Chapter 9 Psychology Flashcards

1.Dr. Schmidt studies the factors that direct human behavior, thought, and emotion. Dr.
Schmidt studies:
A) personality.
B) intelligence.
C) cognition.
D) motivation.

D

2.Declan, a PhD candidate, tells his department’s undergraduate student organization that
his dissertation research is in the area of motivation. Declan is investigating the:
A) ability to generate new solutions to problems.
B) way behavior changes as a result of experience.
C) factors that direct behavior, thought, and emotion.
D) processes whereby information is encoded, stored, and retrieved.

C

3.Motivation theorists say that a(n) _____ exists when behavior is directed by an
association between that behavior and its consequences.
A) instinct
B) drive
C) reward
D) incentive

D

4.When behavior is motivated by reinforcers in the environment, it is driven by _____
motivation.
A) intrinsic
B) internal
C) external
D) extrinsic

D

5.When behavior is motivated by personal satisfaction or interest, it is driven by _____
motivation.
A) internal
B) intrinsic
C) external
D) extrinsic

B

6.In the disco era, Donna Summer’s working-class heroine "works hard for the money."
Most likely, this woman was driven by _____ motivation.
A) intrinsic
B) implicit
C) extrinsic
D) explicit

C

7.A university professor bases several test questions on the "special feature" boxes in the
textbook. The professor is relying on _____ motivation to encourage her students to read
these boxes.
A) intrinsic
B) implicit
C) explicit
D) extrinsic

D

8.Most students have encountered a parent or a teacher who touted the value of "learning
for its own sake." This expression highlights the importance of _____ motivation.
A) intrinsic
B) internal
C) external
D) extrinsic

A

9."Dance like no one’s watching. Work like you don’t need the money. Love like you’ve
never been hurt," exhorts a sign on Dr. Elliott’s office door. This sign underscores the
importance of _____ motivation.
A) intrinsic
B) implicit
C) extrinsic
D) explicit

A

10.Shellie takes college courses that interest her and enjoys learning for its own sake; Tori
takes courses in which she is fairly certain she’ll do well and studies mainly to ensure
good grades. Shellie is ____ motivated; Tori is _____ motivated.
A) intrinsically; extrinsically
B) internally; externally
C) extrinsically; intrinsically
D) externally; internally

A

11.Which of the following statements is false?
A) Extrinsic motivation is based on incentives from the environment.
B) Extrinsic motivation may enhance intrinsic motivation.
C) Extrinsic motivation may cause people to feel less responsible for their behavior.
D) Extrinsic motivation may lead to resentment and frustration.

B

12.Which statement BEST expresses the potential effect of extrinsic motivation on intrinsic
motivation?
A) Extrinsic motivation has little effect on intrinsic motivation.
B) Extrinsic motivation may undermine intrinsic motivation.
C) Extrinsic motivation somewhat enhances intrinsic motivation.
D) Extrinsic motivation greatly enhances intrinsic motivation.

B

13._____ theory was the earliest approach to motivation to develop in psychology’s history.
A) Arousal
B) Self-determination
C) Drive-reduction
D) Instinct

d

14.Complex behaviors that are innate, fixed, and universal are called:
A) drives.
B) reflexes.
C) instincts.
D) motives.

C

15.Which early psychologist is MOST strongly associated with instinct theory?
A) William James
B) Abraham Maslow
C) John Watson
D) Edward Titchener

A

16.Which statement BEST expresses the current state of instinct approaches to motivation
within mainstream psychology?
A) Instinct approaches to motivation are gaining strength in psychology.
B) Instinct approaches to motivation are still influential in psychology, but to a
diminished extent.
C) Instinct approaches have been largely abandoned and are only of historical interest.
D) Instinct approaches have always been highly influential in psychology.

C

17.Some of the general themes of early instinct approaches to motivation are echoed in the
_____ approach in contemporary psychology.
A) cognitive
B) evolutionary
C) psychodynamic
D) behavioral

B

18.The first two theoretical approaches to motivation that attained prominence in the history
of modern psychology were:
A) the instinct approach, then self-determination theory.
B) self-determination theory, then the drive approach.
C) the drive approach, then the instinct approach.
D) the instinct approach, then the drive approach.

D

19.What is homeostasis?
A) a theory of need reduction
B) a built-in tendency to regulate bodily conditions
C) the psychological representation of a need
D) a complex behavior that is innate and universal

B

20.When blood pH becomes overly acidic, respiration and kidney function change to bring
the acidity back to its normal pH level of 7.4. What does this process demonstrate?
A) drive-reduction
B) positive feedback
C) homeostasis
D) an instinct

C

21.Motivational tension that activates behavior to satisfy a goal is termed a(n):
A) drive.
B) need.
C) reflex.
D) instinct.

A

22.Think back to the ‘Learning’ chapter in the text. Behaviors fueled by drives are MOST
likely maintained through:
A) positive reinforcement.
B) negative reinforcement.
C) secondary reinforcement.
D) punishment.

B

23.Dr. LaGrange is skeptical of drive theories of motivation. Which behavior is he MOST
likely to cite in order to justify his skepticism?
A) bungee jumping
B) having sex
C) eating a quick meal
D) fleeing a stranger carrying a knife

A

24.Does drive theory offer a comprehensive account of motivation?
A) No. Drive theory fails to account for many motives, including physiological ones.
B) No. Drive theory offers a satisfactory explanation of physiological motives but fails
to account for psychologically based motives.
C) Yes. Drive theory offers a satisfactory explanation of not only physiological
motives, but also psychologically based ones.
D) Yes. Drive theories of physiological motives have been empirically supported.

B

25.How does the arousal theory of motivation differ from drive-reduction theory?
A) Arousal theory places greater emphasis on physiological needs than does drive
theory.
B) Arousal theory emphasizes innate, universal behaviors more than drive theory does.
C) Arousal theory suggests that people are sometimes motivated to decrease rather
than increase their level of stimulation.
D) Arousal theory suggests that people are sometimes motivated to increase rather
than decrease their level of stimulation.

D

26."Human behavior is varied and often seems unpredictable; also, people sometimes seek
out extremely stimulating situations and activities." This statement is MOST likely that of
a proponent of the _____ theory of motivation.
A) instinct
B) drive-reduction
C) arousal
D) extrinsic

C

27.Which individual’s behavior may MOST easily be explained by the arousal theory of
motivation?
A) Artie, who loves to ride roller coasters
B) Barry, who buys an expensive watch he can’t resist
C) Callista, who studies long hours to earn good grades
D) Dharma, who eats a chocolate bar when she feels weak

A

28.The hierarchy of needs theory of motivation was proposed by:
A) William James.
B) Abraham Maslow.
C) Richard Ryan.
D) Paul Ekman.

B

29.The hierarchy of needs theory of motivation stems from the _____ perspective in
psychology.
A) biological
B) cognitive
C) humanistic
D) behavioral

C

30.Which statement BEST expresses Maslow’s view of the relationship between
physiological needs and psychological needs?
A) Psychological needs are more important than physiological ones.
B) Physiological needs are universal, whereas psychological ones are not.
C) Physiological needs take precedence over psychological ones.
D) Physiological and psychological needs must be satisfied simultaneously.

