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anatomy |
the branch of science that studies the structure of body parts |
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physiology |
the branch of science that studies what body parts do and how they function |
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subatomic particles |
particles that make up atoms (protons, neutrons, & electrons); first structure in the levels of organization in the body |
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atoms |
the basic unit of matter; second structure in the levels of organization in the body |
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molecules |
atoms that bind together form this; third structure in the levels of organization in the body |
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macromolecules |
small molecules that combine to form larger molecules are called this; fourth structure in the levels of organization in the body |
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organelles |
cell structures that are composed of macromolecules; fifth structure in the levels of organization in the body |
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cell |
the basic unit of structure and function of life, composed of organelles & organic molecules; sixth structure in the levels of organization in the body |
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tissues |
specialized group of cells that are organized into layers or masses that have specific functions; seventh structure in the levels of organization in the body |
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organs |
complex structures with specialized functions that are composed of groups of different tissues; eighth structure in the levels of organization in the body |
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organ systems |
groups of organs that function closely together; ninth structure in the levels of organization in the body |
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organism |
what interacting organ systems make up; tenth structure in the levels of organization in the body |
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metabolism |
physical and chemical processes that occur in the body that release and utilize energy; necessary for life |
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movement |
a change in position of the body or of a body part, the motion of an internal organ; a characteristic of life |
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responsiveness |
a reaction to a change taking place inside or outside the body; a characteristic of life |
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growth |
the increase in body size without change in shape; a characteristic of life |
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reproduction |
the production of new organisms and new cells; a characteristic of life |
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respiration |
obtaining oxygen, removing carbon dioxide, and releasing energy from foods; a characteristic of life |
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digestion |
the breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that can be absorbed and used; a characteristic of life |
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absorption |
passage of substance through membranes and into body fluids; a characteristic of life |
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circulation |
the movement of substances from place to place in body fluids; a characteristic of life |
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assimilation |
the changing of absorbed substances from place to place in body fluids; a characteristic of life |
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excretion |
the removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions; a characteristic of life |
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water |
the most abundant substance in the body that is essential for metabolic process; a requirement for an organism |
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food |
substances that provide organisms with nutrients for building new living matter; a requirement for an organism |
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oxygen |
gas that makes up about one-fifth of the air that is necessary for the release of energy; a requirement for an organism |
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heat |
a form of energy that is present in our environment that governs the rate of chemical reactions; a requirement for an organism |
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temperature |
a measure of the amount of heat present |
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pressure |
an application of force on an object or substance; a requirement for an organism |
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atmospheric pressure |
the force acting on the outside of a land organism due to the weight of air |
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hydrostatic pressure |
a pressure exerted by a liquid due to the weight of water above them |
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extracellular fluid |
fluid present outside the cells |
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intracellular fluid |
fluid presents inside the cells |
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internal environment |
conditions within the fluids surrounding the body cells |
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homeostasis |
the maintenance of a constant internal environment despite the changes occuring in the external environment |
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homeostatic mechanisms |
self-regulating control systems in the body that maintains homeostasis |
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receptors |
provide information about specific conditions (stimuli) in the internal environment; stimulus – when a change occurs in the internal environment; component of homeostatic mechanisms |
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control center |
includes a set point and tells what a particular value should be, change is compared to the set point; component of homeostatic mechanisms |
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effectors |
elicit responses that alter conditions in the internal environment and change is corrected; component of homeostatic mechanisms |
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hypothalamus |
the control center of the brain |
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negative feedback |
mechanism in which a change in the body is recognized and compared against the accepted homeostatic value (set point), if the change is too far away from the set point value the body creates a response to return the internal environment to homeostasis |
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positive feedback |
mechanism in which a change in the body occurs that requires a temporary but immediate response, that response involves allowing the body to deviate from the set point value in order to correct an error somewhere; once the error is corrected, the body quickly returns to homeostasis |
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axial |
portion of the body that includes the head & trunk |
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appendicular |
portion of the body that includes the upper & lower limbs |
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cranial cavity |
cavity that contains the brain |
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spinal cavity |
aka the vertebral canal; cavity that contains the spinal cord and surrounded by vertebrae |
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thoracic cavity |
the cavity in the body enclosed by the ribs between the diaphragm and the neck and contains the lungs and heart |
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abdominal cavity |
the cavity below the chest that contains organs such as the liver, stomach, gallbladder, and intestines |
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pelvic cavity |
the cavity bounded by the bones of the pelvis and contains the pelvic viscera such as the urinary bladder, the reproductive organs, and the last part of the large intestine |
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abdominopelvic cavity |
both abdominal and pelvic cavities that contains the organs of digestion, reproduction, & exocrine |
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diaphragm |
a broad, thin muscles that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity |
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mediastinum |
the part of the thoracic cavity located between the lungs that separates them; contains the heart, aorta, esophagus, trachea, and thymus |
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oral cavity |
cavity that contains the teeth and tongue |
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nasal cavity |
cavity located within the nose and divided into right & left portions by a nasal septum, contains the sphenoidal and frontal sinuses |
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orbital cavities |
cavities that contain the eyes and associated skeletal muscles and nerves |
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middle ear cavities |
cavities that contain the middle ear bones |
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parietal serous membranes |
line the walls of the thoracic and abdominopelvic membranes |
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visceral serous membranes |
cover the organs within the thoracic and abdominopelvic membranes |
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serous fluid |
fluid secreted by serous membrane that lubricates tissues and allows visceral organs to slide without friction |
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pleural membranes |
parietal and visceral membranes that line the thoracic cavity and cover the lungs |
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pericardial membranes |
