Final test History 1500

The invention of the printing press in Europe increased the volume and rapidity of communication, thereby:

making it more difficult to censor problematic or dissenting opinions.

The printing press was a tool of European monarchs because:

it enabled the widespread circulation of propaganda.

Renaissance Neoplatonists sought to combine classical Platonic thought with:

ancient mysticism and mainstream Christianity.

Marsilio Ficino taught that human beings are capable of attaining their own salvation:

by understanding the separation of their souls from their bodies.

Plato’s works were translated from Greek into Latin by:

Marsilio Ficino.

Unlike most other Italian intellectuals of his age, Niccolò Machiavelli was:

a truly original thinker about politics.

Machiavelli admired Cesare Borgia for his:

ruthlessness and shrewdness.

According to Machiavelli, the ideal form of government was a(n):

republic modeled on the Roman example.

Machiavelli advocated for tyrants like Cesare Borgia to take control of Italy because:

he believed that sixteenth-century Italy was so chaotic that it needed strong dictators to lead it into a more settled state favorable to self-governance.

The retelling of the Song of Roland in fifteenth-century Italy differed from the original by its:

lack of any suggestion of heroic idealism.

In contrast to the civic humanists, Castiglione’s Courtier stressed as the hallmark of true nobility:

an ideal of effortlessness and elegance at court.

Castiglione’s description of the "Renaissance man" as accomplished, witty, cultured, and stylish was:

a rejection of the older Renaissance ideal of education in the classics for the purpose of creating virtuous citizens.

Italian painters of the fifteenth century mastered:

the use of vanishing perspective to depict three dimensions.

Italian artists of the Renaissance experimented with all of the following techniques EXCEPT:

brass rubbing.

In the fifteenth century, the majority of the great painters were from:

Florence.

The great painters of Florence improved upon techniques developed by:

Masaccio.

Although Leonardo da Vinci was born in Florence, he ended his career in:

France, under the patronage of the French king.

Leonardo da Vinci’s basic approach to painting was to:

imitate nature as closely as possible.

Leonardo da Vinci’s paintings sometimes display a keen understanding of human psychology by presenting
their subjects as:

experiencing multiple emotions at the same time.

Although Venetian artists copied techniques used in Florence, Venetian paintings differed from those
produced in Florence because they:

did not generally include philosophical or religious allegories.

Raphael’s School of Athens is of interest in part because:

many of Raphael’s contemporaries are used as models for the various philosophers.

For Michelangelo, the central feature of Renaissance humanism was:

the drive to understand an embodied, masculine mind.

Sculpture during the Renaissance broke with the recent past in that statuary:

now became freestanding figures "in the round."

Michelangelo’s painting and sculpture both became_________ as the artist aged.

less idealized

Renaissance architecture emphasized the importance of:

geometrical proportions.

All of the following are reasons why the ideals of the Italian Renaissance were slow to impact northern
Europe EXCEPT that:

few people traveled between Italy and northern Europe before the turn of the sixteenth century.

One important difference between the Italian Renaissance and the Northern Renaissance that followed was
the northern:

interest in traditional Christian wisdom over classical virtues.

Erasmus wrote works of all the following types EXCEPT:

treatises of scholastic theology.

As a textual scholar, Erasmus’s crowning achievement was his:

commentary on the works of Cicero.

Thomas More’s Utopia was a(n):

devastating critique of contemporary culture.

Albrecht Dürer was the first northern European artist to master:

Italian Renaissance techniques of proportion and perspective.

The ars nova introduced _________ lyrics and music into the liturgy of the Mass during the Renaissance.

polyphonic

After the end of the Hundred Years’ War, the French king Charles VIII attempted to expand his territory
even further by invading _________ in 1494.

northern Italy

Ivan the Great gave further substance to the idea that Muscovy was the heir to Rome after the fall of
Constantinople by:

marrying the niece of the last Byzantine emperor.

After the Council of Constance, the papacy entered into a series of agreements with national monarchies
called concordats. The result of these concordats was:

the granting of extensive authority to monarchs over the churches in their domain.

The most important factor in the rise of Spain as a major European power was the:

unification of the kingdoms of Aragon and Castile.