C

31.Which sequence BEST expresses the order in which the needs in Maslow’s pyramid must
be fulfilled, from the first to the last?
A) physiological and safety needs > love and belongingness > esteem > selfactualization
and self-transcendence
B) physiological and safety needs > esteem > love and belongingness > selfactualization
and self-transcendence
C) physiological and safety needs > self-actualization and self-transcendence > esteem
> love and belongingness
D) love and belongingness > self-actualization and self-transcendence > esteem >
physiological and safety

A

32.In terms of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, the drive theory of motivation is MOST focused
on the importance of _____ needs.
A) self-actualization
B) esteem
C) physiological
D) safety

C

33.According to the textbook, Maslow suggested that most people in North America are
mainly motivated by _____ needs.
A) self-actualization
B) self-transcendence
C) physiological
D) safety

D

34.Realizing one’s full potential:
A) requires abstinence from food and sexual gratification.
B) requires little work—if it is going to happen, it just does.
C) is near the top of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.
D) is a major tenet of behaviorist theory.

C

35.According to Abraham Maslow, a major prerequisite for becoming self-actualized is
having:
A) all of one’s lower-order needs fulfilled.
B) a major altruistic streak.
C) a very selfless nature.
D) suffered in the past so one can truly appreciate the good aspects of life.

A

36.According to Abraham Maslow, a person’s highest need is the need for:
A) self-confidence.
B) self-transcendence.
C) self-actualization.
D) self-esteem

B

37.In its discussion of Maslow’s love, affection, and belongingness needs, the textbook
suggests that feelings of alienation are _____ related to aggressive behavior.
A) negatively
B) not
C) positively
D) weakly

C

38.Making an analogy between Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and Ryan and Deci’s selfdetermination
theory, belongingness is to relatedness as _____ is to ______.
A) esteem; competence
B) autonomy; esteem
C) competence; esteem
D) competence; autonomy

A

39.Murray’s needs for power and achievement are probably BEST situated at the "_____"
level of Maslow’s pyramid.
A) love, affection, and belongingness
B) esteem
C) safety
D) transcendence

B

40.Maslow used the term _____ to refer to the need to reach one’s fullest potential.
A) self-determination.
B) self-esteem.
C) self-actualization.
D) self-transcendence.

C

41.In the 1990s, the U.S. Army used the recruiting slogan, "Be all that you can be." This
phrase is MOST nearly reminiscent of Maslow’s need for:
A) self-determination.
B) self-actualization.
C) self-esteem.
D) self-transcendence.

B

42.Portia sees a motivational poster exhorting, "Be the change you want to see in the world."
Portia recalls Maslow’s need for:
A) self-determination.
B) self-esteem.
C) self-actualization.
D) self-transcendence.

D

43.According to self-determination theory, which is NOT a fundamental need?
A) competence
B) transcendence
C) autonomy
D) relatedness

B

44.According to Deci and Ryan (2008), the core human motivation is _____.
A) self-actualization.
B) self-transcendence.
C) self-determination.
D) self-esteem.

C

45.In Deci and Ryan’s (2008) theory, self-determination is the motivation for:
A) realizing one’s full potential.
B) extending beyond oneself.
C) growth and optimal functioning.
D) self-respect and feelings of independence.

A

46.In what way does Deci and Ryan’s theory reflect the legacy of Maslow’s hierarchy of
needs?
A) Self-determination theory retains the concept of self-actualization.
B) Self-determination theory suggests that biological needs must be satisfied first.
C) Self-determination theory suggests that biological needs are not important.
D) Self-determination theory suggests that psychological needs are important.

D

47.Henry Murray emphasized the importance of the need for:
A) achievement.
B) esteem.
C) competence.
D) relatedness.

A

48.Which correlation coefficient is a researcher MOST apt to find between scores on a
narcissism scale and a person’s number of Facebook friends? Assume that high scores on
the scale indicate high levels of narcissism.
A) -.32
B) -.89
C) .04
D) .29

D

49.Evidence suggests that using social networking sites such as Facebook:
A) reduces social isolation.
B) strengthens existing relationships.
C) not only reduces social isolation, but also strengthens existing relationships.
D) neither reduces social isolation, nor strengthens existing relationships.

B

50.Cannon and Washburn (1912) demonstrated the involvement of the _____ in producing
feelings of hunger.
A) pancreas
B) hypothalamus
C) stomach
D) liver

C

51.A.L. Washburn was the only participant in Cannon and Washburn’s (1912) demonstration
of the stomach’s role in producing hunger pangs. Cannon and Washburn’s study is
therefore BEST seen as an example of a(n):
A) survey.
B) naturalistic study.
C) experiment.
D) case study.

D

52.Glucose levels in the blood are _____ related to feelings of hunger.
A) inversely
B) not
C) positively
D) perfectly

A

54.In greatly simplified terms, the lateral _____ may be likened to an "on" switch for eating.
A) lateral hypothalamus
B) ventromedial hypothalamus
C) pancreas
D) caudate

A

55.The lateral hypothalamus is to _____ as the ventromedial hypothalamus is to _____.
A) satiety; hunger
B) orexin; ghrelin
C) hunger; satiety
D) ghrelin; orexin

C

53.Which brain structure has been implicated in hunger and satiety?
A) the medulla
B) the hypothalamus
C) the amygdala
D) the hippocampus

B

56.Dr. DeRidder lesions, or damages, the ventromedial hypothalamus in one group of rats and the lateral hypothalamus in another group. What effect might he expect on the eating
behavior of each group of rats?
A) Both groups should stop eating, and perhaps eventually starve to death.
B) Both groups should begin overeating, and become grossly obese.
C) Rats with ventromedial lesions should stop eating; rats with lateral lesions should
begin overeating.
D) Rats with ventromedial lesions should begin overeating; rats with lateral lesions
should stop eating.

D

57.Charlotte sees Will, an old high school friend, at a party and is startled to learn his weight
increased from 150 to 280 pounds in the year since he sustained a head injury in an
automobile accident. Damage to which hypothalamic nucleus might account for Will’s
weight gain?
A) anterior
B) dorsomedial
C) ventromedial
D) lateral

C

58.Which hormone is involved in satiety?
A) orexin
B) ghrelin
C) leptin
D) insulin

C

59.Which hunger or satiety hormone is matched with its origin?
A) orexin – hypothalamus
B) ghrelin – fat cells
C) leptin – pancreas
D) insulin – stomach

A

60.Hunger is to satiety as _____ is to _____.
A) leptin; orexin
B) orexin; ghrelin
C) ghrelin; cholecystokinin
D) leptin; ghrelin

C

61.The stomach is to the pancreas as _____ is to _____.
A) ghrelin; insulin
B) insulin; ghrelin
C) ghrelin; orexin
D) orexin; insulin

A

62.Which hormone signals hunger?
A) leptin
B) cholecystokinin
C) insulin
D) Both leptin and cholecystokinin are involved in signaling hunger.

C

63.The textbook notes that, "using naturalistic observation, researchers found that women
choose lower-calorie meals when eating with men than when eating with other women."
The fact that the researchers used naturalistic observation means that:
A) they used random assignment and manipulated variables, such as whether women
ate with men or with other women.
B) women were studied in everyday environments, such as cafes.
C) they gathered data mainly through questionnaires.
D) very few participants were studied.

b

64.In one study described in the textbook (Wansink & Kim, 2005), moviegoers were given
either medium or large buckets of popcorn. The buckets were filled with either fresh or
stale popcorn. Which statement is true?
A) The size of the bucket was an independent variable. The popcorn’s freshness was a
dependent variable.
B) The size of the bucket was a dependent variable. The popcorn’s freshness was an
independent variable.
C) The size of the bucket and the popcorn’s freshness were both independent variables.
D) The size of the bucket and the popcorn’s freshness were both dependent variables.

