The arousal, direction and persistence of behavior refers to motivation. |
True |
Employee motivation affects productivity, and part of a manager’s job is to channel motivation toward |
True |
Two ways to classify rewards are extrinsic and monetary. |
False |
Rewards given by another person are intrinsic rewards. |
False |
Extrinsic rewards refers to the satisfaction a person receives in the process of performing a particular |
False |
Process theories emphasize the needs that motivate people. |
False |
Three categories of motivation theories are content theories, process theories, and reinforcement |
False |
Content theories concern the thought processes that influence behavior. |
False |
Physiological needs are the most basic human physical needs, which are reflected in the workplace as needs for adequate heat, air, and base salary to ensure survival. |
True |
In Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory, food, water, and freedom from violence are examples of |
False |
Esteem needs are those needs that relate to the desire for a positive self-image and to receive attention, |
True |
The highest level of need in Maslow’s hierarchy of need theory is the need for growth and selfexpression. |
False |
External and relatedness are the first two groups of needs in Aldefer’s ERG theory. |
False |
Many companies are finding that creating a humane work environment that allows people to achieve a |
True |
The idea that failure to meet a high-order need may cause a regression to an already satisfied lowerorder |
False |
Herzberg’s two-factor theory divides work-related needs into two categories: hygiene factors and |
False |
Factors that influence job satisfaction based on fulfillment of high-level needs such as achievement, recognition, and opportunity for growth are called motivators. |
True |
Hygiene factors are the same as dissatisfiers and include company policies and procedures. |
True |
Hygiene factors are the same as satisfiers and are based on fulfillment of higher level needs including |
False |
The implication of the two-factor theory for managers is clear. Providing hygiene factors will eliminate employee dissatisfaction but will not motivate workers to high achievement levels. |
True |
A need for power, a need for accomplishment and a need for superior power is proposed by David |
False |
A high need for power often is associated with successful attainment of top levels in the organizational |
True |
A need for affiliation is the desire to accomplish something difficult, attain a high standard of success, |
False |
The group of theories that explain how employees meet their needs and determine their success are |
True |
The equality theory is a process theory that focuses on individuals’ perception of how fairly they are |
False |
Goal-setting theory proposes that managers can increase motivation by setting specific, challenging |
True |
Goal specificity, in goal-setting theory, refers to the difficulty level of goals. |
False |
The equity theory focuses on individual’s perceptions of how fairly they are treated relative to others. |
True |
The equity theory, by J. Stacy Adams, states that equity exists when the ratio of outcomes to inputs for |
True |
Expectancy theory is based on the relationship among the individual’s effort and performance and not |
False |
Goal acceptance, in goal-setting theory, means that employees have to "buy into" the goals and be |
True |
Motivation increases, according to the expectancy theory, when the worker believes that the successful |
True |
According to expectancy theory, for an employee to be highly motivated, E-P expectancy and valence |
True |
Valence is the perceived value of a reward or outcome. |
True |
The expectancy theory attempts to define specific types of needs or rewards to establish that they exist |
False |
Behavior that is positively reinforced tends to be repeated, and behavior that is not reinforced tends not |
True |
The expectancy theory is a motivation theory based on the relationship between a given behavior and |
False |
The administration of a pleasant and rewarding consequence following a desired behavior is positive |
True |
The imposition of unpleasant outcomes on an employee is avoidance learning. |
False |
Punishment increases the likelihood that behavior will be repeated. |
False |
Punishment is the imposition of an unpleasant outcome following undesirable behavior. |
True |
Extinction is defined as the withdrawal of positive reward. |
True |
Job rotation systematically moves employees from one job to another, thereby increasing the number |
True |
According to MANAGER’S SHOPTALK in Chapter 16, a criticism of carrot-and-stick approaches is |
False |
Job enlargement is a job design that incorporates achievement, recognition, and other high-level |
False |
Job enlargement combines a series of tasks into one new, broader job. |
True |
The degree to which the job is perceived as important and having an impact on the company or |
True |
The job characteristic of autonomy influences the worker’s experiencing meaningfulness of work. |
False |
