Mastering Biology Ch. 12-16

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Nuclei are present during _______

interphase

Cytokinesis one, but not always, accompanies _______

telophase

chromosomes become visible during ______

prophase

centrosomes divide and sister chromatids become full-fledged chromosomes during ______

anaphase

spindle fibers attach to kinetochores during _____

pro metaphase

during prophase a homologous pair of chromosomes consists of _____

two chromosomes and four chromatids

in some organisms, cells undergo the cell cycle repeatedly without subsequently undergoing cytokinesis. what would result from this?

large cells containing many nuclei

cytochalasin B is a chemical that disrupts microfilament formation. how would this interfere with cell division?

cleavage

a human bone marrow cell, in prophase of mitosis, contains 46 chromosomes. how many chromatids does it contain?

92

why is it difficult to observe individual chromosomes with a light microscope during interphase?

they have uncoiled to form long, thin strands

eukaryotic chromosomes are composed of which of the following macromolecules?

DNA and proteins

which of the following is true of kinetochores?

they are at sites which microtubules attach to chromosomes

which of the following events occurs during interphase of the cell cycle?

replication of the DNA

a cleavage furrow is ______

a groove in the plasma membrane between daughter nuclei

which of these phases encompass all of the stages of mitosis but no other events?

mitosis

during ______ both the contents of the nucleus and the cytoplasm are divided

the mitotic phase

during ______ the cell grows and replicates both organelles and its chromosomes

interphase

which of the following statements are true of cytokinesis in plant cells?

the cell plate consists of the plasma membrane and cell wall that will eventually separate the two daughter cells; vesicles from the Golgi apparatus move along microtubules, coalesce at the plane of cell division, and form a cell plate

DNA replication produces two identical DNA molecules, called _______ which separate during mitosis

sister chromatids

after chromosomes condense, the _______ is the region where the identical DNA molecules are most tightly attached to each other

centromere

during mitosis, microtubules attach to chromosomes at the _______

kinetochores

in dividing cells, most of the cell’s growth occurs during _______

interphase

the _______ is a cell structure that consists of microtubules, which forms during early mitosis and plays a role in cell division

mitotic spindles

during interphase, most of the nucleus is filled with a complex of DNA and protein in a dispersed form called _______

chromatin

in most eukaryotes, division of the nucleus is followed by _______ when the rest go the cell divides

cytokinesis

the _______ are the organizing centers for microtubules involved in separating chromosomes during mitosis

centrosomes

non-dividing cells exit the cell cycle

G1 phase

at this point, the cell commits to go through the cell cycle

G1 checkpoint

DNA replicates

S phase

centrosome replicates

G2 phase

mitotic spindle begins to form

M phase

cell divides, forming two daughter cells

M checkpoint

scientists isolate a group of cells with 1 1/2 times more DNA than the G1 phase cells. what is the most likely part of the cell cycle from which these cells were isolated?

the S phase

in the cells of many eukaryotic species, the nuclear envelope has to disappear to permit which of the following events in the cell cycle?

attachment of microtubules to kinetochores

metaphase is characterized by _______

alignment of chromosomes on the equator of the cell

how is plant cell cytokinesis different from animal cell cytokinesis?

plant cells deposit vesicles containing cell wall building blocks on the metaphase plate; animal cells form a cleavage furrow

Taxol is a drug that prevents microtubule depolymerization. thus, Taxol stops mitosis by interfering with which of the following structures or processes?

the mitotic spindle

movement of the chromosomes during anaphase would be most affected by a drug that prevents which of the following events in mitosis and cell division?

shortening of microtubules

measured DNA levels ranged from 3 to 6 picograms per nucleus. in which stage of the cell cycle did the nucleus contain 6 pg of DNA?

G2 phase

during which phase of mitosis do the chromatids become chromosomes?

anaphase

if the cell whose nuclear material is lined up int he middle of the ell continues toward completion of mitosis, which of the following events would occur next?

formation of telophase nuclei

which if the following events occurs during interphase of the cell cycle?

replication of the DNA

what is true of all cancers?

they have escaped normal cell cycle controls

how do cancer cells differ rom normal cells?

cancer cells may be immortal

the drug Cytochalasin B blocks the function of actin. which of the following aspects of the animal cell cycle would be most disrupted by cytochalasin B?

cleavage furrow formation and cytokinesis

which of the following does NOT occur in mitosis

replication of the DNA

in which phase are homologous chromosomes aligned at the equator of the spindle?

metaphase I

what is crossing over?

the exchange of homologous portions of non sister chromatids

which of the following occurs during meiosis but not during mitosis?