C

65.In one study described in the textbook (Wansink & Kim, 2005), moviegoers were given either medium or large buckets of popcorn. The buckets were filled with either fresh or stale popcorn. What was the dependent variable in this study, and what did the researchers find?
A) The size of the bucket was the dependent variable. Participants given large buckets ate more popcorn, but only when the popcorn was fresh.
B) The size of the bucket was the dependent variable. Participants given large buckets ate more popcorn, regardless of whether it was fresh.
C) How much popcorn participants ate was the dependent variable. Participants given large buckets ate more popcorn, regardless of whether it was fresh.
D) How much popcorn participants ate was the dependent variable. Participants given
large buckets ate more popcorn, but only when it was fresh.

C

66.In one study described in the textbook (Geier et al., 2012), college students were given
tubes of potato chips to eat while watching a movie. In some tubes, every 7th chip was
died red. What was the independent variable in this study, and what did the researchers
find?
A) Whether the tubes contained red chips was the independent variable. Participants
given tubes with red chips ate 10% less than did the other participants.
B) Whether the tubes contained red chips was the independent variable. Participants
given tubes with red chips ate 50% less than did the other participants.
C) How many chips participants ate was the independent variable. Participants given
tubes with red chips ate 10% less than did the other participants.
D) How many chips participants ate was the independent variable. Participants given
tubes with red chips ate 50% less than did the other participants.

B

67.In one study described in the textbook, Israeli and American researchers related the
leniency of judges’ decisions to the length of time since the judges had eaten. The focus
on relating variables means that this study exemplifies _____ research.
A) naturalistic
B) case study
C) experimental
D) correlational

D

68.Israeli and American researchers found a _____ correlation between the percentage of
parole requests granted by Israeli judges and the length of time since the judges had
eaten.
A) negative
B) zero
C) positive
D) perfect

A

70.Obesity is defined as having a BMI of _____ or greater.
A) 20
B) 25
C) 30
D) 35

C

71.Aretha’s BMI is 28. Jolene’s is 32. Which statement is true?
A) Aretha and Jolene are both overweight, but neither is obese.
B) Aretha is overweight, and Jolene is obese.
C) Both Aretha and Jolene are obese.
D) Aretha is normal weight and Jolene is overweight.

B

69.According to one recent study, nearly _____% of Americans are overweight, and _____%
are obese.
A) 50; 20
B) 50; 30
C) 70; 30
D) 70; 50

C

72."Having a BMI of 30 or greater" defines obesity in such a way that it can be precisely
measured. Therefore, it is a(n) _____ definition of obesity.
A) correlational
B) theoretical
C) operational
D) experimental

C

73.Consider the distinction between the set point and the settling point in the text’s
discussion of hunger, eating, and obesity. Which statement is MOST accurate?
A) The set point is essentially a physiological concept; the idea of the settling point
takes the social and cultural environment into account to a greater extent.
B) The settling point is essentially a physiological concept; the idea of the set point
takes the social and cultural environment into account to a greater extent.
C) Both the concept of the set point and that of the settling point are both essentially
physiological concepts.
D) The concept of a set point is less rigid than the concept of a settling point.

A

74.The heritability of body mass index is about _____ percent.
A) 45
B) 65
C) 75
D) 85

B

75.Weight gain is _____ correlated with hours of sleep each night and _____ correlated with
hours of "screen time" each day.
A) negatively; negatively
B) negatively; positively
C) positively; negatively
D) positively; positively

B

76.How often should one exercise to lose weight?
A) at least 30 consecutive minutes, 5 times each week
B) at least 60 consecutive minutes, 3 times each week
C) at least 20 consecutive minutes, 7 times each week
D) at least 60 consecutive minutes, 7 times each week

A

77.One in _____ children ages 5-13 with an eating disorder is male.
A) 4
B) 6
C) 8
D) 10

A

78._____ is an eating disorder defined by self-imposed restrictions on calorie intake.
A) Anorexia nervosa
B) Amenorrhea
C) Bulimia nervosa
D) Binge eating disorder

A

79.In serious cases of _____, women may experience amenorrhea.
A) binge eating disorder
B) anorexia nervosa
C) bulimia nervosa
D) either bulimia nervosa or binge eating disorder

B

80.Gwen eats huge amounts of food in a single sitting, then vomits and uses laxatives to
purge the excess food. Gwen appears to suffer from:
A) anorexia nervosa.
B) binge eating disorder.
C) bulimia nervosa.
D) either bulimia nervosa or binge eating disorder.

C

81.Suicide is responsible for _____% of the deaths associated with anorexia nervosa and
bulimia nervosa.
A) 10-15
B) 20-25
C) 35-40
D) 55-60

B

82.How do bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder differ?
A) Bulimia nervosa is associated with the restriction of calorie intake, whereas binge
eating disorder is not.
B) Binge eating disorder is associated with purging, whereas bulimia nervosa is not.
C) Binge eating disorder is associated with the restriction of calorie intake, whereas
bulimia nervosa is not.
D) Bulimia nervosa is associated with purging, whereas binge eating disorder is not.

D

83.Anorexia nervosa is found in _____ cultures.
A) few
B) many
C) most
D) all

C

84.Examining historical trends, Keel and Klump (2003) found that the prevalence of bulimia
nervosa:
A) has remained relatively constant throughout history.
B) has declined slightly since the year 2000.
C) increased dramatically during the second half of the 1900s.
D) increased dramatically since the year 2000.

C

85.Which therapeutic option appears MOST effective for the treatment of eating disorders?
A) counseling or psychotherapy
B) antianxiety or antidepressant drug therapy
C) medical monitoring
D) a combination of counseling, drug therapy, and medical monitoring

D

86.A(n) _____ is a psychological state that includes physiological, subjective, and
behavioral elements.
A) emotion
B) mood
C) valence
D) motive

A

87.In contrast to an emotion, a _____ is a longer-lasting, less intense emotional state with a
less distinct beginning and end.
A) feeling
B) valence
C) disposition
D) mood

D

88.As compared to an emotion, a mood is:
A) more motivating.
B) more distinct in its onset and offset.
C) briefer.
D) less intense.

D

89.Kayley just feels happy today. She can’t remember exactly when the feeling started, and
she can’t think of a particular reason she should feel this way. Kayley is experiencing
a(n):
A) emotion.
B) valence.
C) mood.
D) disposition.

C

90.The English language includes about _____ words to describe emotions.
A) 100
B) 200
C) 500
D) 1000

B

91.Izard (2007) suggested that emotions may be organized with respect to the two
dimensions of:
A) arousal and feeling.
B) valence and arousal.
C) expression and valence.
D) arousal and expression.

B

92.An example of an unpleasant, low-arousal emotion is:
A) anger.
B) boredom.
C) delight.
D) contentment.

B

93.Olga is experiencing a negative emotion, but it is not especially intense. Based on the
dimensions of emotion described in the textbook, which emotion is Olga MOST likely
feeling?
A) sleepiness
B) alarm
C) anger
D) sadness

D

94.An emotion is described as "high arousal and positive valence." This means that the
emotion is experienced as:
A) not very intense, and pleasant.
B) intense and unpleasant.
C) not very intense, but pleasant.
D) intense and pleasant.

D

95.Kamika is experiencing an intense positive emotion. Based on the dimensions of emotion
described in the textbook, which emotion is Kamika MOST likely feeling?
A) satisfaction
B) alarm
C) excitement
D) amusement

C

96.Excitement is a(n) _____ emotion.
A) pleasant, high arousal
B) pleasant, low arousal
C) unpleasant, high arousal
D) unpleasant, low arousal

A

97.Dr. Jackson is a psychologist specializing in the study of emotion. She describes an
emotion as "negative valence, low arousal." This phrase means that the emotion is
experienced as:
A) unpleasant, but not very intense.
B) unpleasant and intense.
C) pleasant, but not very intense.
D) pleasant and intense.

