Mastering Biology Ch. 7

Function of the nucleolus (MB)

assembles ribosomes

Function of the rough ER (MB)

produces secretory proteins

Function of the Golgi Apparatus (MB)

modifies and sorts proteins

Function of the Mitochondria (MB)

generates ATP

Function of the Smooth ER (MB)

synthesizes lipids

nucleoid are found in pro, euk, or both?

pro

nucleolus are found in pro, euk, or both?

euk

mitochondria are found in pro, euk, or both?

euk

lysosomes are found in pro, euk, or both?

euk

plasma membranes are found in pro, euk, or both?

both

ribosomes are found in pro, euk, or both?

both

flagella are found in pro, euk, or both?

both

In Eukaryotic flagella, the fibers that slide past one anotherdue to the activity of dynein protiens are…

microtubules

Many cell organelles, most notably the nucleus are anchored by (…………) which are assembled from a diverse class of proteins.

intermediate fillaments

Centrosomes are sites where protein dimers assemble into …..

microtubules

The extension of pseudopodia in amoeba is due to the regulates assembly and destruction of….

microfilaments

The only cytoskeletal fibers not associated with intracellular movement or whole cell locomotion are the…

intermediate filaments

During muscle contractions, myosin motor proteins move across tracks of…..

microfilaments

function of microfilaments (MB)

responsible for cell locomotion and the cell’s structural characteristics

function of microtubules

serve as intracellular highways for transporting vesicles and organelles; required for cellular locomotion via flagella and cilia

function and structure of Intermediate filaments

rope-like structure anchor organelles and intercellular junctions called desmosomes. specialized for bearing tension

what organelle is found extensively in the pancreas (produces insulin)

rough ER

which organelle is extensive in muscle cells

mitochondria

Which organelle plays a role in intracellular digestion?

lysosome

What happens in lateral diffusion in the cell membrane?

membrane lipids and proteins move sideways in the bilayer

The most common pattern of membrane traffic is?

movement of newly synthesized proteins from rough ER

proteins from rough ER can go where?

secred outside the cell; to create lysosomes; to replace proteins in the plasma membrane

Examples of secretory proteins

collagen, insulin, and digestive enzymes of the stomach and intestine

Proteins destined for secretion are made on

ribosomes bound to the rough ER

ribosomes deposit their contents in organelles and outside the cell through

membrane fusion

when proteins move from the ER to the Golgi, the Golgi…

detects chemical tags proteins, alters their structure, releases them in other vesicles targeted for different destination

secretory proteins are created in the

ER

proteins destined for lysosomes are made on

ribosomes bound to the rough ER

When a lysosomal protein-containing vesicle buds from the Golgi apparatus, it is a

lysome

the golgi sythesize

lysosomes and lipids

lipid sythesis occurs in the

smooth er

Calcium ions are stored in the

smooth er

poison detoxification occurs in the

smooth er

protein sythesis occurs in the

Rough ER

protein modification and sorting occurs in the

golgi

cisternal maturation occurs in the

golgi

macromolecule digestion occurs in the

lysosome

autophagy is done by

lysosome

define autophagy

The process of self-digestion by a cell through the action of enzymes originating within the same cel

the engulfing of microorganisms or other cells and foreign particles by phagocytes

phagocytosis

Lysosomes help in the hydrolysis of macromolecules for example:

phagocytosis and autophagy

Proteins that function in the nucleus, such as DNA polymerase, are synthesized by

free ribosomes in the cytoplasm

free ribosomes create proteins that function in the cytoplasm or in environments that are in direct contact with the cytoplasm

This includes the nucleus which is considered to be in contact with the cytoplasm

bound ribosomes make proteins destined for locations separated from the cytoplasm by a cellular membrane

they will ultimately reside in or pass through the endomembrane system

Bound (free) ribosomes synthesize which three proteins?

ER protein, insulin, lysosomal enzyme

ribosomes bound to the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum synthesize which 3 proteins?

DNA polymerase, ribosomal protein, actin

steps of the secretory path

ER, cis golgi, medial golgi, trans golgi, cell membrane

what does the pulse chase experiemnt allow scientists to do?

track the movement of proteins through the endomembrane system

identify the pulse phase

Cells are exposed to a high concentration of a radioactively labeled amino acid for a short period to tag proteins that are being synthesized.

identify the chase phase

Any unincorporated radioactively labeled amino acids are washed away and large amounts of the same, but unlabeled, amino acid are added

centrioles are only found in

euk. animal cells

cell walls, chloroplasts, and vacuoles are only found in

euk. plant cells

cells walls are only in plant cells and are made of

cellulose fibrils

makes sugar by converting light energy into chemical energy

chloroplast

what regulates cytoplasm composition, creates internal pressure, stores cell compounds

vacuole

the inner membrane of mitochondria have infoldings called what

cristae

membraneous sacs in chloroplasts are called

thykaloids

thykaloids are surrounded by fluid called

stroma

its matrix contains enzymes that function in cellular respiration

mitochondria

thykaloids stack to form

granum

endo and exo cytosis are both forms of what kind of transport

active

endo and exo cytosis both require

cellular energy

in endo and exo cytosis,

transported substances never physically cross the plasma membrane

what happens to the SA of a cells plasma membrane when endocytosis occurs

it decreases

what happens to the SA of a cells plasma membrane when exocytosis occurs

it increases

which requires fusion with the plasma membrane endo or exo?

exo

what does an NLS do?

Nuclear Localization Signal: allows things in/out the nucleus

what is the double membrane that encloses the nucleus called?

nuclear envelope

Chromatin is composed of

DNA and protein.

the material chromosomes of euk. organisms are made of

chromatin

Ribosomes are manufactured by the

nucleolus

what manufactures cellular membranes by adding membrane proteins and phospholipids to its own membrane

RER: As membrane proteins grow from ribosomes on rough ER, the proteins are embedded into the rough ER membrane.

Where is calcium stored?

smooth ER

what other than store calcium does the smooth er do?

detoxification and lipid synthesis

what are hollow rods that shape and support the cell

microtubules

define centriole

A minute cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division

Basal bodies and centrioles have

identical structures

define basal bodies

An organelle that forms the base of a flagellum or cilium and that is similar to a centriole in structure and function

Peroxisomes produce WHAT as a by-product of their metabolic processes.

hydrogen peroxide

WHAT are a component of the cytoskeleton.

microfilaments

what provides the cell with structural support?

cytoskeleton: made of microfilaments

One of a family of compounds, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that are insoluble in water.

lipid

A three-dimensional biological polymer constructed from a set of 20 different monomers called amino acids.

protein

A protein that binds selectively to a specific molecule (such as an intercellular mediator or antigen) and initiates a biological response.

receptor

The collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles.

endomembrane system

A membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.

lysome

The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, thereby regulating the cell’s chemical composition.

plasma membrane

One of several formed bodies with specialized functions, suspended in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.

organelle

An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum.

golgi aparatus

A tiny membranous sac in a cell�s cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell.

transport vesicle

enzyme

A protein serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.

secretion

moved out of cell

Proteins destined for secretion are made on ribosomes

bound to the ER

secretory protein examples

collagen, insulin, and digestive enzymes of the stomach and intestine

proteins destined for lysosomes are made

on ribosomes on the ER