Chapter 4 Homework

Which of the following increases the surface area of certain epithelial tissues?
*cilia
*desmosomes
*basement membrane
*microvilli
*basal lamina

microvilli Microvilli are small finger-like projections that greatly increase the surface area of epithelial cells (thus epithelial tissues), an important attribute of tissues that have a role in absorption and secretion.

Which of the following is true about epithelia?
*Endothelium provides a slick surface lining all hollow cardiovascular organs.
*Stratified epithelia are associated with filtration.
*Pseudostratified epithelia are commonly keratinized.
*Simple epithelia are commonly found in areas of high abrasion

Endothelium provides a slick surface lining all hollow cardiovascular organs

________ epithelium appears to have two or three layers of cells, but all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane.
*Stratified cuboidal
*Transitional
*Pseudostratified columnar
*Stratified columnar

Pseudostratified columnar

A many-layered epithelium with cuboidal basal cells and flat cells at its surface would be classified as _______.
*transitional
*simple cuboidal
*simple squamous
*stratified squamous

stratified squamous

Which of the following is true about the mode of secretion of exocrine glands?
*Holocrine cells are slightly damaged by the secretory process, but repair themselves.
*These glands are ductless.
*Apocrine cells are destroyed, then replaced, after secretion.
*Merocrine glands are not altered by the secretory process

Merocrine glands are not altered by the secretory process.

Arteries, veins, and lymphatics keep clots from sticking as long as their ________ is intact and healthy
-simple cuboidal epithelium
-endothelium
-transitional epithelium
-mesothelium

endothelium

Select the correct statement regarding epithelia.
-Simple squamous epithelia consist of tall, narrow cells.
-Simple epithelia form impermeable barriers to viruses.
-Stratified squamous epithelia are present where protection from abrasion is important.
-Pseudostratified epithelia consist of at least two layers of cells stacked on top of one another

Stratified squamous epithelia are present where protection from abrasion is important.

Which cells are commonly found wedged between simple columnar epithelial cells?
-goblet cells
-mast cells
-cilia
-macrophages

goblet cells

True or False?
Goblet cells are found within pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

True

True or False?
Epithelial tissues always exhibit apica-basal polarity; meaning that cell regions near the apical surface differ from those near the basal surface.

True

True or False?
Depending on the functional state of the bladder, transitional epithelium may resemble stratified squamous or stratified cuboidal epithelium.

True

True or False?
Merocrine glands produce their secretions by accumulating their secretions internally until the cell ruptures.

False

True or false?

Salivary glands exhibit simple tubuloalveolar glandular arrangement.

False

True or False?
Squamous cells are flattened and scalelike when mature.

True

True or False?

Endocrine glands are often called ducted glands.

False

Which of the following is not found in the matrix of cartilage but is found in bone?
-blood vessels
-lacunae
-living cells
-organic fibers

blood vessels

The reason that intervertebral discs exhibit a large amount of tensile strength, which allows them to absorb shock, is because they possess ________.
*collagen fibers
*hydroxyapatite crystals
*elastic fibers
*reticular fibers

collagen fibers

The reason that intervertebral discs exhibit a large amount of tensile strength, which allows them to absorb shock, is because they possess ________.
-collagen fibers
-hydroxyapatite crystals
-elastic fibers
-reticular fibers

collagen fibers

What tissue has lacunae, calcium salts, and blood vessels?
-fibrocartilaginous tissue
-cartilage tissue
-osseous tissue
-areolar tissue

osseous tissue

How is hyaline cartilage different from elastic or fibrocartilage?
-Fibers are not normally visible.
-It is more vascularized.
-It contains less nuclei.
-It is more harder and rigid.

Fibers are not normally visible.