One result of the "Reconquista" was to end the Spanish convivencia, which was the:

relative harmonious coexistence of different religious and ethnic groups in Spain since 750 C.E.

The last Muslim territory to fall in Spain was:

Granada in 1492.

Ferdinand and Isabella’s decision to sponsor Columbus’s voyage was spurred by:

a desire to counter successful Portuguese exploratory and commercial ventures.

In their voyages along the west coast of Africa, the Portuguese were initially in search of:

gold.

Portugal came to dominate the Far East spice trade by doing all of the following EXCEPT:

blockading the Strait of Gibraltar.

Beginning in the 1440s, design changes in Portuguese caravels allowed them to:

sail with two masts and faster, triangular sails.

In the long history of slavery in Western civilization, the basic patterns of slavery were not racialized (in
other words, directly related to ethnicity or skin color) until:

Lisbon became a significant market for enslaved Africans in the middle of the fifteenth century.

Although only 1 out of 5 ships and 18 out of 265 sailors returned from Magellan’s voyage, it proved that:

the world was too large for a western sea route to Asia to be economically feasible.

Hernán Cortés was aided in his conquest of the Aztec empire by all of the following EXCEPT:

the European rifles he had brought with him.

The Spanish modeled their Caribbean sugar plantations worked by enslaved African laborers on:

Portuguese sugar plantations on the Cape Verde Islands.

In economic terms, New World colonization and plunder had the greatest positive effect on the:

Spanish.

The most lucrative export of the Spanish colonies in Central and South America was:

silver.

The massive influx of silver from New World Spanish colonies resulted in:

massive inflation.

Within a century of the Europeans’ arrival in Central America, the native population there declined by as
much as:

90 percent.

Chapter 13

…

In the year 1500, the social and economic prospects of Europe were:

on the rise, spurred by commercial expansion, increasing population, and strong governments.

The term Protestant means:

dissenting.

Theologically, Martin Luther was a follower of:

Saint Augustine of Hippo.

As a young monk, Luther:

was fearful that he could never do enough good deeds to deserve salvation.

Luther was a professor of theology at:

Wittenberg.

Luther’s doctrine of "justification by faith" meant that:

humans are only made worthy of salvation by their faith in God.

Luther believed that people were saved by:

God’s grace alone.

Luther believed that works of piety and charity were:

visible signs of each person’s invisible spiritual state.

The Church taught that indulgences worked to reduce the penance that the individual owed to God:

by the special blessing from the pope paid for by the indulgence.

Luther was driven to post his Ninety-five Theses by:

the sale of indulgences in his region, which promised less time in purgatory.

Luther’s Ninety-five Theses objected primarily to the:

sale of church offices by the papacy.

Luther’s doctrine of the "priesthood of all believers" argued that:

whatever the majority of Christians believed should become Church doctrine.

Luther’s religious reforms included all of the following EXCEPT:

reducing the number of sacraments from seven to two.

Luther believed that priests could marry because:

Jesus had been married.

One reason why Luther was able to win great public support for his position was the introduction of:

additional feast days into the religious calendar.

Although Luther’s disputes with the Church generally dealt with matters of doctrine, he also had disputes
with the papacy itself over:

the pope’s process for choosing bishops within the Germanic states.

Many graduates of universities in Germany became supporters of Luther because:

they wanted to support the religious movement of one of their countrymen.

Lutheranism would not have survived and flourished without the support of:

the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V.

Lutheranism was attractive to many princes in Germany because:

the Holy Roman Emperor had adopted the faith.

Aside from religious motivations, many free cities in the Holy Roman Empire found Lutheranism
appealing because:

town councils and guild masters could use reforms as a way to oppose local aristocrats and bishops.

The German Peasants’ Revolt of 1525:

cemented the alliance of Lutheranism with state power.

In Switzerland, Protestant reforms were usually imposed by:

leading citizens.

For Zwingli, the Eucharist:

was an important commemoration of Christ’s historical sacrifice on the cross.

In contrast to Lutherans, Zwinglians, and Calvinists, Anabaptists:

believed that only adults should be baptized, not children.

After 1534, Anabaptists were greatly feared by secular authorities in Europe because they:

were associated with extremist groups that threatened the social order.

