over twice the height of the wave average

50,000
23
300,000
1175
75

23

In the open ocean 1 wave in ___ will be 4x height of the wave average

23
75
1175
50,000
300,000

300,000

On average how many supertankers or containerships are reported missing each year without a trace?

5,000
100
10
1,000
500

10

Rogue waves are created along the "Wild Coast" off the southeast coast of ________, where the Agulhas Current flows directly against large Antarctic storm waves.

Australia
Africa
South America
China
Antarctica

Africa

Waves from separate sea areas move away as swell and produce an interference pattern when they come together. If Sea A has wave heights of 1.5 meters and Sea B has wave heights of 3.5 meters, what would be the height of waves resulting from constructive interference?

5.25 meters
6 meters
5 meters
1.5 meters
3.5 meters

5 meters

Waves from separate sea areas move away as swell and produce an interference pattern when they come together. If Sea A has wave heights of 2 meters and Sea B has wave heights of 5 meters, what would be the height of waves resulting from destructive interference?

7 meters
3 meters
15 meters
2 meters
6 meters

3 meters

"Whitecaps" form when _____________________.

water depth is greater than 1/2 the wavelength
waves are reflected off an obstruction
a wave train overtakes another wave train
waves approach the shore at an angle
wave steepness reaches a ratio of 1:7

Wave steepness reaches a ration of 1:7

What disturbing force is responsible for most ocean waves that eventually break on shore?

massive migrations of marine animals rising to the surface
storm-generated winds that blow across the surface
impact of precipitation hitting the surface during strong storms
gravitational attraction of the Moon
tectonic movements generated from inside Earth

Storm-generated winds that blow across the surface

What triggers a wave traveling across the ocean to finally release its energy?

Increases in wind speed push the wave into the surf zone.
Waves continually pick up speed as they rush into the surf zone and break.
Waves get deeper as they progress across the ocean, until they can no longer contain their energy.
The wave begins to interact with the sea floor as it moves into shallower water.
Breaking waves are formed when storm fronts produce wind energy out in the open ocean.

The wave begins to interact with the sea floor as it moves into shallower water.

What causes the three different types of breakers?

the size of the approaching wave
the steepness of the beach slope
the intensity of the wind at the surface
gravity
erosion of the shoreline

The steepness of the beach slope

Which of the following best describe a plunging breaker?

forms on moderately sloped shorelines to create curling crests
occurs on steep slopes and releases all of its energy quickly on the shoreline
releases its energy progressively from one end to the other
releases its energy slowly over a long distance of the sea floor
forms in the deep ocean and releases its energy before reaching the shoreline

Forms on moderately sloped shorelines to create curling crests

What type of breaker would pose the most danger to people playing or swimming in the surf zone?

spilling breakers
plunging breakers
curling breakers
surging breakers
gradual breakers

surging breakers

A wave will begin to break when:

wavelength < wave height.
water depth = wavelength/20.
water depth = wave height.
steepness = 1:7.
distance from shore < wavelength

Steepness= 1:7

As a wave begins to feel bottom near a shoreline, its wave height:

increases and its frequency decreases.
decreases and its wavelength increases.
decreases and its steepness decreases.
increases and its wavelength remains the same.
increases and its wavelength decreases

Increases and its wavelength decreases

Waves that are breaking along the shore and are forming curling crests over air pockets are called:

spilling breakers.
surf.
plunging breakers.
swells.
gravity waves.

Plunging breakers

Waves converge on headlands due to:

constructive interference.
wave diffraction.
wave reflection.
destructive interference.
wave refraction.

Wave refraction

If a surfer wishes to have a really long ride, what type of wave should he or she look for?

surf
swells
spilling breakers
gravity waves
plunging breakers

spilling breakers

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.

Swell
Spilling breaker
Plunging breaker
Surf
Surging breaker

Swell

Which type of breaker is a turbulent mass of air and water that runs down the front slope of the wave as it breaks?

Plunging breaker
Spilling breaker
Standing breaker
Surging breaker
Swelling breaker

Spilling breaker

Which type of breaker has a curling crest that moves over an air pocket?

