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The primary route for water loss from the body is the ________ system.
A) respiratory
B) urinary
C) digestive
D) integumentary
E) cardiovascular
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B) urinary
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The primary route for ion loss from the body is the ________ system.
A) respiratory
B) urinary
C) digestive
D) integumentary
E) cardiovascular
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B) urinary
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Cell volume (and therefore cell function) in most cells is dependent upon careful regulation of
A) volume of extracellular fluid.
B) blood pressure.
C) osmolarity of extracellular fluid.
D) permeability of cell membranes.
E) resting membrane potential.
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C) osmolarity of extracellular fluid.
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The two organ systems that work together to regulate most aspects of the body’s water balance are
A) digestive and respiratory.
B) urinary and respiratory.
C) cardiovascular and respiratory.
D) urinary and cardiovascular.
E) digestive and cardiovascular
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D) urinary and cardiovascular.
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Kidneys respond relatively ________ to changes in blood volume.
A) slowly
B) quickly
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A) slowly
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Shrinkage of hepatocytes in the liver causes them to cause which of the following?
A) glycogen production only
B) glycogen breakdown only
C) protein synthesis only
D) both glycogen production and protein synthesis
E) both glycogen breakdown and protein breakdown
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E) both glycogen breakdown and protein breakdown
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Most body water is located in
A) plasma.
B) interstitial fluid.
C) cells.
D) lumens of organs open to the outside.
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C) cells.
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Kidneys regulate
A) water loss only.
B) water gain only.
C) both water loss and gain.
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A) water loss only.
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When a body is dehydrated, water in the urinary bladder
A) can be returned to the circulation directly.
B) can be returned to the circulation after moving back into the kidneys.
C) will still be expelled from the body in the urine.
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C) will still be expelled from the body in the urine.
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Water reabsorption by the kidneys is a result of
A) both passive and active transport processes.
B) cotransport with ions.
C) exchange with ions.
D) osmosis.
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D) osmosis.
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The hormone that directly controls water reabsorption by the kidneys is
A) vasopressin.
B) aldosterone.
C) epinephrine.
D) ANP.
E) angiotensin.
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A) vasopressin.
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The hormone that regulates water reabsorption by the kidneys
A) decreases water permeability throughout the kidney tubules.
B) increases water permeability throughout the kidney tubules.
C) only decreases water permeability in certain portions of the kidney tubules.
D) only increases water permeability in certain portions of the kidney tubules
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D) only increases water permeability in certain portions of the kidney tubules
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Why do patients taking loop diuretics need to take supplemental potassium?
A) They cause active secretion of potassium in the loop of Henle.
B) They inhibit the reabsorption of potassium as well as sodium in the loop of Henle.
C) They inhibit intestinal absorption of potassium.
D) They cause active reabsorption of potassium in the distal convoluted tubule.
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B) They inhibit the reabsorption of potassium as well as sodium in the loop of Henle.
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The primary osmoreceptors are located in the
A) pons.
B) kidney.
C) stomach.
D) hypothalamus.
E) medulla.
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D) hypothalamus.
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Osmoreceptors depolarize after they ________ in response to ________ plasma osmolarity.
A) shrink, decreased
B) shrink, increased
C) swell, decreased
D) swell, increased
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B) shrink, increased
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The hormone vasopressin
A) is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland in response to changes in blood osmolarity.
B) stimulates the kidneys to retain sodium ions.
C) stimulates the kidneys to conserve water.
D) stimulates the kidneys to produce a large volume of urine.
E) All of the answers are correct.
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C) stimulates the kidneys to conserve water.
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When venous return is increased, stretch receptors in the atria of the heart are activated. This results in
A) secretion of vasopressin.
B) inhibition of vasopressin secretion.
C) increased glomerular filtration.
D) decreased urine production.
E) increased thirst.
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B) inhibition of vasopressin secretion.
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When baroreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies register increased blood pressure, this results in
A) secretion of vasopressin.
B) inhibition of vasopressin secretion.
C) increased glomerular filtration.
D) decreased urine production.
E) increased thirst.
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B) inhibition of vasopressin secretion.
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Why is sodium actively reabsorbed in the nephron?
A) to decrease osmolarity inside the nephron
B) to make urine less concentrated
C) to increase passive reabsorption of water
D) to decrease blood pressure
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C) to increase passive reabsorption of water
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Granular cells secrete
A) angiotensinogen.
B) angiotensin I.
C) aldosterone.
D) renin.
E) angiotensin converting enzyme.