The Mennonites had their most immediate theological origins in:

Anabaptism.

The most definitive statement of Protestant theology can be found in:

Calvin’s Institutes of the Christian Religion.

Calvin’s theology emphasized first and foremost:

the sovereignty and omnipotence of God.

With respect to salvation, Calvin argued:

God alone chose who was saved and who was damned and one’s fate could not be changed.

In comparison to Lutheranism, Calvinism was much more:

authoritarian with respect to personal conduct and morality.

Under Calvin’s guidance, Geneva’s government can best be described as a(n):

theocracy.

The main function of the Calvinist Consistory of Geneva was to:

supervise public and private morals.

The settlement reached via the Peace of Augsburg in 1555 was that:

each German prince would rule a territory that was Catholic or Lutheran based on his own choice of faith.

After 1525, Protestantism was "domesticated" by becoming more politically conservative and by focusing
on:

the patriarchal family as the central institution of reformed life.

Protestantism began as a dissent against the Church and had many radical manifestations, but it eventually
became "domesticated" due to:

a dependence of Protestant leaders on local political leaders.

Protestant authority figures from fathers to secular rulers had a responsibility to discipline those under their
control because Protestant belief taught that:

undisciplined people tended toward doing evil and could thus destroy human society.

Protestantism introduced a new exemplar of female holiness, the:

goodwife.

By the sixteenth century, both Protestant and Catholic cities were:

instituting strict governmental supervision of morality.

By insisting marriage was not a sacrament and could be regulated by secular authorities, Protestantism
allowed for:

increased parental control over marriages.

Why would Clement VII not permit King Henry VIII of England to annul his marriage to Catherine of
Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn?

Because Catherine’s nephew, Emperor Charles V, controlled Rome at the time and disapproved of Henry’s request for an annulment.

The first English monarch to enforce Protestant theology in the English church was:

King Edward VI.

In attempting to restore Catholicism in England, Queen Mary did all of the following EXCEPT:

restore the property of monasteries and convents.

Although Elizabeth I began her reign by striking a balance between Catholic and Protestant doctrines and
practices, England became more Protestant during her rule because:

Protestant belief became an integral part of English national identity.

The Counter-Reformation drew its inspiration primarily from:

the papacy.

The popes of the Counter-Reformation period were noted for their:

ability to administer the Church ably.

At the Council of Trent, the Catholic Church:

reaffirmed almost all of the doctrinal claims that Protestants criticized.

Prior to founding the Society of Jesus, Ignatius Loyola was:

a mercenary soldier.

Loyola’s Spiritual Exercises offers an interesting contrast to Luther’s writings because in Loyola’s work:

Christians can master their will and work toward their salvation.

The primary activities of the new Jesuit Order were:

founding schools and being missionaries.

One of the most famous mystics who aided in the reform of the Church in the sixteenth century was:

Teresa of Avila.

Chapter 14

…

Protestant rulers targeted the North American coast for colonization because:

Spanish and Portuguese holds on the Caribbean and South America were firm.

The extraordinary movement of peoples, plants, animals, goods, cultures, and diseases in the sixteenth
century is called the:

Columbian Exchange.

While many diseases traveled from Europe to the New World, _________ appears to have been introduced
to Europe from the Americas.

syphilis

While more than 7 million slaves were taken from Africa to the Americas, the number of European
colonists who came to the Americas before 1700 was approximately:

1,500,000.

The population of early North American colonies grew because:

indentured servants came over in large numbers to work in the colonies.

Social relations in the Spanish colonies of Central and South America were characterized by all of the
following EXCEPT:

the uprooting and resettlement of large numbers of native people.

Much of the wealth derived from colonies in the Americas came from:

sugar.

On a typical merchant run along the "triangle trade" route, a British ship would sail from England with
manufactured goods, trade the goods for slaves in Africa, and then:

trade the slaves for tobacco in Virginia.

All of the following were forms used to resist slave owners in the sixteenth century EXCEPT:

underground railroads.

The primary problem caused by the Price Revolution of the late sixteenth century was:

inflation.

The driving cause of the inflation experienced in Europe during the last half of the sixteenth century was:

an influx of silver on the Spanish market.