A

98.The first theory of emotion in psychology’s history was the _____ theory.
A) cognitive appraisal
B) Schachter-Singer
C) Cannon-Bard
D) James-Lange

D

99.The prominent early psychologist _____ argued that instead of crying because we feel
sorry, "we feel sorry because we cry."
A) Sigmund Freud
B) William James
C) Wilhelm Wundt
D) John Watson

B

100.In the James-Lange theory of emotion, physiological responses _____ emotional
experiences.
A) precede
B) occur simultaneously with
C) follow
D) are unrelated to

A

101.The notion that bodily changes lead to emotions is the core of the _____ theory of
emotion.
A) cognitive appraisal
B) Schachter-Singer
C) James-Lange
D) Cannon-Bard

C

102.This sequence: "stimulus > physiological response > emotion" BEST represents the
_____ theory of emotion.
A) cognitive appraisal
B) James-Lange
C) Schachter-Singer
D) Cannon-Bard

B

103.The popular phrase "gut feeling" suggests that emotions may reflect the body’s reactions.
This idea is MOST consistent with the _____ theory of emotion.
A) James-Lange
B) Cannon-Bard
C) Schachter-Singer
D) cognitive appraisal

A

104.PET scans reveal that different emotions:
A) have distinct patterns of brain activation, supporting the James-Lange theory of emotion.
B) have distinct patterns of activation, contradicting the James-Lange theory of emotion.
C) do not have distinct patterns of activation, supporting the James-Lange theory of emotion.
D) do not have distinct patterns of activation, contradicting the James-Lange theory of
emotion.

A

105.People who cannot feel their internal organs after spinal cord injuries:
A) experience emotions, supporting the James-Lange theory of emotion.
B) experience emotions, contradicting the James-Lange theory of emotion.
C) do not experience emotions, supporting the James-Lange theory of emotion.
D) do not experience emotions, contradicting the James-Lange theory of emotion.

B

106.Which statement does NOT identify a potential shortcoming of the James-Lange theory
of emotion?
A) Emotional changes do not always occur when changes are made to the functioning
of internal organs.
B) People who cannot feel bodily changes still experience emotions.
C) Different emotions produce different patterns of brain activation.
D) Emotions occur more slowly than bodily changes do.

C

107.In the history of psychology, the James-Lange theory of emotion was followed MOST
immediately by the _____ theory.
A) cognitive appraisal
B) Schachter-Singer
C) Cannon-Bard
D) sociocultural

C

108.The notion that bodily changes and emotions happen simultaneously is the core of the
_____ theory of emotion.
A) cognitive appraisal
B) Schachter-Singer
C) James-Lange
D) Cannon-Bard

D

109.In the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, physiological responses _____ emotional
experiences.
A) precede
B) occur simultaneously with
C) follow
D) are unrelated to

B

110.According to the Cannon-Bard theory:
A) emotions are produced by physiological responses to stimuli.
B) emotions reflect the way situations are interpreted.
C) the thalamus sends sensory signals to both the hypothalamus and the cortex.
D) emotion results from a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive labeling.

C

111.The equation "stimulus = physiological response + emotion" BEST represents the _____
theory of emotion.
A) cognitive appraisal
B) James-Lange
C) Schachter-Singer
D) Cannon-Bard

D

112.The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion emphasizes the contribution of the _____ to
emotional experiences.
A) amygdala
B) thalamus
C) basal ganglia
D) hippocampus

B

113.Critics of the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion contend that:
A) emotional experience occurs faster than bodily changes do.
B) labeling is not necessary for emotional experience to occur.
C) different emotions do not have distinct physiological signatures.
D) the thalamus cannot carry out complex emotional processing on its own.

D

114.Both the James-Lange theory and the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion reflect the _____
perspective in psychology.
A) biological
B) humanistic
C) cognitive
D) psychodynamic

A

115.Which piece of evidence is tagged with its relevance to a particular theory of emotion?
A) Physiological arousal doesn’t always produce an emotional experience — counters
the James-Lange theory
B) The thalamus cannot singlehandedly control our emotional experience — supports
the Cannon-Bard theory
C) Different emotions appear associated with distinct patterns of brain activation —
counters the James-Lange Theory
D) Physiological arousal always produces an emotional experience — counters the
Cannon-Bard theory

A

116.Which theories of emotion reflect psychology’s cognitive perspective?
A) the James-Lange and Cannon-Bard theories
B) the James-Lange and Schachter-Singer theories
C) the Schachter-Singer theory and Lazarus’s appraisal theory
D) the Cannon-Bard theory and Lazarus’s appraisal theory

C

117.Which statement BEST captures Schachter and Singer’s objection to the James-Lange
theory of emotion?
A) Emotions arise too quickly to be based on physiological changes.
B) Different emotions may not correspond to distinct patterns of physiological
activation.
C) Cognition is not always necessary for the experience of emotion.
D) People who cannot feel their body’s reactions still experience emotion.

B

118.According to Schachter and Singer, human emotions are based on:
A) physical behavior.
B) a physiological response and cognitive evaluation.
C) attribution and social perception.
D) reasoning and decision making.

B

119.One of the theories of emotion reviewed in the textbook is sometimes called the "twofactor"
theory. Based on the textbook’s discussion, the "two-factor" theory is MOST
likely the _____ theory of emotion.
A) James-Lange
B) Schachter-Singer
C) Cannon-Bard
D) cognitive appraisal

B

120.In Schachter and Singer’s classic experiment, participants were injected with epinephrine
and then exposed to either an angry and hostile confederate, or an exuberantly happy
confederate. Participants were then asked to describe their own emotional states. Which
choice names and identifies a variable in this experiment?
A) independent variable — type of confederate
B) dependent variable — type of confederate
C) control variable — participants’ own emotional state
D) experimental variable — type of confederate

A

121.Which statement BEST expresses one result of Schachter and Singer’s classic
experiment?
A) All participants reported emotions consistent with the behavior of the confederate.
B) Participants given no explanation for their arousal reported emotions consistent
with the behavior of the confederate.
C) The confederate’s behavior had little effect on the emotions reported by the
participants.
D) Participants given accurate explanations for their arousal reported emotions
consistent with the behavior of the confederate.

B

122.To test their theory of emotion, Schachter and Singer injected some participants with
epinephrine and some with a placebo. If Shachter and Singer conducted a double-blind
experiment, then:
A) each participant would not know whether he or she had received epinephrine or a
placebo, but the assistant administering the study would know whether a given
participant had received epinephrine or a placebo.
B) each participant would know whether he or she had received epinephrine or a
placebo, but the assistant administering the study would not know whether a given
participant had received epinephrine or a placebo.
C) each participant would know whether he or she had received epinephrine or a
placebo, and the assistant administering the study would also know whether a given
participant had received epinephrine or a placebo.
D) each participant would not know whether he or she had received epinephrine or a
placebo, and the assistant administering the study would also not know whether a
given participant had received epinephrine or a placebo.

D

123.The cognitive appraisal theory is associated with:
A) Singer.
B) Zajonc.
C) Schachter.
D) Lazarus.

D

124.According to Lazarus, emotions:
A) follow people’s physiological responses to stimuli.
B) are generated in tandem with people’s physiological responses to stimuli.
C) reflect the labels people apply to physiological arousal.
D) stem from the way people interpret their interactions with the environment.

D

125.With respect to theories of emotion, the fact that prelinguistic infants feel emotion:
A) favors the Schachter-Singer theory over cognitive appraisal theory.
B) favors cognitive appraisal theory over the Schachter-Singer theory.
C) is equally consistent with both the Schachter-Singer theory and the cognitive
appraisal theory.
D) is inconsistent with both the Schachter-Singer theory and the cognitive appraisal
theory.

