|
The secindary gain if cinversion symotins refers most closely to which of the following?
A. The symptom orevents the individual from having to cinfront stressful of conflict-laden situations
B. The symptom symbolizes an underlying struggle between opposing motivesthe symptoms enhances that employment of defense mechanisms
D. The symptomcauses the person to have a certain amount of indifference toward it
E. the maintenance of teh symptoms as conditioned responses
|
A
|
|
all but which of the following are myths about suicide?
A. People who commit suicide are usually suffering from a psychological disorder, but are not insane
B. People who threaten suicide are only trying to get attention
C. If someone threatens suicide, it is best to ignore it so as not to encourage repeated threats
D. Talking about suicide with a depressed person may prompt him/her to attempt suicide
E. people who attempt suicide and fail aren’t serious about killing themselves
|
A
|
|
The sociocultural model explains abnormal behavior in terms of:
A. Disturbed learning process
B. Failures of society
C. Distorted thinking
D. The failure of certain cultures to promote self-actualization
E. social influences on underlying biological factors
|
B
|
|
Dr. Tomlinson is a therapist working from the cognitive perspective. She is likely to describe abnormal behavior in terms of:
A. The role of repressed thoughts and beliefs
B. Failure to chieve self-actualization
C. Classical conditioning
D. The combination of classical and operant conditioning
E. irrational or distorted thinking
|
E
|
|
Hallucinations are:
A. Perceptions that occur without appropriate external stimuli
B. False beliefs
C. Long strings of disconnected words
D. Patterns of agitated, purposeless motion
E. a breakdown in the logical structure of thinking and speech
|
A
|
|
Perceptions are to ______ as beliefs are to ______.
A. Anxiety; depression
B. Delusions; hallucinations
C. Compulsions; obsessions
D. Obsessions; compulsions
E. hallucinations; delusions
|
E
|
|
Which theory would attribute a person’s depression to faulty interpretations of events and distorted thinking patterns?
A. Cognitive
B. Humanistic
C. Psychodynamic
D. Behavior
E. sociocultural
|
A
|
|
Other factors being equal, a person from which group is at least risk for commuting suicide?
A. A Caucasian-American male
B. a Caucasian-American female
C. An African-American male
D. An African-American female
E. a Latino-American male
|
D
|
|
The criteria of maladaptive behavior used in determining whether behavior is abnormal would likely to be applied to which of the following cases?
A. Jonathan, who is hearing voices
B. Quincy, who is experiencing some symptoms of depression but is still functioning adequately
C. Nate, who has developed a drug abuse problem that is affecting his health
D. Tricia, who behaves in ways other people consider deviant
E. leslie, who believes he is hounded by demons
|
C
|
|
Regarding major depressive disorder:
A. Men are more likely than women to be affected
B. Men and women are equally likely to be affected
C. Women are more likely than men to be affected
D. Young women are more likely than young men to be affected, and the pattern reverses in middle age
E. young men are more likely than young women to be affected, and the pattern reverses in middle age
|
C
|
|
After getting into an automobile accident while fighting with her fiancé, Chou reports that she cannot see. Examinations indicate no apparent medical condition.based on this description, Chris may be suffering from:
A. Dissociative identity disorder
B. Hypochondriasis
C. Dissociative amnesia
D. Functional neurological symptom disorder
E. bipolar disorder
|
D
|
|
The most common form of hallucinations in schizophrenia is:
A. Visual
B. Olfactory
C. Auditory
D. Tactile
E. kinesthetic
|
C
|
|
Major support for the sociocultural model of abnormal behavior is provided by evidence that:
A. Intelligent people are more likely to suffer from severe forms of abnormality
B. Psychological disorders appear with equal frequency in all cultures studied
C. Wealthy people rarely suffer psychological disorders
D. Severe disorders such as schizophrenia and depression are more prevalent in impoverished and otherwise disadvantaged groups
E. severe disorders such as schizophrenia and depression are more prevalent in wealthy, industrialized nations
|
D
|
|
Regarding gender and suicide, which of the following statements is true?
A. There are no gender differences in suicide attempts and suicide acts
B. When attempting suicide, women tend to choose more lethal methods
C. When attempting suicide, men are more likely than women to choose pills or poison
D. More men attempt suicide, but more women complete the suicide act
E. more women attempt suicide, but more men complete the suicide act
|
E
|
|
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) uses the term ______ to describe abnormal patterns of behavior.