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D) renin.
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ACE converts
A) renin to angiotensinogen.
B) angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.
C) angiotensin I to angiotensin II.
D) angiotensin II to aldosterone.
E) renin to aldosterone.
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C) angiotensin I to angiotensin II.
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Stimuli for the activation of the RAS pathway include
A) low blood pressure in arterioles in the nephron only.
B) a decrease in fluid flow through the distal tubule only.
C) high blood pressure in the renal artery only.
D) low blood pressure in arterioles in the nephron and a decrease in fluid flow through the distal tubule.
E) low blood pressure in arterioles in the nephron, a decrease in fluid flow through the distal tubule, and high blood pressure in the renal artery.
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D) low blood pressure in arterioles in the nephron and a decrease in fluid flow through the distal tubule.
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Angiotensin II stimulates
A) thirst only.
B) vasoconstriction only.
C) synthesis and release of aldosterone.
D) thirst and vasoconstriction.
E) thirst, vasoconstriction, and synthesis and release of aldosterone.
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E) thirst, vasoconstriction, and synthesis and release of aldosterone.
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Which of the following is NOT true about angiotensin II?
A) increases cardiac output
B) activates parasympathetic output
C) is a potent vasoconstrictor
D) elevates blood pressure
E) stimulates thirst
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B) activates parasympathetic output
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Drugs that treat hypertension by preventing Angiotensin I from becoming Angiotensin II are called
A) ACE inhibitors.
B) beta blockers.
C) calcium channel blockers.
D) diuretics.
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A) ACE inhibitors.
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Aldosterone
A) is secreted in response to elevated levels of sodium in the blood.
B) promotes sodium retention in the kidneys.
C) helps decrease blood volume.
D) increases the concentration of sodium in urine.
E) functions in pH regulation.
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B) promotes sodium retention in the kidneys.
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Atrial natriuretic peptide
A) increases GFR.
B) inhibits release of renin.
C) stimulates release of renin.
D) increases GFR and inhibits release of renin.
E) increases GFR and stimulates release of renin.
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D) increases GFR and inhibits release of renin.
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An increase in plasma potassium levels is properly called
A) hypernatremia.
B) hyperpotassemia.
C) hyperpotasseplasmia.
D) hyperkalemia.
E) hypercalcemia.
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D) hyperkalemia.
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Excess potassium ions are eliminated from the body by the
A) sweat glands.
B) kidneys.
C) liver.
D) digestive system.
E) spleen.
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B) kidneys.
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Thirst is
A) controlled by centers in the hypothalamus.
B) triggered by decreased osmolarity.
C) relieved only when plasma osmolarity is increased.
D) controlled by centers in the hypothalamus and triggered by increased osmolarity.
E) controlled by centers in the hypothalamus, triggered by increased osmolarity, and relieved only when plasma osmolarity is decreased.
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D) controlled by centers in the hypothalamus and triggered by increased osmolarity.
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A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion concentration of the blood is
A) cortisol.
B) parathormone.
C) thymosin.
D) somatotropin.
E) aldosterone.
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E) aldosterone.
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Which of the following concerning the hormone atrial natriuretic peptide is FALSE?
A) produced by cells in the heart
B) promotes sodium loss at the kidneys
C) reduces blood pressure
D) suppresses vasopressin secretion
E) increases aldosterone secretion
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E) increases aldosterone secretion
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The enzyme renin is responsible for the activation of
A) angiotensin I.
B) cortisol.
C) erythropoietin.
D) atrial natriuretic peptide.
E) adrenaline.
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A) angiotensin I.
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Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by enzymes primarily located in the
A) kidneys.
B) liver.
C) heart.
D) lungs.
E) blood vessels
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E) blood vessels
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The osmolarity in the deepest part of the loop of Henle is ________ mOsM.
A) 1200
B) 100
C) 300
D) 900
E) None of these answers are correct.
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A) 1200
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Decreased ECF volume causes
A) sympathetic output from the cardiovascular control center to increase.
B) parasympathetic output from the cardiovascular control center to increase.
C) the force of ventricular contraction to decrease.
D) arteriolar vasodilation.
E) sympathetic output from the cardiovascular control center to increase and arteriolar vasodilation.
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A) sympathetic output from the cardiovascular control center to increase.
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Symptoms of low plasma pH may include
A) CNS depression only.
B) confusion and disorientation only.
C) numbness, tingling, or muscle twitches only.
D) CNS depression and confusion and disorientation.
