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A myogram is
a measurement of muscle tone.
a depiction of the results of a stress test.
a chart that shows how many muscle cells a neuron synapses with.
an instrument that detects the pattern in which neurons contact muscles.
a recording of the events of a twitch.
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a recording of the events of a twitch.
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At a neuromuscular junction
actin and myosin filaments slide past one another.
intercalated discs are synthesized.
neurotransmitters are released.
neurotransmitters are synthesized.
troponin and tropomyosin exchange places.
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neurotransmitters are released.
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The amount of oxygen liver cells require to react lactic acid to produce glucose or the glycogen glycogen is the
oxygen debt.
aerobic conversion.
refractory quantity.
lactate debt.
anaerobic concentration.
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oxygen debt.
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Athletes usually experience muscle fatigue less quickly than nonathletes because they
make more efficient use of ATP.
convert glucose to lactic acid.
produce less lactic acid.
do not care about fatigue or pain.
tolerate high concentrations of carbon dioxide.
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produce less lactic acid.
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creatine phosphate
supplies energy for the synthesis of ATP.
decomposes ADP.
binds to Ach receptors.
supplies energy for the breakdown of ATP to ADP.
decomposes ATP.
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supplies energy for the synthesis of ATP.
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Transverse tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum are well developed in
skeletal muscle fibers.
cardiac muscle fibers.
smooth muscle fibers.
motor neurons.
nervous muscle fibers.
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skeletal muscle fibers.
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Regina began an exercise program six months ago, and the muscles of her upper limbs and lower limbs are more prominent. Exercise can lead to formation of new muscle by
stimulating skeletal muscle cells to release IL-6, which stimulates satellite cells to divide, producing more muscle cells.
stimulating synthesis of myoglobin.
stimulating motor neurons to divide and innervate more muscle cells.
stimulating satellite cells to release IL-6, which stimulates fibroblasts to differentiate as muscle cells.
stimulating connective tissue to differentiate as muscle tissue.
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stimulating skeletal muscle cells to release IL-6, which stimulates satellite cells to divide, producing more muscle cells.
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A tendon is ______, whereas an aponeurosis is ______.
a broad, fibrous sheet of connective tissue that connects muscles to muscles; cordlike and connects bones to bones
found in humans; found in apes.
cordlike and connects muscles to bones; a broad, fibrous sheet of connective tissue that connects muscles to muscles
none of the above
cordlike and connects bones to bones; a broad, fibrous sheet of connective tissue that connects muscles to muscles
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cordlike and connects muscles to bones; a broad, fibrous sheet of connective tissue that connects muscles to muscles
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People with myasthenia gravis lack
dystrophin.
about two-thirds of the normal number of acetylcholine receptors
sarcomeres.
titin.
troponin.
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about two-thirds of the normal number of acetylcholine receptors
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Threshold stimulus is the
none of the above.
amount of acetylcholine required to contract a muscle.
maximum stimulus to contract a muscle.
minimal amount of energy required to contract a muscle fiber.
maximum stimulus required to contract a muscle.
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minimal amount of energy required to contract a muscle fiber.
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Compared to skeletal muscle, smooth muscle
contracts more slowly and relaxes more slowly.
contracts more rapidly and relaxes more slowly.
contracts more slowly and relaxes more rapidly.
contracts more rapidly and relaxes more rapidly.
contracts and relaxes at about the same rate.
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contracts more slowly and relaxes more slowly.
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In a recording of a muscle twitch, the delay between the time a stimulus is applied and the time the muscle responds is called the
latent period.
stimulus period.
contraction period.
refractory period.
relaxation period.
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latent period.
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The toxin that causes botulism
binds to acetylcholine.
prevents release of acetylcholine.
promotes release of acetylcholine.
prevents decomposition of acetylcholine.
decomposes acetylcholine.
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prevents release of acetylcholine.
