History Chapter 12

Abby Kelley

demonstrated the interconnectedness of nineteenth-century reform movements.

According to Alexis de Tocqueville, what were the most important institutions for organizing Americans

voluntary associations

About ____________ reform communities, often called utopian communities, were established in the United States during the first half of the nineteenth century.

100

Who founded the Shakers

Ann Lee

The reform communities established in the years before the Civil War:

set out to reorganize society on a cooperative basis.

Which statement about Shakers is FALSE?

They practiced "complex marriage" and publicly recorded sexual relations.

Which statement about the Mormons, a group founded by Joseph Smith, is FALSE?

The Mormons were founded in the 1840s as an offshoot of Methodism.

At the end of their trek in the mid-1840s, Mormons led by Brigham Young founded:

Salt Lake City, Utah.

The Oneida community

controlled which of its members would be allowed to reproduce

Brook Farm

was founded by New England transcendentalists.

Which of the following correctly pairs the reform community with the state in which it was located

New Harmony: Indiana

Although it only lasted a few years, the New Harmony community

influenced education reformers and women’s rights advocates.

Utopian communities were unlikely to attract much support because most Americans:

saw property ownership as key to economic independence, but nearly all the utopian communities insisted members give up their property.

Burned-over districts were

in New York and Ohio, where intense revivals occurred.

How did reformers reconcile their desire to create moral order with their quest to enhance personal freedom?

They argued that too many people were "slaves" to various sins and that freeing them from this enslavement would enable them to compete economically.

By 1840, the temperance movement in the United States had:

encouraged a substantial decrease in the consumption of alcohol.

Members of which of the following groups were generally opposed to the temperance movement?

Catholics

What did reformers commonly believe about prisons and asylums?

that they could rehabilitate individuals and then release them back into society

The proliferation of new institutions such as poorhouses and asylums for the insane during the antebellum era demonstrated the:

tension between liberation and control in the era’s reform movements.

The American Tract Society was focused on:

religion.

Horace Mann believed that public schools would do all of the following EXCEPT:

help eliminate racial discrimination

Common schools:

existed in every northern state by the time of the Civil War.

The colonization of freed U.S. slaves to Africa:

prompted the adamant opposition of most free African-Americans.

Like Indian removal, the colonization of former slaves rested on the premise that America

was fundamentally a white society.

How did the abolitionist movement that arose in the 1830s differ from earlier antislavery efforts

The later movement drew much more on the religious conviction that slavery was an unparalleled sin and needed to be destroyed immediately.

The North-Carolina-born free black whose Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World won widespread attention was

David Walker.

William Lloyd Garrison:

suggested that the North dissolve the Union to free itself of any connection to slavery

William Lloyd Garrison published an abolitionist newspaper called

The Liberator.

William Lloyd Garrison argued in Thoughts on African Colonization that

blacks were not "strangers" in America to be shipped abroad, but should be recognized as a permanent part of American society.

A young minister converted by the evangelical preacher Charles G. Finney, ____________ helped to create a mass constituency for abolitionism by training speakers and publishing pamphlets.

Theodore Weld

Before the Civil War, who came to believe that the U.S. Constitution did not provide national protection to the institution of slavery?

Frederick Douglass

How did the abolitionists link themselves to the nation’s Revolutionary heritage?

They seized on the preamble to the Declaration of Independence as an attack against slavery.

The role of African-Americans in the abolitionist movement

included helping to finance William Lloyd Garrison’s newspaper.

What book was to some extent modeled on the autobiography of fugitive slave Josiah Henson?

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

According to the mid-nineteenth-century physicians and racial theorists Josiah Nott and George Gliddon:

there was a hierarchy of races, with blacks forming a separate species between whites and chimpanzees.

The frontispiece of the 1848 edition of David Walker’s book depicts a black figure receiving "liberty" and "justice" from:

heaven.

Abolitionists challenged stereotypes about African-Americans by:

countering the pseudoscientific claim that they formed a separate species.

Freedom’s Journal:

was the first black-run newspaper in the United States.

What did the Fourth of July represent to Frederick Douglass?

the hypocrisy of a nation that proclaimed liberty but sanctioned slavery

The gag rule:

prevented Congress from hearing antislavery petitions.

The death of Elijah Lovejoy in 1837

convinced many northerners that slavery was incompatible with white Americans’ liberties.

Frederick Douglass wrote, "When the true history of the antislavery cause shall be written, ____________ will occupy a large space in its pages."

women

Dorothea Dix devoted much time to the crusade for the:

construction of humane mental hospitals for the insane.

Which of the following was NOT a reform movement in which women played a prominent role during the early to mid-nineteenth century?

the anti-Mexican-War movement

Angelina and Sarah Grimké

critiqued the prevailing notion of separate spheres for men and women.

The first to apply the abolitionist doctrine of universal freedom and equality to the status of women:

were the Grimké sisters.

The Seneca Falls Convention’s Declaration of Sentiments

condemned the entire structure of inequality between men and women.

All of the following are true of Margaret Fuller EXCEPT

She was the first feminist leader educated at a major college.

What was a "bloomer" in the 1850s

a feminist style of dress

____________ was established in hopes of making abolitionism a political movement.

Liberty Party

organized abolitionist movement split into two wings in 1840, largely over

a dispute concerning the proper role of women in antislavery work.

The antislavery poet John Greenleaf Whittier compared reformer Abby Kelley to:

Helen of Troy, who sowed the seeds of male destruction.

Why did Mississippi politician Jefferson Davis object in the 1850s to the original design of the Statue of Freedom that now adorns the U.S. Capitol dome?