The altering of jobs to increase both the quality of employees’ work experience and their productivity |
False |
Skill variety, task identity, and task significance tend to influence the employee’s psychological state |
True |
A recent study indicates that the link between intrinsic characteristics and job motivation and satisfaction is stronger in economically disadvantaged countries and high power distance countries. |
False |
Gain sharing rewards employees with part ownership of the organization based on achieving |
False |
Empowering employees means giving them four elements that enable them to act more freely to |
True |
Organizations that empower employees often reward them based on the results shown in the |
True |
Employee engagement means that people enjoy their jobs and are satisfied with their work conditions, |
True |
Engaged employees are controlled and coerced in the workplace until they grow into contributable |
False |
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory proposes that people are motivated by multiple needs and that |
True |
Freedom from violence in the workplace is an example of physiological needs on the hierarchy of |
False |
Because the ERG model proposes that workers cannot revert back to lower-level needs from time to |
False |
The acquired needs theory proposes that certain types of needs are acquired during the individual’s |
True |
Research suggests that if people artificially increase the status attached to their jobs, they are still |
False |
The implication of equity theory for managers is that employees indeed evaluate the perceived equity |
True |
Expectancy theory is concerned not with the thinking process that individuals use to achieve rewards |
False |
One weakness of the use of punishment in organizations is that it fails to indicate the correct behavior. |
True |
Experiential learning theory proposes that an individual’s motivation can result not just from direct |
True |
Self-reinforcement refers to an individual motivating him or herself by setting goals and ways of |
True |
Self-control is an individual’s belief about his or her abilities to successfully accomplish a specific task |
False |
Job enrichment is the application of motivational theories to the design of jobs for improving |
True |
The greater the level of skill variety, task variety, and autonomy in a job, the more employees will be |
True |
Employee stock ownership plans give employees part ownership of the organization, enabling them to |
True |
Employee empowerment means that people enjoy their jobs and are satisfied with their work |
False |
Which of the following is the arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior? |
Motivation |
____ refers to a reward given by another person. |
An extrinsic reward |
Katie dislikes almost everything about her job. The only reason she continues to work at Mace Autobody is the excellent benefits package she receives. Katie is motivated by |
Extrinsic reward |
____ is an example of an intrinsic reward. |
An employee’s feelings of self-worth |
Which of the following theories emphasize the needs that motivate people? |
Content |
Which of the following is a content theory that proposes that people are motivated by physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization needs? |
Hierarchy of needs theory |
____ focus on employee learning of desired work behaviors. |
Reinforcement theories |
Which of the following is NOT a need proposed by Maslow in his hierarchy of needs theory? |
Compensation needs |
Nelson is motivated by a strong need for recognition and is continually seeking credit for his contributions to the organization. According to Maslow, Neil is motivated by which category of needs? |
Esteem |
____ describe the most basic human physical needs, including food, water and oxygen. |
Physiological Needs |
Which need describes the desire to be accepted by one’s peer, have friendships, be part of a group, and be loved? |
Belongingness needs |
According to Maslow, the highest order needs are |
Self-actualizatoin needs |
Alderfer referred to the needs for physical well being as ____ needs. |
Existence |
Frank is primarily driven by a need to establish close social relationships with other people. Alderfer would say he is motivated by |
Relatedness needs |
The frustration-regression principle is most closely related with |
Alderfer |
According to Herzberg, ____ is an example of a hygiene factor. |
Pay |
Which of the following are high-level needs, according to Herzberg, and include achievement, recognition, responsibility, and opportunity for growth? |
Motivators |
____ have the greatest impact, according to Herzberg, on job satisfaction. |
Motivators |
The majority of hourly workers at Formatting Unlimited are neither satisfied nor dissatisfied. What would Herzberg recommend if your goal were to increase their level of satisfaction? |
Increase the level of motivators |
The desire to form close personal relationships, avoid conflict, and establish warm friendships, describes |
A need for affiliation. |