Which groups in European society benefited most from the Price Revolution?

aristocracy

European monarchs were forced to raise taxes precipitously in the sixteenth century because taxes collected
in an inflationary period yielded less actual wealth and because:

major infrastructure renewal was occurring across Europe, especially the rebuilding of old Roman roads.

Most French Protestants were:

Calvinists.

To broker a truce between Catholic and Protestant factions in France during the sixteenth century, the French
royal family:

arranged a marriage between a powerful Protestant prince and the Catholic daughter of the reigning king of France.

The truce between Catholics and Protestants brokered by the marriage of Henry of Navarre into the French
royal family was broken because:

there was an organized slaughter of Protestant aristocratic wedding guests on the morning of the wedding.

The Edict of Nantes:

recognized Catholicism as the official religion of France but allowed Protestants certain rights.

During the first half of the sixteenth century, northern Europe’s leading commercial and financial center
was:

Antwerp.

The Dutch revolt was sparked by:

Philip II attempting to tighten his control of the Dutch cities.

William of Orange fought during the religious wars to free the Netherlands from:

Catholic rule under the Spanish.

The Dutch West India Company dominated the _________ trade after 1521.

slave

To finance investment in colonial enterprises, the Dutch pioneered:

joint-stock companies.

The Irish Rebellion of 1565 was supported by:

Spain.

England challenged Spanish supremacy in the Atlantic by:

attacking Spanish ships that were sailing from their colonies to Spain.

The Thirty Years’ War began when:

a Catholic prince became the ruler of a Protestant territory.

Alliances in the latter half of the Thirty Years’ War were largely based on:

current political needs.

From an international perspective, the Peace of Westphalia (1648) marked the:

emergence of France as the dominant power in Europe, eclipsing Spain.

To promote the economic development of France, Henry IV did all of the following EXCEPT:

open up new silver mines within France.

The primary goal of Cardinal Richelieu’s government was to:

increase and centralize royal power over France.

The Fronde was a:

series of aristocratic and popular revolts against the French government.

All of the following led to tensions in England during the reign of James I EXCEPT:

a highly centralized monarchy and a disaffected aristocracy with no power.

What forced Charles I to summon a new parliament, after he had ruled without one for eleven years?

an invasion force from Scotland

In response to Charles I’s arrest of parliamentary leaders, the English Parliament:

voted to raise taxes to muster an army for itself.

Oliver Cromwell rose to power in England as:

the leader of the parliamentary army.

Charles I’s death sent shockwaves through Europe because:

it was the first time a reigning king had been legally tried and executed for treason by his subjects.

Oliver Cromwell’s Protectorate was a:

dictatorship.

The agreement by which Charles II became king of England:

strengthened the power of Parliament.

The English Civil War affected English colonies in the New World by:

allowing them a large degree of independence by ignoring them.

A primary theme of artistic production between 1550 and 1650 was:

the glory of God and his saints.

The doubt and uncertainty caused by the discovery and European colonization in the New World were
expressed in Europe by all of these EXCEPT:

the production of plays that raised questions about relative morality like Shakespeare’s The Tempest.

Jean Bodin’s Six Books of the Commonwealth was the first fully developed statement of:

absolutist sovereignty.

In the theory of absolutism found in Thomas Hobbes’s Leviathan, people give up liberties to the sovereign
state which, in turn is obligated to:

preserve people’s lives.

The medium most likely to help shape public opinion in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries
was;

plays.

The Elizabethan author of Doctor Faustus was:

Christopher Marlowe.

The sixteenth-century writer who portrayed lower-class people in a very favorable light was:

Ben Jonson.

Shakespeare’s plays feature all of these themes EXCEPT:

the perfection of the Catholic faith.

Baroque style is known for its:

elaborate and highly detailed style.

The architect of the Baroque noted for his Hellenistic-inspired style was:

Bernini.

Art in the Golden Age was sometimes used as a form of political critique as seen in Pieter Bruegel’s piece
entitled:

The Massacre of the Innocents.

The uncertainty and crises of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries over time produced:

more strongly centralized states.

T@f

…

The printing press was instrumental in the spread of humanist ideas.

T

Niccolò Machiavelli’s work suggests that he was more of a political theorist than a political realist.