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The functional connection between a neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber is a
dendrite
neuroma
myoma
synapse
fascia
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synapse
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A plank position is part of a yoga/Pilates workout. The person supports the body on the floor in a prone position with the arms and feet supporting the body. It is a little like the "up" position of a push-up, held for 30 to 60 seconds. Contraction of the abdominal muscles in a plank is most likely
isotopic.
plurimetric.
eccentric.
isometric.
isotonic.
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isometric.
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The buccinator muscle is in the
buttocks.
chest.
ankle.
bladder.
cheek.
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cheek.
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Short muscle cells with centrally located nuclei are
smooth muscle fibers.
cardiac muscle fibers.
motor neurons.
skeletal muscle fibers.
adipocytes.
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smooth muscle fibers.
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Which of the following statements is correct?
Cross-bridges form between actin and sarcolemma filaments.
Myosin and actin alternate to form filaments.
Actin filaments slide along myosin filaments.
Tropomyosin molecules move and expose specific sites on myosin filaments.
Filaments of troponin and tropomyosin slide past one another.
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Actin filaments slide along myosin filaments.
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The functional unit of muscle contraction is
the muscle.
the sarcomere.
the muscle fiber.
the myosin cross-bridge.
the myomere.
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the sarcomere.
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Weightlifting, in which a muscle exerts more than 75% of its maximum tension, stimulates
an increase in slow, fatigable white fibers.
conversion of skeletal to smooth muscle.
shrinking of skeletal muscle.
muscle fibers developing new filaments of actin and myosin.
conversion of smooth to skeletal muscle.
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muscle fibers developing new filaments of actin and myosin.
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Myasthenia gravis is
the result of injury.
a bacterial infection.
a muscle in the lower limb.
an autoimmune disorder.
a form of cancer.
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an autoimmune disorder.
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The severe pain of compartment syndrome is caused by
damaged muscle tissue.
lack of fluid in the compartment.
stretched tendons.
too much fluid in the compartment.
tears in the compartment wall.
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too much fluid in the compartment.
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The soleus is a muscle that forms part of the
thigh.
buttocks.
shoulder.
calf.
abdomen.
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calf.
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Tawanda finishes a sprint and suffers great pain in her calf muscles. Her muscle cramps are most likely due to a temporary deficit of
actin.
endorphins.
ATP.
ADP.
myosin.
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ATP
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Arrange the following steps for contraction in the correct sequence.
1. The muscle impulse reaches the sarcoplasmic reticulum and calcium is released.
2. Thin filaments are pulled over the thick filaments.
3. Calcium floods the sarcoplasm and binds to troponin molecules leaving active sites.
4. The impulse arrives at the synapse and travels through the transverse tubules.
5. The muscle fiber shortens and contracts.
6. Tropomyosin molecules bind to exposed active sites, linking actin and myosin
4, 1, 3, 6, 2, 5
2, 5, 3, 1, 4, 6
3, 5, 2, 1, 6, 4
4, 2, 6, 5, 3, 1
6, 3, 1, 4, 2, 5
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4, 1, 3, 6, 2, 5
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A motor unit is
many myofibrils in a sarcolemma.
a type of recreational vehicle.
many motor end plates at a neuromuscular junction.
a motor neuron and the muscle fibers connected to it.
the functional unit of a muscle fiber.
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a motor neuron and the muscle fibers connected to it.
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Which of the following is not a muscle of mastication?
Medial and lateral pterygoid
Mandibular
All of the above
Masseter
Temporalis
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Mandibular
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The enzyme acetylecholinesterase causes acetylcholine to
be secreted from the motor end plate.
none of the above.
bond to actin.
decompose.
form cross-bridges.
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decompose.
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Muscle atrophy that progresses with aging is caused by reduction in
creatine phosphate.
all of the above.
myoglobin.
the sizes of muscle fibers.
ATP.
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all of the above.
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Both acetylcholine and norepinephrine can affect
smooth muscle contraction.
skeletal muscle contraction.
percentage of different twitch types.
exercise tolerance.
synthesis of actin and myosin.
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smooth muscle contraction.