The blast cell for blood production is the ________.
-fibroblast
-hemocytoblast
-osteoblast
-chondroblast

hemocytoblast

Which statement best describes connective tissue?
-primarily concerned with secretion
-typically arranged in a single layer of cells
-usually lines a body cavity
-usually contains a large amount of matrix

usually contains a large amount of matrix

Connective tissue matrix is composed of ________.
-ground substance and cells
-all organic compounds
-cells and fibers
-fibers and ground substance

fibers and ground substance

Cell type not found in areolar connective tissue.
-chondrocytes
-macrophages
-fibroblasts
-mast cells

Cell type not found in areolar connective tissue.

chondrocytes

The fiber type that gives connective tissue great tensile strength is ________.
-reticular
-collagen
-elastic
-muscle

collagen

The shape of the external ear is maintained by ________.
– hyaline cartilage
-fibrocartilage
-adipose tissue
-elastic cartilage

elastic cartilage

Chondroblasts ________.
-are mature cartilage cells located in spaces called lacunae
-within the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix
-never lose their ability to divide
-remain in compact bone even after the epiphyseal plate closes

within the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix

Edema occurs when
-collagen fibers enlarge as they change from dehydrated to hydrated shape
-reticular connective tissue invades the area
-areolar tissue soaks up excess fluid in an inflamed area
-adipose cells enlarge by pinocytosis

areolar tissue soaks up excess fluid in an inflamed area

What are the three main components of connective tissue?
-collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers
-ground substance, fibers, and cells
-fibroblasts, chondroblasts, and osteoblasts
-alveoli, fibrous capsule, and secretory cells

ground substance, fibers, and cells

Which of the following statements is true of connective tissue?
-When connective tissue is stretched, collagen gives it the ability to snap back.
-Reticular fibers form thick, ropelike structures.
-Elastin fibers are sometimes called white fibers.
-Collagen fibers provides high tensile strength.

Collagen fibers provides high tensile strength.

Select the correct statement regarding the stem cells of connective tissue
-Chondroblasts are the main cell type of connective tissue proper.
-Connective tissue cells are nondividing.
-Connective tissue does not contain cells.
-"Blast" cells are undifferentiated, actively dividing cells.

"Blast" cells are undifferentiated, actively dividing cells

Select the correct statement regarding adipose tissue.
-It is composed mostly of extracellular matrix.
-Mature adipose cells are highly mitotic.
-Its primary function is nutrient storage.
-Most of the cell volume is occupied by the nucleus.

Its primary function is nutrient storage.

Mesenchymal cells are most commonly found in ________ connective tissue.
-reticular
-dense regular
-embryonic
-areolar

embryonic

True or False?
The shock-absorbing pads between the vertebrae are formed of fibrocartilage.

True

True or false?
The role of brown fat is to warm the body; whereas, the role of white fat is to store nutrients.

True

True or false?

Tendons and ligaments are composed mainly of dense irregular connective tissue.

False

True or false?
Macrophages are found in areolar and lymphatic tissues.

True

True or false?

Aging tends to increase bony spread within the body as chondrocytes die.

False

True or false?
Connective tissues that possess a large quantity of collagen fibers often provide the framework for organs such as the spleen and lymph nodes.

False

True or false?
The basic difference between dense irregular and dense regular connective tissues is in the amount of elastic fibers and adipose cells present.

False

True or false?
A major characteristic of fibrocartilage is its unique amount of flexibility and elasticity

False

True or false?
Cartilage tissue tends to heal less rapidly than bone tissue.

True

True or false?
Cartilage has good regenerative capacity, while most epithelial tissues do not.

False

True or false?
Functions of connective tissues include binding, support, insulation, and protection.

True

True or False?

Healing of a surgical incision through the body wall will tend to increase the amount of areolar tissue.

False

True or false?
Blood is considered a type of connective tissue

True

Heart muscle cells would tend to separate without ________
-intercalated discs
-flana
-myofilaments
-stroma

intercalated discs

Which is true concerning muscle tissue?
-contains contractile units made of collagen
-cuboidal shape enhances function
-highly cellular and well vascularized
-is a single-celled tissue

highly cellular and well vascularized

True or false?

Intercalated discs and striations are found in skeletal muscle.

False

True or false?
Smooth muscle cells possess central nuclei but lack striations.

True

True or false?
Nervous tissue consists mainly of neurons and collagen fibers.