Its use of an ancient Roman liberty cap on "Freedom" raised a touchy matter about slaves’ longing for freedom

Why did slavery become more central to American politics in the 1840s?

Territorial expansion raised the question of whether new lands should be free or slave.

When Mexico won its independence from Spain in 1821

its Native American population was relatively large compared to its non-Indian population.

In 1821, the opening of the Santa Fe Trail between Santa Fe and ______________ led to a reorientation of New Mexico’s commerce from the rest of Mexico to the United States

Independence, Missouri

term "Californios" referred in the 1830s and 1840s to ____________ in California.

Mexican cattle ranchers

American settlement in Texas in the 1820s and 1830s:

led Stephen Austin to demand more autonomy from Mexican officials.

Presidents Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren rejected adding Texas to the United States because:

the presence of slaves there would re-ignite the issue of slavery, and they preferred to avoid it.

Which two political figures agreed to keep the issue of annexing Texas out of the 1844 presidential campaign if possible

Henry Clay and Martin Van Buren

When Democrats demanded the "re-annexation" of Texas in 1844, they

implied that Texas had once been part of the United States through the Louisiana Purchase.

Fifty-four forty or fight" referred to demands for American control of:

Oregon.

James Polk had four clearly defined goals when he entered the White House. Which was NOT one of his goals?

settle the slavery dispute

During the Mexican War

for the first time, the U.S. troops occupied a foreign capital.

Who questioned President Polk’s right to declare war by introducing a resolution to Congress requesting the president to specify the precise spot where blood had first been shed?

Abraham Lincoln

Who wrote "On Civil Disobedience" as a response to the U.S. war with Mexico?

Henry David Thoreau

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo of 1848 provided for all of the following EXCEPT

U.S. control of all of the Oregon Country.

With the exception of Alaska, what was the last piece of territory acquired by the United States toward the solidification of its present boundaries in North America

the Gadsden Purchase

According to John L. O’Sullivan’s Democratic Review, what was the key to the history of nations and the rise and fall of empires?

race

The California gold rush

resulted in laws that discriminated against "foreign miners."

Which of the following statements related to ethnicity was true in California in the 1850s?

Thousands of Indian children were declared orphans and treated as slaves.

During the 1850s, 80 percent of the world’s gold came from two places that experienced gold rushes at about the same time, California and:

Australia.

What American naval officer negotiated a treaty that opened two Japanese ports to U.S. ships in 1854?

Matthew Perry

In 1846, Congressman David Wilmot proposed to:

prohibit slavery from all territory acquired from Mexico.

The Free Soil Party

demonstrated that antislavery sentiment had spread far beyond abolitionist ranks.

Which of the following countries did NOT go through some kind of popular upheaval in 1848?

Russia

Which of the following was NOT a provision of the Compromise of 1850?

The territories of New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, and Nevada would be created.

The opponents of the Compromise of 1850

received a boost from President Zachary Taylor.

The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850:

gave new powers to federal officers to override local law enforcement.

The controversy over the arrest of Anthony Burns in 1854 shows

the unpopularity of the Fugitive Slave Act in parts of the North.

Stephen Douglas’s motivation for introducing the Kansas-Nebraska Act was to

boost efforts to build a transcontinental railroad.

of the following is an example of the political impact of the Kansas-Nebraska Act?

The Whig Party collapsed, and many disgruntled northerners joined the new Republican Party.

What attracted voters to the Know-Nothing Party

its denunciation of Roman Catholic immigrants

In 1854, the Know-Nothings won all the congressional races as well as the governorship in

Massachusetts.

By 1856, the Republican Party included individuals who had been, until rather recently, members of each of the following political groups EXCEPT:

Federalists.

The Republican free labor ideology

led to the argument by Abraham Lincoln and William Seward that free labor and slave labor were essentially incompatible.

The caning of Charles Sumner by Preston Brooks

actually helped the new Republican Party.

The Republican Party founded in the 1850s strongly endorsed the same policy about slavery in the territories that ____________ had begun advocating in 1846.

David Wilmot

The Republican presidential candidate in 1856 was:

John Frémont.

The Dred Scott decision of the U.S. Supreme Court

declared Congress could not ban slavery from territories.

On matters related to citizenship, the U.S. Supreme Court declared in Dred Scott that

only white persons could be U.S. citizens.

The Lecompton Constitution was the

proslavery constitution proposed for Kansas.

The famous Lincoln-Douglas debates took place during the campaign for

U.S. senator from Illinois in 1858.

During his debate with Abraham Lincoln in Freeport, Illinois, Stephen Douglas

insisted that popular sovereignty was compatible with the Dred Scott decision.

Who was responsible for the 1856 Pottawatomie Creek Massacre in Kansas and led the raid on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, in 1859q

John Brown

What 1854 document called for the United States to seize Cuba?

the Ostend Manifesto

In the 1850s, Tennessee-born William Walker became famous for:

seeking to establish himself as ruler of a slaveholding Nicaragua.

The 1860 Republican platform stated all of the following EXCEPT

Slavery should be abolished in the nation’s capital.

Democratic Party split in 1860 over the question of whether to:

protect slavery in the territories or allow popular sovereignty in them.

In the 1860 election, how many different presidential candidates won electoral votes?

four

In the presidential election of 1860, the two candidates who received the most votes in the southern states were:

John Breckinridge and John Bell.

Which of the following puts these events in the proper chronological order, from first to last?
I. Virginia seceded from the Union
II. Abraham Lincoln was first elected president
III. Confederate States of America formed
IV. South Carolina seceded from the Union

II, IV, III, I