A. Mental illness
B. Mental disorder
C. Psychological disorder
D. Psychological illness
E. personality disorder
|
B
|
|
Dissociative amnesia is:
A, a loss of memory due to head trauma
B. Another term for dissociative identity disorder
C. Another term for multiple personality disorder
D. A loss of memory with no identifiable physical cause
E. a loss of memory due to a neurological condition
|
D
|
|
A woman asks into a police station. She has no identification and reports that she was walking down the street with no sense of who she is or how she got there. She is referred to a neurologist who finds no physical explanation for her condition. This description sounds like a case of:
A. Dissociative amnesia
B. Dissociative identity disorder
C. Multiple personality disorder
D. Anterograde amnesia
E. bipolar disorder
|
A
|
|
The earliest major psychological model of abnormal behavior was the:
A. Cognitive model
B. Humanistic model
C. Behavioral model
D. Biopsychosocial model
E. psychodynamic model
|
E
|
|
Regarding the diathesis-stress model, which of the following statements is false?
A. Diatheses are generally genetic in nature, although they may also involve psychological factors
B. Significant sources of stress may increase the risk of developing particular disorders
C. The stronger the diathesis, the less stress is needed to produce a disorder
D. Disorders may develops under benign life circumstances
E. whether a person having a diathesis develops a particular disorder is primarily dependent on his or her cluster of personality traits
|
E
|
|
Edwina is constantly worried. She cannot really identify why she feels this way, and she finds it nearly impossible to relax. Edwina’s therapist believes her symptoms best represent:
A. Obsessive-compulsive
B. Generalized anxiety disorder
C. Panic disorder
D. Social anxiety disorder
E. dissociative identity disorder
|
B
|
|
As described in the text, the diathesis-stress model is an example of which model of abnormal behavior?
A. Humanistic
B. Cognitive
C. Psychodynamic
D. Sociocultural
E. biopsychosocial
|
E
|
|
In explaining the development of schizophrenia, the diathesis-stress model emphasizes:
A, the role of brain abnormalities
B. The interaction of genetic predisposition and stress
C. The role of stressful life experiences in creating a diathesis
D. The role of psychosocial influences in creating a diathesis
E. biochemical imbalances
|
B
|
|
The American Psychiatric Association once considered homosexuality as a type of mental disorder, but no longer does today. This fact is an example of which way that culture influences ideas about abnormality?
A. The same behavior may be judged abnormal at some points in time, but not at others
B. Some forms of abnormal behavior in a particular culture may have no direct counterpart in another culture
C. The same behavior can be normal in one culture but abnormal in another
D. Abnormal behavior patterns may be expressed differently in different cultures
E. some behaviors may be abnormal in the majority cultures but normal in the minority culture
|
A
|
|
Therapist Charlotte Manley is a behaviorist. She is most likely to suggests that depression is:
A. Due to unresolved unconscious conflicts
B. The result of losses or shortfalls in reinforcement levels
C. A matter of how people interpret events
D. Genetic in origin but influenced by early trauma
E. the result of interruptions of one’s sense of self-actualization
|
B
|
|
According to Freud, psychological symptoms:
A. Arise from disturbed brain chemistry
B. Are a conscious cry for attention
C. Represent an outward expression of inner turmoil
D. Are produced voluntarily to obtain sympathy
E. are learned through experience
|
C
|
|
Charmaine Coltraine is preoccupied with fears that she has a terrible health problem. Coltraine’s fears are characteristic of:
A. Functional neurological symptom disorder
B. Somatic symptom disorder
C. Dissociative identity disorder
D. Dissociative amnesia
E. hysteria
|
B
|
|
Humanistic theorists contend that abnormal behavior:
A. Is the result of unconscious processes
B. Is the result of conditioning
C. Develops from encountering obstacles on the road to personal growth
D. Involves distorted cognitions as well as learning influences
E. results from the stress of coping with poverty and social disadvantage
|
C
|
|
Gina believes that she is the secret love child of the late Princess Diana and singer Elton John. Since she really is not their child, Gina;s belief would be considered a(n):
A. Diathesis
B. Delusion
C. Hallucination
D. Obsession
E. compulsion
|
B
|
|
Regarding major depression, which of the following statements is false?
A, major depression has a relatively high rate of recurrence
B. Many psychologists believe that the stressors faced by many women today contribute to their increased risk of depression
C. When left untreated, episodes of major depression can last months, or a year or more
D. Researchers have found that women and men tend to cope with depression differently, with men more likely to ruminate
E. about 16.5 percent of U.S. adults develop major depression at some point in their lives
|
D
|
|
Exaggerating the importance of negative events or personal flaws describes which type of cognitive distortion?