A high need for ____ is associated with successful attainment of top levels in the organizational hierarchy, according to McClelland. |
Power |
Denise has a desire to influence others, be responsible for them, and have authority over them. It can be described as her |
Need for power |
Alden is a recent college graduate. He is unsure about his future. A counselor in his universety’s career resources office recently told Alden that he had a high need for achievement. Based on this, what type of career should Alden pursue? |
He should think about starting his own business |
Which of the following theories concern the thought processes that influence behavior? |
Process |
Theories that explain how employees select the behaviors that allow them to meet their needs are known as |
Process theories |
In goal-setting theory, ____ refers to the degree to which goals are concrete and unambiguous. |
Goal specificity |
Which term, in goal-setting theory, refers to the need to make goals highly ambitious but achievable? |
Goal difficulty |
Which of the following is an example of a process theory of motivation? |
Equity theory |
____ theory deals with employee’s perception of fairness. |
Equity |
In goal-setting theory, ____ refers to the idea that employees have to "buy into" the goals. |
Goal acceptance |
In goal-setting theory, which term refers to the need to get information to people about how well they are doing in progressing toward goal achievement? |
Feedback |
Kara and Simon are both middle managers at Gotcha International. Kara is dissatisfied because she knows that Simon makes more in salary even though, in Kara’s opinion, she works longer hours than he does. If Kara wishes to reduce this perceived inequity, what should she do? |
All of these |
Which of the following is NOT a common method for reducing a perceived inequity? |
Change equity |
Which of the following is based on the relationships between effort, performance, and outcomes? |
Expectancy theory |
The ____ involves whether putting effort into a task will lead to high performance. |
E -> P expectancy |
Tim is a manager at Chuck’s Construction. He sees little opportunity for advancement at Chuck’s Construction, regardless of how well he performs. Which of the following expectancies is low for Tim? |
P -> O expectancy |
Which of the following describes the value or attraction an individual has for an outcome? |
Valence |
Abbi works at Railroad Ties. Her bosses continually indicate that her motivational level is low. Abbi agrees, but is unwilling to work harder until the company changes the types of reward it offers its employees. Which of the following is low for Abbi? |
Valence |
Which of the following theories places an emphasis on behavior and its consequences? |
Reinforcement theory |
Which of the following is the administration of a pleasant and rewarding consequence following a desired behavior? |
Positive reinforcement |
Bruce publicly praises his employees when they have achieved their goals. Bruce hopes this will increase the likelihood of goal achievement in the future. This is an example of |
Positive reinforcement |
The removal of an unpleasant consequence following a desired behavior is referred to as |
Avoidance learning |
Which of these is sometimes called negative reinforcement? |
Avoidance learning |
____ is the imposition of unpleasant outcomes on an employee. |
Punishment |
Which of these refers to the withdrawal of a positive reward, meaning that behavior is no longer reinforced and hence is less likely to occur in the future? |
Extinction |
Which of the following techniques reduces the likelihood that behavior will be repeated? |
Extinction |
One of your fellow students is continually late to class. The professor has tried numerous verbal warnings and recently took points away from the student’s grade. Based on the above, the professor’s actions are consistent with which of the following reinforcement techniques? |
Punishment |
One of your fellow team members at work is continually disrupting the team’s work with jokes and general horseplay. You hope that by ignoring him he will stop this senseless behavior. You are attempting to use which reinforcement tool? |
Extinction |
Which of the following is the application of motivational theories to the structure of work for improving productivity and satisfaction? |
Job design |
While job ____ can lead to greater task efficiencies, it has failed as a motivational technique. |
Simplification |
Larry is looking for ways to increase the number of different tasks that an employee performs without increasing task complexity. He should try |
Joh rotation |
____ systematically moves employees from one job to another, thereby increasing the number of different tasks an employee performs without increasing the complexity of any one job. |
Job rotation |
Which of these combines a number of tasks horizontally into one, new broader job? |
None of these |
Which of the following combines a series of tasks into one new, broader job? |
Job enlargement |
A job design that incorporates achievement, recognition, and other high-level motivators into the work is referred to as |