B

126.Which theory emphasizes the physiological experience of emotion the LEAST?
A) cognitive appraisal theory
B) Cannon-Bard theory
C) Schachter-Singer theory
D) James-Lange theory

A

127.In his response to cognitive appraisal theory, Zajonc (1980, 1984) asserted that:
A) emotion influences cognition.
B) cognition influences emotion.
C) emotion and cognition influence each other.
D) emotion and cognition have little to do with one another.

C

128.Recently, Forgas (2008) proposed that the relationship between emotion and cognition is
complex and bidirectional. This view is _____ with the response of _____ (1980, 1984)
to cognitive appraisal theory.
A) consistent; Lazarus
B) consistent; Zajonc
C) inconsistent; Lazarus
D) inconsistent; Zajonc

B

129.The earliest theory of emotion discussed in the textbook is the _____ theory, whereas the
most recent is the _____ theory.
A) James-Lange; cognitive appraisal
B) Schachter-Singer; cognitive appraisal
C) James-Lange; Schachter-Singer
D) cognitive appraisal; James-Lange

A

130.Which sequence reflects the order of the major theories of emotion from the earliest to
the more recent?
A) James-Lange > Cannon-Bard > Schachter-Singer
B) Cannon-Bard > cognitive appraisal > Schachter-Singer
C) Cannon-Bard > James-Lange > Schachter-Singer
D) James-Lange > Schachter-Singer > Cannon-Bard

A

131.Which theory of emotion is matched with its description?
A) James-Lange — Emotions reflect the cognitive labeling of physiological arousal.
B) cognitive appraisal — Emotions reflect a person’s interpretation of situations.
C) Cannon-Bard — Physiological reactions precede emotional experience.
D) Schachter-Singer — Stimuli produce physiological reactions and emotional
experiences simultaneously

B

132.Which theory of emotion is correctly matched with the sequence of events it proposes?
A) James-Lange — stimulus > physiological response > emotional experience
B) Cannon-Bard — stimulus > physiological response > cognitive labeling >
emotional experience
C) Schachter-Singer — stimulus > physiological response + emotional experience
D) Lazarus — stimulus > physiological response > emotional experience

A

133.According to the textbook, polygraph machine results are _____% accurate.
A) 10-30
B) 25-75
C) 40-60
D) 75-95

B

134.Which brain study method is in use as a potential alternative to the traditional polygraph
machine? How accurate is this alternative?
A) The EEG is in use as an alternative to the polygraph machine. It is more accurate
than chance, but results are far from perfectly accurate.
B) The EEG is in use as an alternative to the polygraph machine. It is about 90%
accurate.
C) The fMRI is in use as an alternative to the polygraph machine. It is more accurate
than chance, but results are far from perfectly accurate.
D) The fMRI is in use as an alternative to the polygraph machine. It is about 90%
accurate.

B

135._____ wrote in The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals that interpreting
emotional expressions is an innate, universal ability.
A) William James
B) John Watson
C) Charles Darwin
D) Edward Thorndike

C

136.The psychologist ______ is known for early demonstrations of the universality of
emotional expressions among Americans and New Guineans.
A) Stanley Schachter
B) Richard Lazarus
C) Carroll Izard
D) Paul Ekman

D

137.In Ekman’s studies of emotional experience, participants were usually drawn from either
literate, Western cultures, or isolated, preliterate cultures. This describes the studies’
_____ variable.
A) control
B) dependent
C) experimental
D) independent

D

138.Dr. Lynch shows members of a preliterate Andean culture and American college students
a series of photos of either Andeans or Americans displaying emotional expressions. She
asks Andeans and Americans to identify the emotion displayed in each photo. Based on
Ekman’s results, what might Dr. Lynch predict?
A) The Andeans should perform more poorly than the Americans overall.
B) Participants should identify emotions accurately when they are displayed by
members of their own cultural group, but not when they are displayed by members
of the other group.
C) Participants should identify emotions accurately both when they are displayed by
members of their own cultural group and when they are displayed by members of
the other group.
D) The American should perform more poorly than the Andeans overall.

C

139.Children blind from birth:
A) show the same types of smiles and frowns as sighted children do, contradicting
Ekman’s evidence for the universality of emotional expressions.
B) show the same types of smiles and frowns as sighted children do, supporting
Ekman’s evidence for the universality of emotional expressions.
C) do not show the same types of smiles and frowns as sighted children do,
contradicting Ekman’s evidence for the universality of emotional expressions.
D) do not show the same types of smiles and frowns as sighted children do, supporting
Ekman’s evidence for the universality of emotional expressions.

B

140.In one study described in the text, Ekman et al. (1987) secretly videotaped American and
Japanese students as they watched repulsive film clips. In one condition, a researcher was
present while the students watched the clips; in another condition, no researcher was
present. What did Ekman et al. find?
A) In both conditions, American and Japanese students were equally likely to conceal
their negative emotional expressions.
B) In both conditions, Japanese students were more likely than American students to
conceal their negative emotional expressions.
C) Japanese students were more likely than American students to conceal their
negative emotional expressions in the presence of a researcher, but not in the
absence of a researcher.
D) In both conditions, American students were more likely than Japanese students to
conceal their negative emotional expressions.

C

141.In one study, Ekman et al. (1987) secretly videotaped American and Japanese students as
they watched repulsive film clips. In one condition, a researcher was present while the
students watched the clips; in another condition, no researcher was present. In this
experiment, the researcher’s presence was a(n) _____ variable.
A) control
B) dependent
C) experimental
D) independent

D

142.According to the facial-feedback hypothesis:
A) people pay close attention to others’ facial expressions.
B) people’s emotions activate specific facial expressions.
C) facial expressions can affect a person’s emotional experience.
D) facial expressions are strongly influenced by a person’s immediate environment and
larger culture.

C

144.Strack, Martin, and Stepper (1988) did studies in which participants held a pen either in
their teeth or in their lips. Participants then rated the funniness of cartoons. In this
experiment, the funniness ratings were a(n) _____ variable.
A) control
B) dependent
C) experimental
D) independent

B

145.Basic emotions include each of these EXCEPT:
A) guilt.
B) anger.
C) disgust.
D) happiness.

A

143.The facial-feedback hypothesis is reminiscent of the _____ theory of emotion in that it
suggests that the feeling of an emotion follows the body’s behavior.
A) James-Lange
B) Young-Helmholtz
C) Cannon-Bard
D) Schachter-Singer

A

146.Basic emotions are those that are:
A) unconscious.
B) innate.
C) negative.
D) intense.

B

147.Which statement is true?
A) Basic emotions vary across cultures.
B) Most basic emotions are positive.
C) Anger is one of the basic emotions.
D) Basic emotions are learned.

C

148.Which statement is false?
A) Basic emotions are innate.
B) Basic emotions are universal
C) Most basic emotions are negative.
D) Shame is a basic emotion.

D

149.Which brain structure plays a central role in fear?
A) amygdala
B) cerebellum
C) basal ganglia
D) medulla

A

150.The amygdala is located in the:
A) brainstem.
B) limbic system.
C) prefrontal cortex.
D) corpus callosum.

B

151.While participants view threatening images, a researcher uses fMRI to create images of
their brains’ metabolic activity. The researcher should find heightened activation in the:
A) pons.
B) hippocampus.
C) amygdala.
D) reticular activating system.