A. All-or-nothing thinking
B. Misfortune telling
C. Catastophizing
D, dismissing the positives
E. misplaced blame
|
C
|
|
Fannie goes to a humanist therapist. When she talks about her frustrations with attempting to satisfy other people’s demands, her therapist may suggest that Fannie’s attempts could lead to:
A. A distorted self-image
B. An inability to learn from experience
C. An inflated ego
D. Unconscious aggressive desires
E. irrational and distorted thinking patterns
|
A
|
|
Angelique has not left her house for two years, she is completely terrified of going out. Based on this description, she is probably suffering from:
A. Agoraphobia
B. Social anxiety disorder
C. Specific phobia
D. Panic disorder
E. post-traumatic stress disorder
|
A
|
|
The patterns of behavior in personality disorders, in many cases,
A. Highly resistant to change
B. Somewhat resistant to change
C. Somewhat easy to change
D. Relatively easy to change with psychotherapy
E. relatively easy to change with drug treatment
|
A
|
|
Attempts to understand the biological basis of depression has linked it to imbalances in:
A. Serotonin and dopamine
B
Dopamine and norepinephrine
C. Norepinephrine and serotonin
D. Serotonin and acetylcholine
E. epinephrine and dopamine
|
C
|
|
In a manic episode of bipolar disorder, a person might be characterized by all but which of the following?
A. Extreme euphoria and energy
B. Pressured speech
C. Inflated sense of self-worth
D. Difficulty committing to decisions
Poor judgment
|
D
|
|
All but which of the following statements describes antisocial personality disorder?
A. The majority of people with this disorder engage in criminal activities
B. People with this disorder are sometimes called psychopaths or sociopaths
C. Some people with this disorder can be charming
D. This disorder affects men more often than women
E. some people with this disorder have a high level of intelligence
|
A
|
|
Schizophrenia follows a ______ and typically develops ______.
A. Chronic but lifelong course; in early adolescence
B. Lifelong course; in early adolescence
C. Chronic but not lifelong course; in late adolescence or early adulthood
D. Lifelong course; in late adolescence or early adulthood
E. variable course; during the person’s thirties
|
D
|
|
Different personalities in dissociative identity disorder may demonstrate all of the following except:
A. Different genders
B. Different ages
C. Different traits and manners of speech
D. Different eye colors
E. different memories
|
D
|
|
Which of the following individuals exhibits behaviors that would be considered maladaptive?
A. Michael, who wears women’s clothing when no one is looking
B. Stanley, who battles depression
C. Gary, who believes that he is the son of George Washington
D. Irving, who hears voices
E. roy, who is continues to use drugs despite the effects on his health and functioning
|
E
|
|
Although they have different symptoms and characteristics, dissociative disorders and somatic symptom disorders are often grouped together because they both involve ______ defenses against ______.
A. Physical; anxiety
B. Physical; depression
C. Psychological; mania
D. Psychological; depression
E. psychological; anxiety
|
E
|
|
Individuals with antisocial personality disorder demonstrate all of the following except:
A. Disregard for rules of society
B. Psychotic behavior
C. Lack of remorse for misdeeds
D. Impulsivity
E. irresponsible behavior
|
B
|
|
The cognitive model of panic disorder focuses on misinterpretations of:
A. Childhood experiences
B. Social cues
C. Bodily sensations
D. Others’ intentions
E. irregular brain wave patterns
|
C
|
|
Persistent anxiety that is not tied to any particular object or situation is called:
A. Generalized anxiety disorder
B. Obsessive-compulsive disorder
C. Agoraphobia
D. Social anxiety disorder
E. panic disorder
|
A
|
|
Behavior that violates established social norms or standards describes which of the following criteria for determining abnormal behavior?
A. Dangerousness
B. Social deviance
C. Maladaptive behavior
D. Unusualness
E. emotional distress
|
B
|
|
Physical complaints that cannot be explained medically are characteristic of:
A. Dissociative identity disorder
B. Obsessive-compulsive disorder
C. Somatic symptoms and related disorders
D. Dissociative amnesia
E. bipolar disorder
|
C
|
|
Bipolar disorder was formerly called:
A. Manic-depression
B. Hysteria
C. Illness anxiety disorder
D. Multiple personality disorder
E. schizophrenia
|
A
|
|
Freudian theory contends that depression:
A. Represents the defense mechanism of displacement
B. Is genetically based
C. Represents anger turned inward
D. Is a form of attention-getting
E. results from a lack of reinforcement
|
C
|
|
"La belle indifference" describes which feature of a psychological disorder?