Plunging breaker
Spilling breaker
Standing breaker
Surging breaker
Swelling breaker

Plunging breaker

Which type of breaker forms when the waves build up and break right at the shoreline?

Plunging breaker
Spilling breaker
Standing breaker
Surging breaker
Swelling breaker

Surging breakers

Which type of breaker forms waves the present the greatest challenge to body surfers?

Plunging breaker
Spilling breaker
Standing breaker
Surging breaker
Swelling breaker

surging breaker

Refraction causes headlands to be areas of ________ surfing and sites of _________.

good; deposition
poor; erosion
poor; deposition
good; erosion

good; erosion

An unintended consequence of the jetty that protects the harbor entrance at Newport Harbor, California is a wave pattern that has crippled and killed many body surfers due to ________.
wave reflection

destructive interference
wave reflection
standing waves
wave refraction
tsunami

wave reflection

As a wave approaches shore, its characteristics change by ________.

increasing speed, decreasing steepness
decreasing speed, steepness is unchanged
decreasing speed, decreasing steepness
increasing speed, increasing steepness
decreasing speed, increasing steepness

Decreasing speed, increasing steepness

Of the following bathymetric conditions, which one(s) would likely produce spilling breakers? Choose all that apply.

a steeply sloping, sandy bottom
a gently sloping, sandy bottom
deep water adjacent to an abrupt shallow coral reef
a steeply sloping, rocky bottom
a gently sloping, rocky bottom

-A gently sloping, sandy bottom -A gently sloping, rocky bottom

During a visit to the beach, you get in a small rubber raft and paddle out beyond the surf zone. You become tired, so you stop and take a rest. Describe the movement of your raft beyond the surf zone.

-The raft moves in a circle, and it returns to essentially the same place -The raft’s net movement is not toward the shore compared to the surf zone

Wave action creates and changes beaches drastically. The image below shows the movement of water and sand along a beach.

Two top: Path of sand, beach drift & net movement of sand grains Left to right: incoming wave direction upstream direction longshore drift

While you are playing Frisbee in the surf zone with another person, your friend watches while sitting on the beach nearby. After a while, you look up at the beach and realize you are no longer directly in front of your friend, who remained stationary on the beach all the while—you are still in the surf zone, but 30 to 40 yards from where you started. What is the correct reason for this movement?

Waves were coming at the shore at an angle. The longshore current moved downstream to that angle and pushed you in that direction.

The majority of tsunami are caused by underwater ________.

fault movement
avalanches
meteorite impacts
volcanic eruptions
turbidity currents

Fault movement

28) A tsunami is considered to be a ________.

A) reflected wave
B) shallow water wave
C) capillary wave
D) deep-water wave
E) refracted wave

shallow water wave

Which of the following is the least frequent cause of a tsunami in recent centuries?

Landslides
Meteorite impacts
Volcanic eruptions
Fault movement

meteorite impacts

A vast majority of all large tsunami are generated in the ________ Ocean.

Indian
Southern
Antarctic
Pacific
Atlantic

Pacific

Which of the following caused the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004?

Fault movement
Landslide
Meteorite impact
Volcanic eruption

fault movement

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Transform faults do not generally generate tsunami BECAUSE the side-to-side movement of these faults does not change the volume of the ocean basin.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.
The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.
The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.
Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Many people call tsunami "tidal waves" BECAUSE they are related to the tides.

The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

A disadvantage shared by wave, solar and wind energy is that

governments are unwilling to subsidize renewable forms of energy
the energy tends to be concentrated in areas of high latitude and is not readily available to tropical countries
the power produced must be transmitted long distances from where it is produced to where it is consumed
installations must be protected from the very energy that they collect
it is not available on demand, and there currently is no viable way to store the energy

it is not available on demand, and there currently is no viable way to store the energy

Conditions for the development of wave energy are most optimal along ________ shores in the ________ Hemisphere.

eastern; Northern
eastern; Southern
western; Southern
western; Northern

western; Southern