C

152.A garden snake slithers past Shayla’s feet as she walks to her driveway. Shayla startles,
momentarily frightened. A spike of activity is probably occurring in the _____ in Shayla’s
brain.
A) amygdala
B) hippocampus
C) medulla
D) cerebellum

A

153.LeDoux proposed direct and indirect emotional processing pathways beginning in the
thalamus. Earlier in the history of psychology, the _____ theory similarly proposed that
the emotional processing pathway splits at the thalamus.
A) James-Lange
B) Cannon-Bard
C) cognitive appraisal
D) Schachter-Singer

B

154.With respect to LeDoux’s emotional processing pathways, fast is to slow as _____ is to
_____.
A) thalamus; hippocampus
B) thalamus; amygdala
C) amygdala; cortex
D) amygdala; thalamus

C

155.The amygdala sends emotional signals to:
A) other limbic system structures.
B) other limbic system structures and the brainstem.
C) other limbic system structures, the brainstem, and the autonomic nervous system.
D) other limbic system structures, the brainstem, the autonomic nervous system, and
the endocrine system.

D

156.When an emotional stimulus is encountered, the amygdala alerts the sympathetic nervous
system and the endocrine system via connections with the _____ and the _____.
A) medulla; hypothalamus
B) pons; hypothalamus
C) medulla; hippocampus
D) pons; hippocampus

A

157.Stress hormones are released by the _____ gland(s).
A) thyroid
B) pancreatic
C) pituitary
D) pineal

C

158.The textbook’s discussion of the biology of fear suggests that the extent of a memory’s
detail is _____ associated with its emotionality.
A) negatively
B) not
C) minimally
D) positively

D

159.In response to a threatening stimulus, blood pressure increases, pupils dilate, and
digestion stops. These responses reflect activation of the _____ nervous system.
A) somatic
B) sympathetic
C) parasympathetic
D) central

B

160.An increased heart rate accompanies the emotion(s) of:
A) fear.
B) anger.
C) fear and anger.
D) fear, anger, and sadness.

D

161.How does the sympathetic nervous system activation associated with anger differ from
that associated with fear?
A) Anger is associated with a greater increase in skin temperature than is fear.
B) Anger is associated with a smaller increase in heart rate than is fear.
C) Anger decreases temperature in the hands, whereas fear does not.
D) Anger promotes increased blood flow to the legs, whereas fear does not.

A

162.With respect to sex, patterns of sympathetic nervous system activation are:
A) somewhat more dramatic among women than among men.
B) much more dramatic among women than among men.
C) more dramatic among men than among women.
D) invariant across gender.

D

163.A research study might expect a _____ correlation between participants’ age and the
degree of sympathetic nervous activation in response to a threatening stimulus.
A) strong negative
B) weak negative
C) zero
D) strong positive

B

164.Mrs. Norman suffered damage to a portion of her brain during a surgical accident. Mrs.
Norman shows greatly diminished responses to repulsive or threatening stimuli. In
addition, she seems to have trouble understanding emotional expressions and body
language. The surgical accident appears to have damaged her:
A) cerebellum.
B) amygdala.
C) hippocampus.
D) pons.

B

165.A neuropsychologist publishes an article outlining the amygdala’s role in the perception
of emotional expressions and body language. The supporting data in the article is based
on her intensive study of a middle-aged man with damage to the amygdala. The
neuropsychologist has published a(n) _____ study.
A) experimental
B) correlational
C) case
D) naturalistic

C

166.The field of study MOST closely associated with the contemporary investigation of
happiness is _____ psychology.
A) cognitive
B) positive
C) humanistic
D) developmental

B

167.Longitudinal studies reveal that the heritability of happiness may be as high as _____
percent
A) 50
B) 60
C) 70
D) 80

D

168.Dewey just won a $65 million lottery prize. If he is typical, one year from now, he will
be:
A) ecstatic.
B) broke.
C) depressed.
D) about as happy as he was before he won the lottery.

D

169.Major, positive events such as winning the lottery usually lead to:
A) a long-term rise in happiness.
B) an initial surge in happiness, followed by a slow return to previous levels.
C) an initial surge in happiness, followed by a slide into deep depression.
D) no change in happiness levels, even in the short-term.

B

170.The textbook’s discussion suggests that happiness is _____ influenced by money and
_____ influenced by major life events than we might think.
A) less; less
B) less; more
C) more; less
D) more; more

A

171.In one study described in the text, one group of participants recorded their feelings of
gratitude in a diary each day (Emmons & McCullough, 2003). This group of participants
is MOST likely a(n) _____ group.
A) control
B) dependent
C) experimental
D) independent

C

172.In one study described in the text, one group of participants recorded their feelings of
gratitude in a diary each day (Emmons & McCullough, 2003). As compared to
participants who did not count their blessings, the members of the diary group were:
A) happier.
B) more likely to help or support others.
C) not only happier, but also more likely to help or support others.
D) neither happier, nor more likely to help or support others.

C

173.Based on a large-scale study of tweets, people are generally happiest:
A) in the morning.
B) in the late afternoon.
C) in the early evening.
D) late at night.

A

174.People are happiest in the morning:
A) every day except Monday.
B) on weekends, but not weekdays.
C) every day of the week.
D) on Fridays only.

C

175.On weekends, the happiest time of day occurs in the:
A) evening, the same time of day as during the week.
B) morning, at the same time as during the week.
C) morning, but 2 hours later than during the week.
D) afternoon, rather than in the morning.

C

176.In one study described in the text, Barrett and Bliss-Moreau (2009) showed participants
male and female faces expressing emotions such as anger or happiness. On a given trial,
each face was paired either with a label giving a situational cause for the emotion or with
no label. Whether a label accompanied the picture is a(n) _____ variable in this study.
A) control
B) dependent
C) experimental
D) independent

D

177.Barrett and Bliss-Moreau (2009) showed participants male and female faces expressing
emotions such as anger or happiness. On a given trial, each face was paired either with a
label giving a situational cause for the emotion or with no label. When faces appeared
without a label:
A) participants were more likely to describe female faces as "emotional" rather than as
an individual "having a bad day."
B) participants were more likely to describe male faces as "emotional" rather than as
an individual "having a bad day."
C) participants were more likely to describe female faces as an individual "having a
bad day" rather than as "emotional."
D) participants were equally likely to describe male faces as "emotional" or as an
individual "having a bad day."

A

178.Which statement is true regarding potential gender differences in emotion?
A) Men and women are more different than similar in the experience and expression of
emotion.
B) Biological differences between the sexes are responsible for women’s superiority at
decoding facial cues to emotion.
C) Men and women use similar language to describe their emotions.
D) Facial expressions of emotion differ between the genders.

C

179.According to the textbook, women tend to feel some emotions more often than men do.
Which is NOT one of these emotions?
A) guilt
B) fear
C) shame
D) embarrassment

B

180.Women are more adept at decoding facial expressions of emotion. This ability reflects:
A) nature.
B) nurture.
C) a combination of nature and nurture.
D) either nature or nurture, or a combination of both: no one is certain.