F

A "Renaissance Man" as defined in Castiglione’s book The Courtier was considered to be one who could
subordinate his personal morality to political ends.

F

Leonardo da Vinci considered artists to be skilled craftsmen.

F

Michelangelo’s David was created to celebrate Florentine civic ideals.

T

Erasmus believed that the entire society of his day was caught up in despair because of the inflexibility of
ecclesiastical reform.

F

Thomas More was put to death for not allowing Henry VIII to remarry.

F

Albrecht Dürer was the first northerner to master the techniques of proportion and perspective and to
embrace classical subjects.

F

In the rule of the Papal States the pope, as a churchman, was unable to lead armies or make alliances with
other princes.

F

Under Ferdinand and Isabella, the conversos (Jews who had converted to Christianity) had all the same
privileges as those who had been born into Christian families.

F

The reason galleons and caravels were made so large in this period was to make it possible to arm them
more heavily.

T

Relatively few of the slaves who passed through the major Ottoman slave markets were Europeans. Most
were African.

F

Few if any people believed the world was flat when Columbus began his voyage.

T

European colonists on Hispaniola turned to cattle raising and sugar production because there was no gold to
be found in the mines.

F

The infusion of silver into the European economy was ultimately disastrous.

T

The term Reformation is a misleading one for the religious movement begun by Luther.

T

The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V’s holdings were so vast that he was willing to let local officials
decide whether a particular territory would practice Catholicism or Lutheranism.

F

Luther wrote in his On Temporal Authority that all rulers must be obeyed, even tyrants.

T

In Calvinism, the Eucharist rather than the sermon was the center of worship.

F

In Calvinist Geneva, inns were the only places citizens were allowed to eat or drink without saying grace or
to stay up after nine o’clock in the evening.

F

The Peace of Augsburg (1555) created both tolerance and intolerance of religion.

T

Luther believed every Christian should be able to read the Bible in his or her language.

T

Protestants believed that people were naturally good.

F

Luther allegedly believed that nunneries should be closed because they were places where illicit sexual
behavior was inevitable.

T

Protestantism emphasized the necessity of obedience to authority figures.

T

England became a Protestant country under Henry VIII.

F

At the Council of Trent, Church prelates confirmed that the Bible was the only source of Christian truth.

F

The Index of Prohibited Books included works by the Catholic humanist Erasmus.

T

The Jesuits were not only missionaries but also soldiers who fought secular wars on behalf of the papacy.

F

Although most Christian humanists remained Catholic, humanist thought fell out of favor with most
Catholic thinkers during the Catholic Reformation.

T

Many agricultural commodities moved successfully from one ecosystem to another in the early modern
Columbian exchange.

T

Encomiendas were large tracts of land entrusted to elite of Spanish descent in the colonies of New Spain.

F

The slave trade was a venture carried forward by a few unscrupulous men.

F

The mortality rate for new slaves was around 60 percent.

T

The "price revolution" was driven by a huge influx of silver from the New World and a declining
population in Europe.

F

The "price revolution" forced many peasants to become unfree laborers in American colonies.
who worked in the fields and homes of the American colonies.

T

Once the seven northern provinces of the Netherlands became independent, they became wholly Lutheran.

F

Intermarriage between natives and Africans was quite common in the New World, as were Native/English
marriages, though African/English marriages were banned.

F

As a result of the actions of its king during the Thirty Years’ War, Sweden became one of Europe’s great
powers.

T

Unlike Spain, which was able to feed itself, France had to import most of its food.

F

Whereas the French tended to colonize North America along the Atlantic coastline, the English founded
forts and colonies in the interior.

F

The Petition of Right declared all taxes not voted upon by Parliament to be the property of the Church to
stop the revenues from benefiting the king.

F

During the English Civil War, the parliamentary forces consisted mainly of small landholders and artisans,
while the nobility supported the king.

T

Roughly half of those accused of witchcraft in the early seventeenth century were men.

F

The work of Jean Bodin and Thomas Hobbes are early examples of the discipline of political science.

T

Bruegel, Rubens, and Rembrandt were painters with similar styles who explored the topics of man’s
wretchedness and greatness to the fullest.

F