Job enrichment |
Karen is a first line supervisor at Wolfs, Inc. She wishes to increase her employee’s opportunities for growth and learning. Which of the following techniques should she use? |
Job enrichment |
____ is an important part of the job characteristics model. |
Critical psychological states |
The core dimension of Hackman and Oldham’s model of job characteristics that is based on the number of diverse activities that make up a job is known as |
Skill variety |
Which of the following refers to the degree to which an employee performs a total job with a recognizable beginning and ending? |
Task identity |
The degree to which the job is perceived as important and having impact on the company or customers is referred to as |
Task significance |
____ influences the critical psychological state of experienced meaningfulness of work. |
All of these |
Daisy tried to apply the job characteristics model to her workforce, but it only worked for some of her |
Some of her employees are low in growth- need strength |
____ is the extent to which doing the job provides information back to the employee about his or her performance. |
Feedback |
The job characteristic of feedback provides the worker with |
Knowledge of actual results |
The delegation of power and authority to subordinates is referred to as |
Empowerment |
Empowering employees means giving employees |
All of these |
On the continuum of empowerment, what is the highest level of empowerment that requires the most complex skills? |
Self management |
On the continuum of empowerment, employees who are self-managed |
are responsible for decision process and strategy |
____ is a situation in which employees enjoy their work, contribute enthusiastically to meeting goals,and feel a sense of belonging and commitment to the organization. |
Engagement |
Sally enjoys her job as a teacher, not because of the pay or benefits, but because she feels good about shaping the minds of tomorrow’s leaders. Sally is motivated by: |
Intrinsic rewards |
Which of the following theories focuses on employee learning of desired work behaviors? |
Reinforcement theory |
Which motivation theory proposes that needs must be satisfied in sequence? |
Hierarchy of needs theory |
Highroller Casinos provides good salaries and benefits, including bonuses of up to 25 percent of annual salaries. However, the company has been criticized for not establishing an achievement or recognition program for its employees. Which of the following best describes the company in terms of the two-factor theory? |
Good hygiene factors, inadequate motivators |
Samuel, a sales associate at an electronics store, learns that his base pay is higher than any other sales |
Changing perceptions |
Yolanda recently learned that Sue, who works in the same position as she and has been with the company for the same amount of time, earns about ten percent more than she does. As a result, Yolanda feels that she should not work as hard, so she starts coming in late and taking more days off. This is an example of which method for reducing perceived equity? |
Changing work effort |
A recent study from the U.S. Department of Labor shows that the top reason that people leave their jobs is because they: |
Don’t feel appreciated |
Jeff and Rob have a difficult time getting along at work. Most days, Jeff spends a lot of time cracking jokes and goofing off, while Rob constantly nags him and tells him to act like a grownup. On days when Jeff is more reserved, Rob does not nag him, hoping that this will result in improved behavior down the road. This is an example of which form of behavior modification? |
Avoidance learning |
Which theory proposes that an individual’s motivation can result not just from direct experience of rewards and punishments but also from the person’s thoughts and beliefs and his or her observations of other people’s behavior? |
Social learning theory |
_________ occurs when an individual sees others perform certain behaviors and get rewarded for them. |
Vicarious learning |
At Rightway Industries, new hires spend a significant portion of their first week of training just walking around the factory, observing other workers and watching them get rewarded for doing their jobs well. This is an example of: |
Vicarious learning |
________ is an individual’s belief about his or her abilities to successfully accomplish a specific task or outcome. |
Self-efficacy |
___________ is power sharing, or the delegation of power or authority to subordinates in an organization. |
Empowerment |
Ricky is a manager at InfoServices, where she rewards the top sales employee every month by giving him or her a high-definition TV or PC. This is an example of what employee motivation program? |
Lifestyle award |
Carla’s subordinates view her as a great manager. Not only does she get the job done, but she organizes the workplace in such a way that employees experience a sense of meaningfulness, connection, and growth. This is an example of employee: |
Engagement |
Management 12
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