D

181.The concept of an incentive reflects a contribution of the behavioral perspective to the
psychology of motivation.
A) True
B) False

A

182.Money is an example of an extrinsic motivator.
A) True
B) False

A

183.One is extrinsically motivated when one is driven by personal interest or satisfaction.
A) True
B) False

B

184.Patricia is extrinsically motivated when she completes a dull assignment for extra credit
in one of her college courses.
A) True
B) False

A

185.Extrinsic motivation usually enhances intrinsic motivation.
A) True
B) False

B

186.The instinct approach to motivation is associated with the early psychologist Wilhelm
Wundt.
A) True
B) False

B

187.Few, if any, contemporary psychologists take an instinct approach to motivation.
A) True
B) False

A

188.According to the drive-reduction theory, motivation is ultimately based on the body’s
need to maintain a constant state.
A) True
B) False

A

189.Drive-reduction theory is MOST applicable to higher-level motives, such as enlisting in
the armed forces.
A) True
B) False

B

190.Erik loves surprises, changes, and novelty; much of his motivated behavior is probably
better explained by arousal theory than by drive-reduction theory.
A) True
B) False

A

191.The fact that some people are sensation seekers casts doubt on the arousal theory of
motivation.
A) True
B) False

B

192.The hierarchy of needs is a humanistic theory of motivation.
A) True
B) False

A

193.In Maslow’s theory, psychological needs take precedence over physiological ones.
A) True
B) False

B

194.Most North Americans are motivated by needs at the very bottom of Maslow’s hierarchy.
A) True
B) False

B

195.The need to be respected is an example of an esteem need in Maslow’s hierarchy.
A) True
B) False

A

196.Maslow used the term "self-determination" to refer to the need to reach one’s fullest
potential.
A) True
B) False

B

197.The highest motive in Maslow’s hierarchy is the need for self-transcendence.
A) True
B) False

A

198.The desire to leave the world a better place than one found it reflects Maslow’s
motivation called self-transcendence.
A) True
B) False

A

199.Self-determination theory is consistent with today’s positive psychology perspective.
A) True
B) False

A

200.Ryan and Deci’s fundamental need for competence is illustrated by the satisfaction
Tiffany feels when she successfully completes items on her daily to-do list.
A) True
B) False

A

201.Cannon and Washburn discovered the role of the hypothalamus in hunger.
A) True
B) False

B

202.Stomach contractions have surprisingly little to do with hunger.
A) True
B) False

B

203.A macaque monkey whose lateral hypothalamus is lesioned will lose interest in eating.
A) True
B) False

A

204.Jeffrey’s hunger suggests that his glucose levels may have spiked.
A) True
B) False

B

205.The hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) aids digestion.
A) True
B) False

A

206.Hunger is to satiety as leptin is to ghrelin.
A) True
B) False

B

207.The larger the portion, the more people eat.
A) True
B) False

A

208.Approximately 50% of Americans are overweight.
A) True
B) False

B

209.Stella’s BMI is 26; she is obese.
A) True
B) False

B

210.Compared to the notion of a set point, the concept of a settling point is more consistent
with the biopsychosocial perspective in psychology.
A) True
B) False

A

211.The number of hours a person sleeps each night is positively correlated with weight gain.
A) True
B) False

B

212.Exercising 30 minutes a day 5 times a week is generally sufficient for weight loss.
A) True
B) False

A

213.Amenorrhea may occur in serious cases of anorexia nervosa.
A) True
B) False

A

214.Anorexia nervosa has the highest mortality rate of all psychological disorders.
A) True
B) False

A

215.Allie binge-eats but does not purge nor engage in excessive exercise; she may have binge
eating disorder.
A) True
B) False

A

216.Anorexia nervosa is found only in the Western world.
A) True
B) False

B

217.A mood is the same thing as an emotion.
A) True
B) False

B

218.The English language includes more than 1,000 words to describe emotions.
A) True
B) False

B

219.The negative, unpleasant nature of fear is its valence.
A) True
B) False

A

220.The term "valence" refers to how intense an emotion is.
A) True
B) False

B

221.Boredom is an example of an unpleasant, low-arousal emotion.
A) True
B) False

A

222.The James-Lange theory was the earliest theory of emotion in psychology’s history.
A) True
B) False

A

223.Walter Cannon said that "we feel sorry because we cry" and "angry because we strike."
A) True
B) False

B

224.According to the James-Lange theory, each emotion has a distinct physiological
signature.
A) True
B) False

A

225.According to the James-Lange theory, emotional experience drives bodily responses to a
stimulus.
A) True
B) False

B

226.According to the Cannon-Bard theory, a stimulus produces simultaneous physiological
and emotional responses.
A) True
B) False

A

227.The Cannon-Bard theory emphasizes the role of the amygdala in emotional experience.
A) True
B) False

B

228.Schachter and Singer highlighted the importance of cognitive labeling in emotional
experience.
A) True
B) False

A

229.The Cannon-Bard theory may be considered a "two-factor" theory of emotion.
A) True
B) False

B

230.According to the Schachter-Singer theory, emotion equals physiological arousal plus a
cognitive label.
A) True
B) False

A

231.In Schachter and Singer’s 1962 study, whether participants were injected with epinephrine
or a placebo was a confounding variable.
A) True
B) False

B

232.In Schachter and Singer’s 1962 study, participants’ emotions matched the confederates’ behavior when they received no explanation for the physiological side effects they were
feeling.
A) True
B) False

A

233.Critics of the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion contend that it ignores the role of
physiological arousal in producing emotion.
A) True
B) False

B

234.Lazarus is associated with the cognitive appraisal theory of emotion.
A) True
B) False

A

235.The cognitive appraisal theory of emotion asserts that emotion arises from the label
placed on physiological arousal.
A) True
B) False

B

236.Contemporary psychologists generally agree that the emotion-cognition relationship is
complex and bidirectional.
A) True
B) False

A

237.Facial expressions of emotion are universal across cultures.
A) True
B) False

A

238.Congenitally blind children do not show the same emotional expressions as sighted
children do.
A) True
B) False

B

239.Display rules for emotion vary little across cultures.
A) True
B) False

B

240.The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that facial expressions can influence emotional
experience.
A) True
B) False

A

241.Basic emotions are innate.
A) True
B) False

A

242.Basic emotions are expressed differently in different cultures.
A) True
B) False

B

243.The amygdala is the brain structure MOST closely associated with the emotion of fear.
A) True
B) False

A

244.Stress hormones are secreted by the pineal gland.
A) True
B) False

B

245.When Barry is startled by a loud noise outside his house on a quiet night, his sympathetic
nervous system becomes active.
A) True
B) False

A

246.Fear and anger are distinguished by slightly different patterns of sympathetic nervous
system activation.
A) True
B) False

A

247.Emotional memories lack detail.
A) True
B) False

B

248.After sustaining damage to his amygdala, Mr. Mesner may have trouble understanding
body language.
A) True
B) False

A

249.A brain-injured woman’s diminished fear and anger responses and her difficulty
understanding facial expressions of emotion MOST likely reflect hippocampal damage.
A) True
B) False

B

250.Happiness is at least partly genetic.
A) True
B) False

A

251.Happiness is based mainly on the positive events that happen to a person.
A) True
B) False

B

252."Counting one’s blessings" or having an "attitude of gratitude" not only makes one feel
happier, but it encourages one to help or support others.
A) True
B) False

A

253.People are generally happiest in the evening.
A) True
B) False

B

254.Research suggests that emotional cycles are influenced by circadian rhythms.
A) True
B) False

A

255.With respect to the experience and expression of emotion, men and women are generally
more similar than different.
A) True
B) False

A

256.Distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Provide an example of each from
your own experience. Discuss how extrinsic motivation may affect intrinsic motivation.

Intrinsic motivation – Behavior is driven by personal interest, satisfaction, or enjoyment. One example is riding one’s bike several miles with no particular destination simply for the enjoyment the activity provides. Extrinsic motivation – Behavior is driven by external incentives. Studying to ensure a good grade is one example. Extrinsic motivation may undermine intrinsic motivation. Extrinsic motivation can hamper the development of self-regulation and make it difficult for people to feel responsible for initiating their own behaviors. Finally, extrinsic motivation may breed disinterest in or even resentment of one’s activities.