parietal and visceral membranes that surround the heart and cover its surface |
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pleural cavity |
the potential space between the parietal pleura and visceral pleura |
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pericardial cavity |
the potential space between the visceral pericardium and parietal pericardium |
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peritoneal membranes |
membranes that line the abdominopelvic cavity and cover the organs inside |
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peritoneal cavity |
the potential space between these membranes |
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integumentary system |
[1] system that covers the body [2] includes the skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, & sebaceous glands [3] protects underlying tissues, regulates body temperature, houses sensory receptors, & synthesizes substances |
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skeletal system |
[1] system that is composed of bones and the ligaments and cartilages that bind bones together [2] provides framework, protective shields, and attachments for muscles [3] produces blood cells and stores inorganic salts |
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muscular system |
[1] system that includes all the muscles of the body [2] moves body parts, maintains posture, and produces body heat |
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nervous system |
[1] system that consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and sense organs [2] receives impulses from sensory parts, interprets these impulses, and acts on them, stimulating muscles or glands to respond |
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endocrine system |
[1] system that consists of glands that secrete hormones [2] hormones help regulate metabolism by stimulating target tissues [3] includes the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland, & thymus |
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digestive system |
[1] system that receives foods, breaks down nutrients into forms that can pass through cell membranes, and eliminates materials that are not absorbed [2] includes the mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, & large intestine |
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respiratory system |
[1] system that takes in and releases air and exchanges gases between the blood and the air [2] includes the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, & lungs |
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cardiovascular system |
[1] system that includes the heart, which pumps blood, and the blood vessels, which carry blood to and from body parts [2] blood transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, & wastes |
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lymphatic system |
[1] system that is composed of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, & spleen [2] transports lymph from tissue spaces to the bloodstream and carries certain fatty substances away from the digestive organs [3] lymphocytes defend the body against disease-causing agents |
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urinary system |
[1] system that includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, & urethra [2] filters wastes from the blood and helps maintain fluid and electrolyte balance |
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reproductive system |
[1] system that enables an organism to reproduce [2] male: includes the scrotum, testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vsicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, urethra, and penis, which produce, maintain, and transport male sex cells [3] femal: includes the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, and vulva, which produce, maintain, and transport female sex cells |
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anatomical position |
position where you are standing erect, with the face forward, and the upper limbs are at the sides, with the palms forward |
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superior |
means a part above another part, or closer to the head |
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inferior |
means a part below another part, or toward the feet |
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anterior |
(or ventral) means toward the front |
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posterior |
(or dorsal) means toward the back |
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medial |
relates to an imaginary midline that divides the body into equal right & left halves; a part is _____ if it is closer to the midline that another part |
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lateral |
means toward the side with respect to the imaginary midline |
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ipsilateral |
refers to the same side |
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contralateral |
refers to the opposite side |
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proximal |
describes a part that is closer to the trunk of the body or closer to another specified point of reference than another part |
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distal |
describes a part that is farther from the trunk or farther from another specified point of reference than another part |
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superficial |
means situated near the surface |
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peripheral |
means outward or near the surface |
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deep |
describes parts that are more internal |
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sagittal |
refers to a lengthwise cut that divides the body intro right & left portions |
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midsagittal |
term that refers to the midline, the line that divides the body into equal parts |
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transverse |
horizontal, refers to a cut that divides the body into superior and inferior portions |
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coronal |
frontal, refers to a section that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions |
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cross section |
a cut across the structure |
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oblique section |
an angular cut of a structure |
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longitudinal section |
a lengthwise cut of a structure |
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acromial |
point of the shoulder |
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antebrachial |
forearm |
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antecubital |
space in front of the elbow |
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axillary |
armpit |
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brachial |
arm |
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buccal |
cheek |
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carpal |
wrist |
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celiac |
abdomen |
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cephalic |
head |
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cervical |
neck |
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costal |
ribs |
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coxal |
hip |
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crural |
leg |
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cubital |
elbow |
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digital |
finger or toe |
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dorsum |
back |
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femoral |
thigh |
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frontal |
forehead |
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genitals |
reproductive organs |
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gluteal |
buttocks |
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inguinal |
depressed area of the abdominal wall near the thigh (groin) |
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lumbar |
region of the lower back between the ribs and the pelvis (loin) |
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mammary |
breast |
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mental |
chin |
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nasal |
nose |
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occipital |
lower posterior region of the head |
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oral |
mouth |
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orbital |
eye cavity |
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otic |
ear |
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palmar |
palm of the hand |
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patellar |
front of the knee |
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pectoral |
chest |
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pedal |
foot |
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pelvic |
pelvis |
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perineal |
region between the anus and the external reproductive organs |
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plantar |
sole of the foot |
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popliteal |
area behind the knee |
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sacral |
posterior region between the hipbones |
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sternal |
middle of the thorax, anteriorly |
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sural |
calf |
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tarsal |
instep of the foot (ankle) |
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umbilical |
navel |
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vertebral |
spinal column |
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