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In which of the cerebral lobes are the following functional areas found? <b>FUNCTIONAL AREA</b> |
LOBE |
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primary auditory cortex |
temporal |
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primary motor cortex |
frontal |
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primary somatosensory cortex |
parietal |
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olfactory cortex |
temporal |
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primary visual cortex |
occipital |
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Broca’s area |
frontal |
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Which of the following structures are not part of the brain stem? |
cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, diencephalon |
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Complete the following statements by writing the proper word or phrase on the corresponding blanks. |
… |
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A(n) <b>gyrus</b> is an elevated ridge of cerebral tissue. |
The convolutions seen in the cerebrum are important because they increase the surface area. |
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Gray matter is composed of <b>neuron cell bodies</b>. |
White matter is composed of axons. |
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A fiber tract that provides for communication between different parts of the same cerebral hemisphere is call a(n) <b>association</b> tract, whereas one that carries impulses from the cerebrum to lower CNS areas is called a(n) <b>projection</b> tract. |
The caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus are collectively called the basal nuclei. |
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Using the letters in front of terms from question 5, match the appropriate structures with the descriptions given below. <b>STRUCTURE</b> |
DESCRIPTION |
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hypothalamus |
site of regulation of body temperature and water balance; most important autonomic center |
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optic chiasma |
site where medial fibers of the option nerves cross |
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corpora quadrigemina |
located in the midbrain; contains reflex centers for vision and audition |
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cerebellum |
responsible for regulation of posture and coordination of complex muscular movements |
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thalamus |
important synapse site for afferent fibers traveling to the sensory cortex |
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medulla oblongata |
contains autonomic centers regulating blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rhythm, as well as coughing, sneezing, and swallowing centers |
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corpus callosum |
large commissure connecting the cerebral hemispheres |
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fornix |
fiber tract involved with olfaction |
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cerebral aqueduct |
connects the third and fourth ventricle |
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thalamus |
encloses the third ventricle |
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Designate the embryonic origin of each group as the hindbrain, midbrain, or forebrain. |
… |
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forebrain |
the diencephalon, including the thalamus, optic chiasma, and hypothalamus |
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hindbrain |
the medulla oblongata, pons, and cerebellum |
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forebrain |
the cerebral hemispheres |
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What is the function of the basal nuclei? |
control voluntary movement |
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What is the striatum, and how is it related to the fibers of the internal capsule? |
fibers of internal capsule pass thru dien. and basal nuclei, giving them their stripes (and therefore, its name) |
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A brain hemorrhage within the region of the right internal capsule results in paralysis of the left side of the body. Explain why the left side (rather than the right side) is affected. |
fibers cross to the opposite side of the body thru the medulla |
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Explain why trauma to the brain stem is often much more dangerous than trauma to the frontal lobes. |
base contains more centers vital to life (breathing, heart rate, etc.) |
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Explain how patients in a vegetative state can have no damage to their cerebral cortex and yet lack awareness of their environment. |
veg. state occurs because function of brain stem & dien. returns after coma, but cortical function does not |
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Patients in a vegetative state will often reflexively respond to visual and auditory stimuli. Where in the brain are the centers for these reflexes located? |
midbrain |
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Explain how this phenomenon relates to the unaffected parts of their brain involved in sensory input. |
brainstem controls autonomic functions |
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Identify the meningeal (or associated) structures described below. <b>MENINX</b> |
DESCRIPTION |
|
dura mater |
outermost meninx covering the brain; composed of tough fibrous connective tissue |
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pia mater |
innermost meninx covering the brain; delivate and highly vascular |
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arachnoid villi |
structures instrumental in returning cerebrospinal fluid to the venous blood in the dural venous sinuses |
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choroid plexus |
structure that produces the cerebrospinal fluid |
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arachnoid mater |
middle meninx; like a cobweb in structure |
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dura mater |
its outer layer forms the periosteum of the skull |
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falx cerebri |
a dural fold that attaches the cerebrum to the crista galli of the skull |
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tentorium cerebelli |
a dural fold separating the cerebrum from the cerebellum |
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Cerebral spinal fluid flows from the fourth ventricle into the <b>subarachnoid space</b> surround the brain and spinal cord. |
From this space it drains through the arachnoid villi into the dural sinuses. |
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Provide the name and # of the cranial nerves involved in each of the following activities, sensations, or disorders. <b>NERVE</b> |
DESCRIPTION |
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accessory (XI) |
rotating the head |
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olfactory (I) |
smelling a flower |
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oculomotor (III) |
raising the eyelids; pupillary constriction |
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vagus (X) |
slowing the heart; increasing motility of the digestive tract |
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facial (VII) |
involved in Bell’s palsy (facial paralysis) |
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trigeminal (V) |
chewing food |
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vestibulocochlear (VIII) |
listening to music; seasickness |
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facial (VII) |
secretion of saliva; tasting well-seasoned food |
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III, IV, VI |
involved in "rolling" the eyes (three nerves – provide numbers only) |
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trigeminal (V) |
feeling a toothache |
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optic (II) |
reading the newspaper |
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I, II, VIII |
purely or mostly sensory in function (three nerves – provide numbers only) |
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In your own words, describe the firmness and texture of the sheep brain tissue as observed when you cut into it. |
Jell-O! Firm but squishy and delicate. |
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Given that formalin hardens all tissue, what conclusions might you draw about the firmness and texture of living brain tissue? |
living brain is much softer |
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When comparing human and sheep brains, you observed some profound differences between them. Record your observations in the chart. <b>STRUCTURE</b> |
HUMAN vs SHEEP |
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olfactory bulb |
human: smaller sheep: larger |
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pons/medulla relationship |
human: inferior, straight up & down sheep: superior, longitudinal |
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location of cranial nerve III |
human: thinner and lower sheep: thicker and higher |
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mammillary body |
human: larger sheep: smaller |
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corpus callosum |
human: thicker, straighter sheep: thinner, more slanted |
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interthalamic adhesion |
human: large, against corpus callosum sheep: small space between |
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relative size of superior and inferior colliculi |
human: larger sheep: smaller |
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pineal gland |
human: smaller sheep: larger |
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