False

The first step in tissue repair involves ________.
-formation of scar tissue
-replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells
-proliferation of fibrous connective tissue
-inflammation

inflammation

Select the correct statement regarding tissue repair
-The clot is formed from dried blood and transposed collagen fibers.
-Inflammation causes capillaries to dilate and become permeable.
-Granulation tissue is highly susceptible to infection.
-Granulation tissue is another name for a blood clot.

Inflammation causes capillaries to dilate and become permeable.

Which of the following is not a step in tissue repair?
-Formation of new stem cells
-Restoration of blood supply
-Inflammation
-Regeneration and fibrosis.

Formation of new stem cells

Groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function form a(n) ________.
-tissue
-organ
-organ system
-organism

tissue

Choose the answer that shows the correct order for the standard preparation of a histological specimen.
-(1) fixation, (2) sectioning, (3) staining
-(1) fixation, (2) staining, (3) sectioning
-(1) sectioning, (2) staining, (3) fixation
-(1) staining, (2) fixation, (3) sectioning (1) sectioning, (2) fixation, (3) staining
specimen.

(1) fixation, (2) sectioning, (3) staining

Which of the following epithelial tissue locations is NOT correctly matched to its function?
-kidney: filtration
-kidney: secretion
-digestive tract: absorption
-skin: absorption
-skin: protection

skin: absorption The keratinized stratified squamous epithelium of skin is designed for protection, not absorption from the external environment.

Which of the following is a property of epithelial tissue?
-Epithelial tissue is innervated.
-Epithelial tissue is typically unable to regenerate.
-Epithelial tissue contains blood vessels.
-Epithelial tissue does not exhibit polarity.

Epithelial tissue is innervated. Epithelial tissue is an innervated, avascular tissue that exhibits polarity. Epithelial tissue is also highly regenerative.

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?
-Stratified squamous epithelia are found in areas subjected to wear and tear.
-Simple squamous epithelia are associated with filtration and exchange.
-Simple columnar epithelia are associated with absorption and secretion.
-Simple cuboidal epithelia are found in areas that stretch.

Simple cuboidal epithelia are found in areas that stretch. This is incorrect; transitional (not simple cuboidal) epithelia are found in areas that stretch, in particular the ureters and urinary bladder. Simple cuboidal epithelia are designed for absorption and secretion (not stretching).

Where is transitional epithelium found?
-in areas involved in filtration
-in areas subjected to stretching
-in areas subject to wear and tear
-in areas involved in absorption

in areas subjected to stretching Transitional epithelium is found in the urinary system. It lines the ureters, bladder and proximal part of the urethra-organs that are subjected to distention or stretching as urine passes through or fills them

Exocrine glands ________.
-secrete hormones
-secrete substances into blood
-are only unicellular in structure
-secrete substances onto body surfaces

secrete substances onto body surfaces Exocrine glands use ducts to secrete substances into the external environment (onto the surfaces of the cutaneous and mucous membranes). Note: "exo" means outside. Endocrine glands are ductless; they secrete hormones into the extracellular fluid of our internal environment. Note: "endo" means inside.

An exocrine gland that has an unbranched duct would be classified as a ________.
-multicellular compound gland
-multicellular simple gland
-unicellular compound gland
-unicellular simple gland

multicellular simple gland Multicellular exocrine glands with unbranched ducts are "simple"; those with branched ducts are "compound". Unicellular exocrine glands do not have ducts.

Which of the following describes a holocrine gland?
-Holocrine glands secrete their products by endocytosis.
-Holocrine glands secrete their products by rupturing.
-Holocrine glands secrete their products by pinching off the apex of the cell.
-Holocrine glands secrete their products by exocytosis.

Holocrine glands secrete their products by rupturing. Holocrine glands secrete their products by rupturing. Sebaceous (oil) glands are the only example of holocrine glands in the body.

Mucous cells are ________.
-hormone-producing glands
-unicellular exocrine glands
-endocrine glands
-multicellular exocrine glands

unicellular exocrine glands Mucous cells are unicellular exocrine glands that secrete mucin, a protein that combines with water to form mucus.