A. The tendency for people with functional neurological symptom disorder to be unconcerned about their symptoms
B. The tendency for people with dissociative identity disorder to have been highly imaginative as children
C. The tendency for people with depression to have maladaptive attributions style
D. The tendency for people with bipolar disorder to swing dramatically from one end of the mood spectrum to the other
E. the tendency for people with depression to show indifference toward their future
|
A
|
|
Because the anxiety is not tied to any particular object in generalized anxiety disorder, this type of anxiety is often described as:
A. Obsessive
B. Compulsive
C. Free-floating
D. Neurotic
E. post-traumatic
|
C
|
|
Delusions of ______ describe the most common theme among schizophrenia patients.
A. Waxy flexibility
B. Jealousy
C. La belle indifference
D. Grandeur
E. persecution
|
E
|
|
Regarding dissociative disorders, which of the following statements is false?
A. Dissociative disorders can involve amnesia
B. Dissociative disorders include cases of people with "multiple personalities"
C. Dissociative disorders are among the most mystifying of psychological disorders
D. Compared to other psychological disorders, dissociative disorders are relatively common
E. some mental health professionals question the existence of dissociative identity disorder
|
D
|
|
Which of the following statements about schizophrenia is true?
A. Schizophrenia affects about 1% of the adult population
B. Schizophrenia is somewhat more common in women than in men
C. Schizophrenia affects fewer than 500,000 people in the U.S.
D. Schizophrenia typically develops in late childhood or early adolescence
E. men tend to develop the disorder somewhat later than women
|
C
|
|
Ceci has a depressive attributional style. This means when she fails, she is likely to make which type of attributions?
A. Internal, global, and stable
B. Internal, specific, and stable
C. Internal, global, and unstable
D. External, global, and stable
E. external, specific, and unstable
|
A
|
|
Approximately what percentage of men could be classified as having antisocial personality disorder?
A. Less than 1%
B. 1 to 3%
C. 3 to 6%
D. 5 to 8%
E. 7 to 10%
|
C
|
|
Perhaps the earliest idea regarding abnormal behavior was that:
A. Supernatural forces or demonic spirits were at work
B. The brains of people displaying abnormal behavior were defective
C. It was the product of the inappropriate use of rewards and punishments
D. It was the result of a moral weakness
E. irrational thoughts or distorted thinking lead to emotional problems
|
A
|
|
Personality disorders are a cluster of psychological disorders
A. Involving extremely rigid patterns of behavior
B. In which mood disturbances are the primary symptom
C. That all include psychotic symptoms
D. Involving extreme anxiety
E. in which cognitive distortions result in impaired functioning
|
A
|
|
Which of the following is not one of the criteria used by psychologists to determine whether a behavior is abnormal?
A. Morality
B. Social deviance
C. Dangerousness
D. Usualness
E. emotional distress
|
A
|
|
Twin and adoptee studies provide strong evidence for a ______ factor involved in anxiety disorders.
A. Biochemical
B. Genetic
C. Biopsychosocial
D. Neurotransmitter
E. prenatal
|
B
|
|
A breakdown in the logical structure of thinking and speech, revealed in the form of a loosening of associations, best describes which psychological disorder?
A. Antisocial personality disorder
B. Major depressive disorder
C. Obsessive-compulsive disorder
D. Dissociative identity disorder
E. schizophrenia
|
E
|
|
Which of the following statements regarding criteria for determining abnormal behavior is false?
A. Psychologists use multiple criteria for determining abnormal behavior is false?
A. Psychologists use multiple criteria in determining whether behavior is abnormal
B. The one determining feature of abnormal behavior is unusualness
C. Most people feel anxious or depressed from time to tome
D. The same behavior may be judged normal under one circumstance and abnormal under another circumstance
E. psychologists take into account the cultural context when making judgements about abnormal behavior
|
B
|
|
Phobias develop through associations of aversive stimuli with previously neutral stimuli. This expresses the ______ explanation of phobia development.
A. Cognitive
B. Classical conditioning
C. Operant conditioning
D. Psychodynamic
E. sociocultural
|
B
|
|
Nagging, intrusive thoughts are called ______, and repetitive or ritual behaviors are called ______.