synapsis occurs

in a human karyotype, chromosomes are arranged in 23 pairs. if we choose one of these pairs, such as pair 14, which of the following do the two chromosomes of the pair have in common?

length, centromere position, staining patter, and traits coded for by their genes

asexual reproduction ______

produces offspring genetically identical to the parent

meiosis I produces ______ cells, each of which is ______

two…..haploid

meiosis II typically produces ______ cells, each of which is ______

four…..haploid

during ______ sister chromatids separate

anaphase II

at the end of ______ and cytokinesis, haploid cells contain chromosomes that each consist of two sister chromatids

telophase I

synapsis occurs during ______

prophase I

homologous chromosomes migrate to opposite poles during ______

anaphase I

during ______ chromosomes align single file along the equator of a haploid cell

metaphase II

at the end of ______ and cytokinesis, there are 4 haploid cells

telophase II

during ______ a spindle forms in a haploid cell

prophase II

which of the following statements defines a genome?

the complete set of an organisms genes and other DNA sequences

asexual reproduction occurs during which of the following processes?

mitosis

which of the following is correct in comparing sexual and asexual reproduction?

in sexual reproduction, individuals transmit half of their nuclear genes to each of their offspring

which of the following characteristics do homologous chromosomes exhibit?

they carry information for the same traits

which of the following describes the chromosomal makeup of each daughter cell after telophase of meiosis I?

the cells are haploid, and each chromosome us composed of 2 chromatids

how do cells as the completion of meiosis compare with cells that are in prophase of meiosis I?

the cells have half the number of chromosomes and 1/4 the amount of DNA

during which of the following processes do sister chromatids separate from each other?

during both meiosis II and mitosis

which of the following processes occur during meiosis but not mitosis?

diploid cells form haploid cells

during which of the following phases of meiosis do homologous chromosomes separate?

anaphase I

which of the following statements describes a major difference between meiosis II and mitosis in a diploid animal?

meiosis II occurs in a haploid cell, while mitosis occurs in a diploid cell

which of the following describes a major difference between mitosis and meiosis I in a diploid organism

sister chromatids separate in mitosis, while homologous pairs of chromosomes separate in meiosis I

which of the following describes one characteristic of each chromosome in a cell during the entire process of meiosis I?

each chromosome consists of 2 sister chromatids joined by a centromere

crossing over of chromosomes normally takes place during which of the following processes

meiosis I

during which of the following processes do homologous pairs of chromosomes align adjacent to one another at the metaphase plate of a cell

metaphase I of meiosis

during which of the following phases of meiosis do centromeres split and sister chromatids migrate to opposite poles of the cell

anaphase II

during which of the following processes does independent assortment of chromosomes occur?

in meiosis I only

which of the following processes occurs when homologous chromosomes cross over in meiosis I?

corresponding segments of non-sister chromatids are exchanged

homologous chromosomes are aligned at the equator of the spindle at ______

metaphase I

if crossing over did NOT occur, which of the following about meiosis would be true?

there would be less genetic variation among gametes

what is the best evidence telling you whether this cell is diploid or haploid?

the cell is diploid because it contains two sets of chromosomes

how are sister chromatids and homologous chromosomes different from each other?

homologous chromosomes contain the same gene loci but may have different alleles of a particular gene. sister chromatids are identical copies of each other

which statement correctly describes how cellular DNA content and ploidy levels change during meiosis I and meiosis II?

DNA content is halved in both meiosis I and meiosis II. ploidy level changes from diploid to haploid in meiosis I, and remains haploid in meiosis II

which of the following statements is true of a species that has a chromosome number 2n=16?

each diploid cell has 8 homologous pairs of chromosomes

which of the following characteristics do homologous chromosomes exhibit?

they carry information for the same traits

which of the following events happens at the conclusion of meiosis I?

homologous chromosomes of a pair are separated from each other

which of the following processes occurs in meiosis but not mitosis?

synapsis of chromosomes

which of the following describes a major different between meiosis II and mitosis in a diploid animal?

meiosis II occurs in a haploid cell, while mitosis occurs in diploid cells

independent assortment of chromosomes is a result of which of the following processes?

the random way each pair of homologous chromosomes lines up at the metaphase plate during meiosis I

how does natural selection apply to sexual reproduction as opposed to asexual reproduction

sexual reproduction results in many new gene combinations, some of which will lead to different reproduction

which of the following statements describes a major difference between mitosis and meiosis I in a diploid organism?

sister chromatids separate in mitosis, while homologous pairs of chromosomes separate in meiosis I

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