Which of the following would be of most importance to goblet cells and other glandular epithelium?
– Golgi bodies
-lysosomes
-microvilli
-multiple nuclei

Golgi bodies

The simple columnar epithelium that form absorptive cells of the digestive tract have which characteristic
-cilia
-a rich vascular supply
-fibroblasts
-dense microvilli

dense microvilli

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium ciliated variety ________.
-aids in digestion
-lines most of the respiratory tract
-is not an epithelial classification
-possesses no goblet cells

lines most of the respiratory tract

Which of the following is a single-celled layer of epithelium that forms the lining of serous membranes?
-simple columnar
-simple squamous
-simple cuboidal
-pseudostratified columnar

simple squamous

Which tissue type arises from all three embryonic germ layers?
-epithelial tissue
-connective tissue
-nervous tissue
-muscle tissue

epithelial tissue

Inability to absorb digested nutrients and secrete mucus might indicate a disorder in which tissue?
-simple columnar
-stratified squamous
-simple squamous
-transitional

simple columnar

Glands, such as the thyroid, that secrete their products directly into the blood rather than through ducts are classified as ________.
-sebaceous
-endocrine
-exocrine
-ceruminous

endocrine

True or false?
Simple cuboidal epithelia are usually found in areas where secretion and absorption occur.

True

True or false?
All epithelia have two surfaces, an apical surface and a basal surface, that differ in both structure and function.

True All epithelia exhibit polarity, which is defined by the presence of an apical surface and a basal surface that differ in both structure and function.

________ is a water-soluble, complex glycoprotein that is secreted by goblet cells.
-An amino acid
-An enzyme
-Mucin
-A hormone
-Salt

Mucin Like mucous cells, goblet cells are unicellular exocrine glands that secrete mucin, a protein that combines with water to form mucus. In goblet cells, the cuplike accumulation of mucin distends the top of the cell, making these cells look like a glass with a stem, thus "goblet" cell. This distortion does not occur in mucous cells.

True or false?
Pseudostratified epithelium consists of multiple cell layers.

False While pseudostratified epithelium has the illusion of being a multi-layered tissue, it is in fact made up of only one cell layer. The irregular heights of the cells in pseudostratified epithelia give the tissue a layered appearance. In reality, all of the cells in this tissue rest on the basement membrane (i.e., their basal surfaces are in contact with the basement membrane).

Which tissue type consists of a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity?
-connective tissue
-nervous tissue
-epithelial tissue
-muscle tissue

epithelial tissue Epithelial tissue is a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity (epithe = laid on, covering). In addition to coverings and linings, epithelial cells can also form glands, called glandular epithelium.

Which type of epithelium lines the interior of the urinary bladder?
-transitional epithelium
-stratified squamous epithelium
-simple squamous epithelium
-simple columnar epithelium

transitional epithelium Transitional epithelium forms the lining of hollow urinary organs, which stretch as they fill with urine. The ability of transitional cells to change their shape (undergo "transitions") allows a greater volume of urine to flow through the tube-like ureters and allows more urine to be stored in the urinary bladder.

Which type of gland produces hormones?
-unicellular exocrine glands
-endocrine glands
-multicellular exocrine glands
-holocrine glands

endocrine glands Endocrine glands, which are ductless glands, secrete hormones into the interstitial fluid surrounding them. The hormones then diffuse toward and pass through a nearby capillary wall to enter the blood. Circulating throughout the body in the blood stream is how hormones eventually reach their target cells.

Connective tissues ________.
-primarily consist of extracellular matrix
-are delicate tissues, not designed to bear weight or withstand abrasion or tension
-are all avascular
-arise from different types of embryonic tissue; therefore, they have little relationship or kinship to one another

primarily consist of extracellular matrix All other primary tissues are composed mainly of cells, but connective tissues are largely nonliving extracellular matrix, which separates, often widely, the living cells of the tissue.

In connective tissue, the role of collagen fibers is to ________.
-provide tensile strength
-provide elasticity
-form delicate networks around blood vessels and support the soft tissue of organs
-retain fluid

provide tensile strength Collagen fibers are extremely tough and provide high tensile strength (that is, the ability to resist being pulled apart) to the matrix. Stress tests show that collagen fibers are stronger than steel fibers of the same size!