A. Diatheses; delusions
B. Compulsions; obsessions
C. Obsessions; compulsions
D. Diatheses; conversions
E. conversions; diatheses
|
C
|
|
The disorder that most resembles common notions of insanity, madness, or lunacy is:
A. Major depressive disorder
B. Dissociative identity disorder
C. Generalized anxiety disorder
D. Schizophrenia
E. bipolar disorder
|
D
|
|
Fear of heights is to ______ as fear of enclosed spaces is to ______
A. Claustrophobia; acrophobia
B. Acrophobia; claustrophobia
C. Agoraphobia; claustrophobia
D. Agoraphobia; acrophobia
E. acrophobia; agoraphobia
|
B
|
|
Ella finds herself extremely frightened whenever she sees a snake. This describes a form of:
A. Panic disorder
B. Specific phobia
C. Agoraphobia
D. Obsessive-compulsive disorder
E. social anxiety disorder
|
B
|
|
In the diathesis-stress model of explaining schizophrenia, which of the following factors would represent a psychosocial influence?
A. Childhood brain damage
B. Prenatal brain trauma
C. Failure in school
D. Loss of a loved one
E. Being raised in an abusive family environment
|
E
|
|
All but which of the following have been implicated in the development of borderline personality disorder?
A. Abuse or neglect in childhood
B. Failure to develop a cohesive self-concept in childhood
C. Low levels of dopamine production
D. Brain abnormalities
E. genetic factors
|
C
|
|
Schizophrenia may involve imbalances in nerve pathways that utilize which neurotransmitter?
A. Serotonin
B. Melatonin
C. Dopamine
D. Norepinephrine
E. epinephrine
|
C
|
|
In experiments with Little Albert, Watson demonstrated:
A. The need to consider cognitive, as well as learning, influences in abnormal behavior
B. The inability of young children to acquire phobias
C. The role of classical conditioning in the development of phobias
D. The ease with which instinctual fears are demonstrated in young children
E. the role of operant conditioning in fostering aggression
|
C
|
|
Critics of the concept of dissociative identity disorder suggest:
A. It is really a form of schizophrenia
B. It represents a form of attention-seeking role playing
C. There are underlying physical causes that are unidentified
D. It is not really an abnormal condition
E. it fails to provide secondary gain
|
B
|
|
Eleanor is a quiet 41-year-old housewife. Occasionally, she seems to "become" a 14-year-old male juvenile delinquent. Other times she "becomes" a 52-year-old, foul-mouthed alcoholic. This sounds lie a textbook case of:
A. Schizophrenia
B. Manic-depressive disorder
C. Dissociative identity disorder
D. Conversion disorder
E. bipolar disorder
|
C
|
|
Which of the following describes a negative symptom of schizophrenia?
A. Hallucinations
B. Delusions
C. Thought disorders
D. Social isolation
E. Bizarre behavior
|
D
|
|
Tatiana is a schizophrenia patient with delusional thinking. Based on this description, what is Tatiana most likely experiencing?
A. Perceptions that occur without appropriate external stimuli
B. False but firm beliefs
C. Violent, aggressive outbursts
D. Patterns of disorganized speech
E. Removal of inhibitions resulting in violent outbursts
|
B
|
|
Which ethnic groups have relatively higher rates of suicide?
A. Caucasian Americans and African Americans
B. Caucasian Americans and Hispanic Americans
C. Caucasian Americans and Native Americans
D. African Americans and Hispanic Americans
E. African Americans and Native Americans
|
C
|
|
Based on available evidence, which of the following brain regions appears to be the most affected in cases of schizophrenia?
A. Prefrontal cortex and lambic system
B. Lambic system and hypothalamus
C. Hypothalamus and medulla
D. Medulla and prefrontal cortex
E. Thalamus and medulla
|
A
|
|
What is the approximate prevalence of bipolar disorder in the adult U.S. Population?
A. 1%
B. 4%
C. 7%
D. 10%
E. 12%
|
A
|
|
Genetic studies demonstrate that the concordance rate for schizophrenia is:
A. Highest among family members
B. Highest among monozygotic twins
C. Highest among dizygotic twins
D. Highest among distant family members
E. Similar across different groups
|
B
|
|
George was committed to a psychiatric hospital after he was caught happily shopping at the local supermarket without any clothes on. By what criterion is George’s behavior considered abnormal?
A. Dangerousness
B. Maladaptive behavior
C. Social deviance
D. Emotional distress
E. Faulty perceptions or interpretations of reality
|
C
|
|
Whenever Fritz leaves his house, he has a nagging thought that he is forgetting something. He goes back to check that he has turned off the water and stove and locked the door. Some days, it takes Fritz over an hour to actually leave the house. This sounds like a case of:
A. Somatoform disorder
B. Obsessive-compulsive disorder
C. Agoraphobia
D. Panic disorder
E. Acrophobia
|
B
|
|
Steven has bipolar disorder. All of the following may occur during his manic episodes except:
A. Flight of ideas
B. Pressured speech
C. Waxy flexibility
D. Grandiosity
E. restlessness
|
C
|
|
Dissociative identity disorder is common;y referred to as:
A. Multiple personality disorder
B. Neurosis
C. Schizophrenia
D. Generalized anxiety disorder
E. antisocial personality disorder
|
A
|
|
Which of the following people can be described as having features of obsessive-compulsive disorder?