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__________ degrades acetylcholine, keeping it from accumulating in the synapse.
Actinase
DNase
Acetylcholinesterase
Myosinase
ATPase
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Acetylcholinesterase
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Cardiac muscle
all of the above.
excites itself.
responds in an all-or-none manner.
is only in the heart.
contracts as a syncytium.
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all of the above
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Skeletal muscles help maintain body temperature in that
excess myosin is quickly metabolized to yield heat.
the more active they are, the more heat is released.
the more active they are, the more heat is used up.
they conserve actin and myosin in cold weather.
they produce more actin and myosin in hot weather.
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the more active they are, the more heat is released.
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Oxygen debt in muscles may develop because of
too much oxygen used in forming pyruvic acid when skeletal muscles are contracted strenuously for a minute or two.
too many mitochondria utilizing oxygen to synthesize ATP when skeletal muscles are contracted for a minute or two.
the inability of myoglobin molecules to store enough oxygen when skeletal muscles are used strenuously for a minute or two.
too high a concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere.
the inability of respiratory and circulatory systems to supply enough oxygen to skeletal muscles when used strenuously for a minute or two.
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the inability of respiratory and circulatory systems to supply enough oxygen to skeletal muscles when used strenuously for a minute or two.
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An example of a partial but sustained contraction is
knee jerking.
muscle tone.
a titanic contraction.
a twitch.
eye blinking.
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muscle tone.
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A shift in metabolism that breaks down pyruvic acid to lactic acid is called
glycolysis
pyruvic acidosis.
aerobic threshold.
glycogenic threshold.
anaerobic threshold.
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anaerobic threshold.
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The outermost layer of connective tissue surrounding a skeletal muscle is the
epimysium.
endomysium.
myomysium.
perimysium.
sarcomysium.
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epimysium.
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Transverse tubules
store sodium ions for the action potential at the cell surface.
store calcium ions.
connect actin and myosin.
transmit muscle impulses into the cell interior.
transmit nerve impulses out of the muscle.
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transmit muscle impulses into the cell interior.
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Functions of muscles are for
muscle tone.
all of the above.
the heartbeat.
moving bones.
distribution of heat.
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all of the above
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The movable end of a muscle is its
fulcrum.
twitch.
source.
origin.
insertion.
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insertion
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A muscle that assists a prime mover is a(n)
lever.
synergist.
none of the above.
agonist.
antagonist.
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synergist.
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The discoloration and swelling of a muscle strain is due to
torn ligaments
ruptured blood vessels.
separated tendons.
severed nerves.
excess myofibrils.
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ruptured blood vessels.
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Which of the following is not true?
Red fibers contain more myoglobin than white.
Red fibers have fewer mitochondria than white.
Red roosters have red fibers and white chickens have white fibers.
Red fibers contract more slowly than white.
Red fibers fatigue more slowly than white.
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Red fibers have fewer mitochondria than white.
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The type of muscle cell that lacks transverse tubules, has a single nucleus, and is under involuntary control is
skeletal muscle.
exercised muscle.
cardiac muscle.
smooth muscle.
striated muscle.
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smooth muscle.
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The relationship between ATP and creatine phosphate is that
they are the same.
both having three phosphate groups.
both are required to stimulate a muscle to contract.
creatine phosphate supplies energy to regenerate ATP from ADP and phosphate.
ATP supplies energy to synthesize creatine phosphate from creatine and phosphate.
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creatine phosphate supplies energy to regenerate ATP from ADP and phosphate.
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The muscle primarily responsible for an action is the
biceps.
activator.
origin
antagonist.
prime mover.
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prime mover.
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The linea alba is
a band of tough connective tissue to which abdominal wall muscles attach.
a muscle beneath the skull.
a curved, broad muscle on the side of the chest.
a muscle extending from the ischial spine to the coccyx and sacrum.
a muscle attached to the symphysis pubis.
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a band of tough connective tissue to which abdominal wall muscles attach.