List three things you remember doing in the past day or two. Explain why you performed
each behavior using one or more of the approaches to understanding motivation described
in the text.

A wide range of behaviors may be listed. Sample behaviors and explanations might include: Eating and sleeping. These basic behaviors may be explained using drive theory. The body attempts to maintain a steady internal state, or homeostasis. If one is hungry or tired, an unpleasant or adverse state is experienced, and the individual is motivated to perform behaviors that will reestablish homeostasis. Visiting, socializing. These behaviors reflect belongingness and love needs and may be explained through arousal theory, in that one seeks a certain level of variety and stimulation, or through the concepts of incentive theory—one’s friends provide reinforcement, such as approval, sympathy, and so on. Window shopping, people watching, "hanging out." These sorts of activities reflect a need for novelty or stimulation and may therefore be explained through arousal theory. Studying. Incentive theory suggests that people are motivated to study because they expect that effort expended studying will pay off in a good grade. According to self-determination theory, studying is motivated by fundamental needs for autonomy and competence.

258.Briefly describe the instinct, drive-reduction, arousal, and self-determination theories of
motivation. Suggest how these approaches reflect broad evolutionary, biological, and
humanistic perspectives in psychology.

Instinct theory. This theory proposes that people are born with a set of behaviors essential to survival, loosely consistent with an evolutionary approach to motivation. This theory has largely been discredited. Drive-reduction theory. According to this theory, the lack of a biological necessity—water, food, sleep, etc. —produces an adverse state of tension that motivates people to rectify the biological need—to find food or water, to sleep, etc. People are motivated to perform those behaviors that allow the body to maintain homeostasis, a steady physiological state. Clearly, this theory reflects a biological perspective. Arousal theory. This theory proposes that people try to maintain a certain optimal level of stimulation or activity. When the level of surrounding stimulation is too low or too high, people are motivated to increase or decrease the level of arousal. Since this approach is really an outgrowth of drive theory, and because arousal has clear neural system correlates, it may be seen as reflecting the biological perspective in psychology. Self-determination theory. This theory reflects the humanistic perspective in that it suggests that people are motivated toward growth and optimal functioning. Self-determination proposes three innate, universal needs: competence, autonomy, and relatedness.

259.Review the biological factors involved in the regulation of hunger.

Hormones. A number of hormones are involved in feelings of hunger, as well as in feelings of satiety: Hunger signals: Hormone Description orexin produced by lateral hypothalamus; stimulates eating ghrelin released by empty stomach; levels rise with hunger insulin produced by pancreas; controls blood glucose; a drop in glucose signals hunger Satiety signals: Hormone Description Cholecystokinin (CCK) released in GI tract; aids digestion Leptin released by fat cells The hypothalamus monitors glucose levels. Two cell groups—nuclei—in the hypothalamus—are especially important: the lateral and ventromedial nuclei. The lateral hypothalamus signals hunger. Rats whose lateral hypothalamus is damaged may starve to death. The ventromedial hypothalamus signals satiety; if it is destroyed, rats will overeat and become obese.

260.Supply four pieces of advice for successful dieting and weight loss. How might one have
to change one’s current routine to follow the text’s advice in order to lose weight or
prevent unwanted weight gain?

Ans: Four of these pieces of advice should be offered: Set realistic goals: Goals and expectations should be specific, realistic, and measurable. Get regular exercise: Exercise for 30 minutes 5 times per week. Vary exercise routines. Eat regularly and track intake: Eat on a set schedule to eliminate mindless eating. Eat only when you are hungry. Use a food diary to track intake. Control portions: Pay attention to recommended serving sizes on food labels. Drink water: Eliminate sweetened beverages. Join a weight loss support group: Social support teaches coping strategies and encourages accountability. The answer should conclude with several sentences indicating the sorts of changes one would have to make to adopt several of these pieces of healthy-weight advice. For example, one would have to eliminate drinking sodas and begin an exercise program. exercise Binge eating disorder: binge eating without purging or excessive exercise

262.Outline the James-Lange and Schachter-Singer theories of emotion. Explain how the
Cannon-Bard and cognitive appraisal theories represent responses to these theories.

According to the James-Lange theory, bodily responses generate emotional experience. In James’s words, "we feel sorry because we cry, angry because we strike . . ." This theory implies that each emotion has its own physiological signature. Recent PET scan research has confirmed that different emotions, such as happiness and fear, are indeed associated with different patterns of brain activation. However, emotional experience does not always change when changes are made to the functioning of internal organs, and people with severe spinal cord injuries still experience emotion, even though they cannot feel their internal organs. Walter Cannon and his student Philip Bard were troubled by the fact that emotional experience arises too quickly to reflect the body’s relatively slow physiological reactions. Cannon and Bard therefore proposed an alternative to the James-Lange theory in which an emotional reaction to a stimulus is generated simultaneously with the body’s response. Schachter and Singer proposed a "two-factor" cognitive theory of emotion in which emotion reflects the cognitive label given to the general state of physiological arousal produced by a stimulus. By this theory, the same pattern of heightened nervous system activation may be labeled as fear if one is walking alone in a dangerous neighborhood at night or as euphoric excitement if it follows the consumption of a recreational drug at a party. Lazarus rejected Schachter and Singer’s contention that cognitive labels are critical for emotional experience. Instead, he posited the cognitive appraisal theory, which states that emotions arise directly from an individual’s interpretation of the context or situation.

263.Describe how polygraph machines work. Evaluate their accuracy and discuss some
problems in the interpretation of their results.

Polygraph machines work by measuring the physiological arousal associated with anxiety, on the assumption that an individual who is lying is likely to be anxious. Polygraph machines are not very accurate, with error rates ranging from 25% to 75%. By comparison, an observer using "no-tech" lie detection based on body language, facial expression, and other social cues is about 60% accurate. The results of polygraph tests are difficult to interpret because an individual may be anxious for many reasons other than lying; for example, the stress of being interrogated or attached to a machine may cause anxiety. Conversely, individuals with antisocial personality disorder may not be anxious when they lie.

264."Smile, even though your heart is breaking," suggests a line from a famous song. Is this
good advice? Refer to the James-Lange theory of emotion and the facial feedback
hypothesis.

"Smile, even though your heart is breaking" may be good advice in light of both the James-Lange theory of emotion and the facial-feedback hypothesis. By the James- Lange theory, bodily responses generate emotional experience. In James’s own words, "we feel sorry because we cry, angry because we strike . . ." Smiling, therefore, may yield happiness, even in sad circumstances. The facial feedback hypothesis asserts that the facial expressions of an emotion can encourage the experience of that emotion. In one study, participants rated objects and events as funnier when they held a pen in their teeth, thereby producing a smile, than when they held a pen in their lips. According to the facial feedback hypothesis, smiling should increase happiness.

265.Why are fear and happiness considered basic emotions? Briefly outline the biological
basis of fear. Identify one or two ways one can increase one’s level of happiness.

Fear and happiness are basic emotions because they have an innate, underlying neural basis and they are expressed and experienced the same way all over the world. A small structure in the limbic system called the amygdala is central to the experience of fear. When a potentially threatening stimulus is encountered, sensory signals are sent to the thalamus. From there, signals are sent along a fast, direct connection to the amygdala, which sends the signal to the medulla and to the hypothalamus. These connections relay the signal to the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system, allowing the body to respond quickly. A slower, indirect route from the thalamus sends the signal to the cortex for more considered evaluation. Happiness may be increased by physical exercise, actively showing gratitude and "counting one’s blessings," and by actively identifying, setting, and pursuing meaningful goals. It can also be increased simply by smiling.