A. Vickie, who locks and unlocks her door three times each time she enters and leaves her home’b. Scott, who has a low-level state of anxiety that seems to travel with him wherever he goes
C. Rick, who has an irrational fear of riding on escalators
D. Mary Jo, who refuses to leave her house because going out in public makes her panic
E. Guillermo, who experiences sudden, unexpected episodes of sheer terror
|
A
|
|
Regarding causes of suicide, which=high of the following statements is false?
A. Suicide may be linked to irregularities in serotonin functioning in the brain that leads to a disinhibition effect
B. Suicide is closely linked to mood disorders
C. Adolescents who have a friend who attempted suicide are less likely yo attempt suicide themselves
D. Suicidal people may have fewer coping responses, leaving them especially vulnerable to exit events
E. Suicides are linked to exit events that leave people feeling stripped of social support
|
C
|
|
Which of the following statements best captures the cognitive distortion of "mistaken responsibility"?
A. My partner is going to have an accident when she goes skiing
B. I failed my first statistics exam. I’ll never get into graduate school
C. I have to get an A in that class
D. I didn’t get the grade I wanted in that class; I’m so stupid
E. My partner is angry today. I must have done something wrong
|
E
|
|
Which theorists are associated with the humanistic model of understanding behavior?
A. Sigmund Freud and Anna Freud
B. Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
C. John B. Watson and Ivan Pavlov
D. Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck
E. Erik Erickson and Carl Jung
|
B
|
|
Regarding panic disorder, which of the following statements is false?
A. Panic attacks can last more than an hour
B. Panic disorder is characterized by intense physical symptoms
C. Some people with this disorder mistake their symptoms for a heart attack
D. Agoraphobia sometimes develops in people with panic disorder
E. panic attacks initially begin because of their association with a specific situation
|
E
|
|
All but which of the following have been implicated in antisocial personality disorder?
A. Familial environment characterized by neglect and harsh punishment
B. Underlying brain abnormalities
C. Low levels of dopamine production
D. Genetics
E. need for high levels of stimulation to maintain optimal level of arousal
|
C
|
|
Diana has borderline personality disorder. Which of the following best describes the major symptoms of her disorder?
A. Tendency toward mood swings and stormy relationships with others
B. Extreme suspiciousness or mistrust of others
C. Pattern of avoiding social relationships out of fear of rejection
D. Excessive need for orderliness and attention to detail
E. odd or eccentric, but not psychotic, behaviors
|
A
|
|
Which statement would be made by someone supporting a cognitive explanation for somatic symptom and related disorders?
A. People with these disorders are reinforced by others for adopting a "sick role" by drawing sympathy and support
B. Conversion symptoms help the person. Avoid anxiety-invoking situations
C. Conversion symptoms provide secondary gain
D. Conversion symptoms are an outward sign of unconscious dynamic struggle between opposing motives
E. like people with panic disorder, people with hypochondriasis tend to misinterpret bodily sensations as signs of catastrophic causes
|
E
|
|
A loss of physical function that has no organic cause is the primary symptom of:
A. Hypochondriasis
B. Dissociative identity disorder
C. Functional neurological symptom disorder
D. Schizophrenia
E. dissociative amnesia
|
C
|
|
As described in the text, psychological models of abnormal behavior based on classical conditioning were useful in developing explanations of:
A. Personality disorders
B. Phobias
C. Schizophrenia
D. Depression
E. self-actualization
|
B
|
|
Take occasionally finds himself in a state of sheer terror. The sensation lasts for several minutes, and he often believes he is "going crazy". His symptoms most clearly describe:
A. Agoraphobia
B. Post-traumatic stress disorder
C. Obsessive-compulsive disorder
D. Panic disorder
E. generalized anxiety disorder
|
D
|
|
Schizophrenia is best described as a type of ______ disorder.
A. Anxiety
B. Mood
C. Personality
D. Psychotic
E. dissiociative
|
D
|
|
Which of the following involves the removal of normal restraints that serve to keep impulsive behaviors in check?