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Muscle fibers are basically a collection of
muscles.
alpha and beta subunits.
synapses.
connective tissue fibers.
sarcomeres.
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sarcomeres.
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The striated appearance of skeletal muscle results from the
distribution of mitochondria.
sarcoplasmic reticulum network.
cisternae placement.
sarcomere organization.
transverse tubule pattern.
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sarcomere organization.
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Smooth muscle has ___________ and not troponin.
acetylcholine
titin
norepinephrine
fibronectin
calmodulin
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calmodulin
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Smooth muscle lacks
gap junctions.
myofibrils.
nuclei and mitochondria.
actin and myosin.
transverse tubules and striations.
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transverse tubules and striations.
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The structures that connect cardiac muscle cells are
neuromuscular discs.
herniated discs.
neuromuscular junctions.
desmosomes.
intercalated discs.
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intercalated discs.
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Fibers of muscles whose motor neurons are severed
all of the above.
may be replaced by fat or fibrous connective tissue.
hypertrophy.
cannot ever be reinnervated.
die.
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may be replaced by fat or fibrous connective tissue.
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Myofibrils are composed primarily of
troponin and tropomyosin.
perimysium and endomysium
actin and myosin.
fascia and tendons.
ATP and ADP.
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actin and myosin
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Neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles in
myofibrils.
motor units.
sarcomeres
motor end plates.
motor neuron endings.
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motor neuron endings.
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Bones and muscles function as mechanical devices called
monkey bars.
levers.
syncytia.
ladders.
lifts.
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levers
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The first event in muscle fiber contraction is that
acetylcholine diffuses across a gap at a neuromuscular junction.
morphine is released from the end of the motor neuron.
calcium ions diffuse from sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcoplasm and bind to troponin molecules.
the muscle fiber membrane is stimulated and a muscle impulse travels deep into the fiber through transverse tubules.
acetylcholine is released from the end of the motor neuron.
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acetylcholine is released from the end of the motor neuron.
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A gluteal gait, in which a person walks with a waddling limp, is usually caused by a disorder of the
gluteus maximus and gluteus minimus.
none of the above.
gluteus medius and gluteus minimus.
gluteus gluteus and gluteus transverses.
gluteus maximus and gluteus medius.
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gluteus medius and gluteus minimus.
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Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) syndrome causes
backache.
all of the above.
clicking sound from the jaw.
insomnia.
ringing in the ears.
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all of the above.
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The very brief moment following stimulation when a muscle remains unresponsive to additional stimulation is called the
relaxation period.
refractory period.
latent period.
refractory index.
contraction period.
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refractory period.
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Rigor mortis affects skeletal muscles a few hours after death, due to
none of the above.
increased ATP and decreased permeability to calcium.
decreased ATP and increased permeability to calcium.
nerve impulses that contract the muscles excessively.
increased ATP.
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decreased ATP and increased permeability to calcium.
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Which of the following is unique in that its insertion is to fascia and not bone?
palmaris longus
none of the above.
extensor digitorum
flexor digitorum profundus
extensor carpi ulnaris
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palmaris longus
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The triangle of auscultation, commonly used to hear sounds of respiratory organs, is located near the border of the
gluteus maximus and gluteus minimus.
pectoralis major and pectoralis minor.
latissimus dorsi and serratus anterior.
trapezius and latissimus dorsi.
pectoralis major and serratus anterior.
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trapezius and latissimus dorsi.
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The muscle that adducts and flexes the arm is the
levator scapulae.
teres major.
none of the above.
coracobrachialis.
pectoralis minor.
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coracobrachialis.
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In muscle contraction ATP supplies energy for
glycogen synthesis.
myofilament movement.
cellular respiration.
enzyme activity.
creatine phosphate synthesis.
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myofilament movement.
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A sign of aging of the muscular system is
all of the above.
decreased supplies of myoglobin to muscles.
expansion of muscle fiber diameters.
fewer red fibers.
excess ATP.
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decreased supplies of myoglobin to muscles.
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