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The fundamental excitable cell in the nervous system is the _____. |
neuron |
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The central canal of the spinal cord and the ventricles of the human brain contain a filtrate of the blood, called _____. |
cerebrospinal fluid |
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As vertebrates evolved, the increasingly complex structure of the brain conferred increasingly complex function, especially apparent in the _____. |
cerebral cortex, which is greatly expanded in nonhuman primates and cetaceans |
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Dolphins can be awake and asleep at the same time because _____. |
one side of the brain can sleep while the other side maintains swimming and breathing behaviors |
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Emotion, motivation, olfaction, behavior, and memory, in humans, are mediated by the _____. |
limbic system |
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Motor cortex and somatosensory cortex are _____. |
organized in similar manner adjacent to each other, and are anatomically similar from one person to the next |
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In adult humans, short-term memory relies on connections in the _____ whereas long-term memories appear to be based in the _____. |
hippocampus … cerebral cortex |
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Addiction onset by cocaine and amphetamines is characterized by increased _____. |
persistence of dopamine in the brain’s synapses |
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Parkinsonism is characterized by the loss of _____. |
dopaminergic neurons |
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The knee-jerk reflex has sensory neurons arising in the _____, interneurons in the _____, and efferent neurons that stimulate contraction in the _____. |
quadriceps muscle … spinal cord … hamstring muscle |
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What is the likelihood of a person developing schizophrenia if the disorder affects his or her fraternal twin? |
17 |
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How would the likelihood change if DNA sequencing revealed that the fraternal twins shared the genetic variants that contribute to the disorder? |
It would increase to 48%. |
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An organism that lacks integration centers _____. |
will not be able to interpret stimuli |
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The stretch sensors of the sensory neurons in the human knee-jerk reflex are located in the _____. |
quadriceps muscles on the front side of the thighs |
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The cerebrospinal fluid is _____. |
a filtrate of the blood |
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Myelinated neurons are especially abundant in the _____. |
white matter in the brain and the white matter in the spinal cord |
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Increased activity in the sympathetic nervous system leads to _____. |
relaxation of the airways in the lungs |
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The central nervous system is lacking in animals that have _____. |
radial symmetry |
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Short-term and long-term memory are related but have important differences. Short-term memory _____. |
is essential for acquiring new long-term memories but not for maintaining them |
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The cerebral cortex plays a major role in all of the following except |
circadian rhythm. |
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A thermosensory neuron in the skin converts heat energy to nerve impulses via a conversion called _____. |
sensory transduction |
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Sensory adaptation is apparent when _____. |
a person is no longer aware of a heavy necklace that was put on earlier in the day |
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The eleven pairs of appendages projecting from the rostral area of star-nosed moles are _____. |
tactile structures |
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Sensory transduction in the auditory system is much like transduction of _____. |
mechanosensory stimuli |
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The middle ear converts _____. |
air pressure waves to fluid pressure waves |
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The _____ is the region of the eye where photoreceptors are most highly concentrated. |
fovea |
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What name is given to the tough layer that forms the "white" of the eye? |
sclera |
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The _____ changes shape to focus light on the retina. |
lens |
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What name is given to the opening that allows light into the interior of the eye? |
pupil |
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Which part of the eye is the opening through which light initially passes? |
pupil |
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Which of the following statements does not describe a vertebrate eye? |
It contains many light-sensing columns called ommatidia. |
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True or false? The "blind spot" in vertebrate eyes is a region of the retina that contains no photoreceptors. |
true |
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Which part of the eye contains the densest concentration of cone cells? |
fovea |
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Which part of the eye bends light to focus it on the retina? |
lens |
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Which of the following statements about photoreception is true? |
The retinal molecule changes shape when it absorbs light. |
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True or false? Cone cells are color photoreceptors that use different retinal molecules to absorb different wavelengths of light. |
false |
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