A. An exit event
B. A cognitive distortion
C. A negative symptom
D. Waxy flexibility
E. the disinhibition effect
|
E
|
|
A diathesis is a:
A. Severely traumatic incident
B. Gene linked to a psychological disorder
C. Predisposition or vulnerability to a disorder
D. Learned pattern of abnormal behavior
E. disturbance of mood, perception, or behavior
|
C
|
|
All but which of the following people have a specific phobia?
A. Joe, who is afraid of spiders
B. Pat, who is afraid of heights
C. Nicole who is afraid of venturing out into open places
D. Michael, who is afraid of snakes
E. Meghan, who is afraid of flying in airplanes
|
C
|
|
Pablo has an intense fear of giving oral presentations in class. He also is very fearful of dating. Based on this description, he is probably suffering from:
A. Agoraphobia
B. Specific phobia
C. Social anxiety disorder
D. Generalized anxiety disorder
E. claustrophobia
|
C
|
|
Jurgen has been diagnosed as having a phobia. This means Jurgen experiences:
A. Sudden episodes of sheer terror with no apparent cause
B. Persistent anxiety without a specific focus
C. Nagging, intrusive thoughts
D. An irrational or excessive fear of something
E. a loss of a physical function that defies explanation
|
D
|
|
Which model of abnormal behavior is the most comprehensive?
A. Medical
B. Sociocultural
C. Psychodynamic
D. Biopsychosocial
E. humanistic
|
D
|
|
Felicia reports that she is hearing voices that continually demean and belittle her. By what criterion is her behavior considered abnormal?
A. Dangerousness
B. Maladaptive behavior
C. Social deviance
D. Emotional distress
E. faulty perceptions or interpretations of reality
|
E
|
|
Which theorist is associated with the study of learned helplessness?
A. Aaron Beck
B. Albert Ellis
C. Albert Bandura
D. Carl Rogers
E. Martin Seligman
|
E
|
|
Bertram suffers from schizophrenia with symptoms of catatonia. Sometimes he seems to "freeze up" in an unusual body position for hours at a time. This particular symptom is called:
A. Hysterical neurosis
B. Disorganized thinking
C. Waxy flexibility
D. Psychotic frenzy
E. la belle indifference
|
C
|
|
Which anxiety disorder has the lightest lifetime prevalence in the population?
A. Agoraphobia
B. Social anxiety disorder
C. Panic disorder
D. Generalized anxiety disorder
E. specific phobia
|
E
|
|
Ted has antisocial personality disorder. It is likely that Ted shows abnormal functioning in which part of his brain?
A. Hippocampus
B. Amygdaloid
C. Prefrontal cortex
D. Temporal lobes
E. corpus callosum
|
C
|
|
In schizophrenia, behavioral excesses are to ______ as behavioral deficits are to ______.
A. Psychotic disorder; thought disorder
B. Thought disorder; psychotic disorder
C. Disorganization; paranoia
D. Positive symptoms; negative symptoms
E. negative symptoms; positive symptoms
|
D
|
|
Reduction of anxiety that occurs when feared objects are avoided is the basis of which explanation of phobic avoidance?
a. biological
b. classical conditioning
c. operant conditioning
d. cognitive
e. humanistic
|
c
|
|
Regarding cross-cultural differences in schizophrenia, which of the following statements is true?
a. Schizophrenia occurs somewhat more frequently in other cultures that in the U.S., and its symptoms are similar across cultures
b. Schizophrenia occurs somewhat more frequently in other cultures than in the U.S., and particular symptoms vary from culture to culture
c. Schizophrenia occurs much more frequently in other cultures than in the U.S., and particular symptoms vary from culture to culture
d. Schizophrenia occurs about as frequently in other cultures as in the U.S., and its symptoms are similar across cultures
e. Schizophrenia occurs about as frequently in other cultures as in the U.S., but particular symptoms vary from culture to culture
|
e
|
|
With the medical model, distinctive patterns of abnormal behavior are described as:
a. psychological oddities
b. biological disorders
c. mental disorders or mental illnesses
d. diatheses
e. attributional styles
|
c
|
|
Bonnie has been feeling extremely sad for the last two months. She has difficulty getting out of bed to face the day and has lost interest in formerly pleasurable activities. Occasionally, she thinks about committing suicide. She sounds like she may be suffering from ______ disorder.
a. manic
b. antisocial personality
c. biplar
d. major depressive
e. functional neurological symptom
|
d
|
|
Approximately what percentage of American adults has a diagnosable psychological disorder at some point in their life?
a. 20%
b. 35%
c. 50%
d. 60%
e. 75%
|
c
|
|
A stereotypical man with antisocial personality disorder is likely to have been raised in a home characterized by:
a. permissiveness and a general lack of rules
b. spoiling and excessive indulgence
c. neglect, abuse, and lack of warmth
d. excessive stimulation and constant excitement
e. moderate, authoritative discipline
|
c
|
|
A class of psychological disorders involving changes in consciousness, memory, or self-identity is known as:
a. personality disorders
b. phobias
c. somatic symptom disorders
d. mood disorders
e. dissociative disorders
|
e
|
|
The irrational or excessive fear of enclosed spaces is called:
a. acrophobia
b. social phobia
c. claustrophobia
d. obsessive-compulsive disorder
e. agoraphobia
|
c
|
|
Which of the following biological factors is most likely to be considered in the cognitive explanation of anxiety disorders?
a. genetic inheritance
b. biochemical changes in the brain
c. disturbances in the functioning of neurotransmitters
d. heightened activity in certain regions of the brain
e. minor changes in bodily sensations
|
e
|
|
Regarding genetic factors in schizophrenia, which of the following statements is false?
a. when one identical twin has schizophrenia, the other twin has a 45% to 50% chance of having the disorder
b. about 13% of people with a schizophrenic parent develop the disorder themselves
c. the closer the genetic relationship a person shares with a schizophrenic individual, the greater the likelihood that the person will have or develop schizophrenia
d. investigators have identified a single gene that is responsible for creating a genetic predisposition for schizophrenia
e. heredity plays an important role in schizophrenia, but biological and environmental factors also play important roles
|
d
|
|
Regarding anxiety disorders, which of the following statements is false?
a. such disorders involve excessive anxiety that may interfere with normal functioning
b. fear is a general feeling of anxiety or dread that is not specific to particular situations
c. anxiety disorders are some of the most commonly experienced psychological disorders
d. phobias are excessive or irrational fears of particular objects or situations
e. anxiety is an adaptive response in some situations
|
b
|
|
Other factors being equal, which person is at highest risk for suicide?
a. Hugh, a 90-year-old male
b. DeeDee. a 70-year-old female
c. Frank, a 50-year-old male
d. Betty, a 50-year-old female
e. Jake, an 18-year-old male
|
a
|
|
As described in the text, behavioral models of abnormality assume that abnormal behavior:
a. is learned in much the same way that normal behavior is learned
b. is best explained by a different set of learning principles than those governing normal behavior
c. is largely unlearned, but can be brought under the influence of the environment
d. is the result of a blockage of a person’s natural potential
e. is largely the result of genetics, but can be influenced by learning
|
a
|
|
Garth goes to a psychodynamic therapist for treatment of his anxiety. What will be the goal of Garth’s therapy?
a. to unroot unconscious conflicts that give rise to his anxiety
b. to determine the biological cause of his anxiety and find the right drug to treat is
c. to become aware of his true feelings, fix his self-image, and come to accept himself the way he is
d. to identify and change the irrational thought patterns that have led to his anxiety
e. to determine how factors like his gender, social class, and ethnicity interact to make him anxious
|
a
|
|
Approximately how many people are hospitalized for schizophrenia in a given year?
a. very few; most all are treated in community settings
b. between 5,000 to 10,000
c. between 25,000 and 50,000
d. between 75,000 and 100,000
e. more than 100,000
|
e
|
|
Caleb Burke is a hyperactive child with a poor attention span and disruptive behaviors. Caleb is likely to be treated with which type of drug?
a. antianxiety
b. antipsychotic
c. stimulant
d. anticonvulsant
e. antidepressant
|
c
|
|
compared to traditional psychoanalysis, modern psychoanalysis includes all of the following EXCEPT:
a. less emphasis on sexual issues
b. less emphasis on the remote past
c. less confrontation
d. a briefer and less frequent therapy format
e. more dialogue between analyst and client
|
c
|
|
Paul was not given a promotion. He feels upset and disappointed because he thinks of himself as a failure who will never succeed. From the perspective of rational-emotive behavior therapy, Paul’s view of himself is the:
a. activating event
b. irrational belief
c. self-defeating behavior
d. consequence
e. outcome
|
b
|
|
There are ______ major types of antidepressants, and they are called ______.
a. 2; minor and major tranquilizers
b. 3; MAO inhibitors, tricyclics, and selcective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors
c. 3; Valium, Librium, and Xanax
d. 2; phenothiazines and neo-phenothiazines
e. 2; stimulants and anticonvulsants
|
b
|