E) CNS depression; confusion and disorientation; and numbness, tingling, or muscle twitches
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D) CNS depression and confusion and disorientation.
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The most important factor affecting the pH of plasma is the concentration of
A) lactic acid.
B) ketone bodies.
C) organic acids.
D) carbon dioxide.
E) hydrochloric acid.
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D) carbon dioxide.
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The primary role of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to
A) buffer stomach acid.
B) buffer carbonic acid formed by carbon dioxide.
C) prevent pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids.
D) buffer the urine.
E) increase the amount of carbonic acid during ventilation.
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C) prevent pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids.
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Which of the following is most likely to be observed in a patient with compensated respiratory alkalosis?
A) respiratory rate increases
B) tidal volume increases
C) kidneys conserve bicarbonate
D) kidneys secrete fewer hydrogen ions
E) body retains less carbon dioxide
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D) kidneys secrete fewer hydrogen ions
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Prolonged vomiting of the stomach’s contents can result in
A) respiratory acidosis.
B) respiratory alkalosis.
C) metabolic acidosis.
D) metabolic alkalosis.
E) None of the answers are correct.
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D) metabolic alkalosis.
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A person who suffers from emphysema will exhibit signs of
A) respiratory acidosis.
B) respiratory alkalosis.
C) metabolic acidosis.
D) metabolic alkalosis.
E) None of the answers are correct.
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A) respiratory acidosis.
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A person who suffers from hyperventilation will exhibit signs of
A) respiratory acidosis.
B) respiratory alkalosis.
C) metabolic acidosis.
D) metabolic alkalosis.
E) None of the answers are correct.
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B) respiratory alkalosis.
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If sodium increases in the ECF, water will move from
A) cells to the ECF, and cells will swell.
B) the ECF to cells, and cells will swell.
C) cells to the ECF, and cells will shrink.
D) the ECF to cells, and cells will shrink.
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C) cells to the ECF, and cells will shrink.
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A buffer
A) moderates changes in pH.
B) always increases pH.
C) always decreases pH.
D) binds or releases bicarbonate ions.
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A) moderates changes in pH.
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The normal pH range for most body fluids is ________.
A) 7 to 8
B) 7.5 to 8
C) 7.25 to 7.75
D) 7.38 to 7.42
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D) 7.38 to 7.42
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When the pH rises above 7.42, a state of ________ exists.
A) acidosis
B) alkalosis
C) equilibrium
D) homeostasis
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B) alkalosis
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Abnormal fat and amino acid metabolism may lead to the condition called
A) ketoacidosis.
B) lactic acidosis.
C) metabolic alkalosis.
D) respiratory acidosis.
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A) ketoacidosis.
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The enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of H2O and CO2 to H2CO3 is called
A) carbonic anhydrase.
B) bicarbonate ion.
C) carbonic acid.
D) renin.
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A) carbonic anhydrase.
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Normal removal of excess water in urine is known as
A) diuresis.
B) diuretics.
C) osmotic diuresis.
D) filtration.
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A) diuresis.
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________ interstitial osmolarity allows urine to be concentrated.
A) High medullary
B) Low medullary
C) High cortex
D) Low cortex
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A) High medullary
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AQP2 water pores are added to the cell membrane by ________ and withdrawn by ________ in a process known as ________.
A) exocytosis, endocytosis, membrane recycling
B) endocytosis, exocytosis, membrane recycling
C) membrane recycling, exocytosis, endocytosis
D) membrane recycling, endocytosis, exocytosis
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A) exocytosis, endocytosis, membrane recycling
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The anatomical arrangement of the kidney that allows transfer of solutes from one blood vessel to another is called the
A) countercurrent exchange system.
B) portal system.
C) capillaries.
D) countercurrent heat exchanger.
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A) countercurrent exchange system.
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Paracrine feedback from the ________ in the distal tubule to the granular cells stimulates release of ________.
A) sympathetic neurons, epinephrine
B) granular cells, renin
C) liver, angiotensinogen
D) macula densa, renin
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D) macula densa, renin
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The ________ cells of the distal nephron are interspersed among the principal cells and contribute to acid-base regulation.
A) endothelial
B) intercalated
C) endocrine
D) granular
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B) intercalated
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A rise in angiotensin II levels would result in increased
A) blood pressure.
B) retention of sodium ions at the kidney.
C) water retention.
D) blood volume.
E) All of these effects.
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E) All of these effects.
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The RAS pathway begins with secretion of
A) angiotensin converting enzyme.
B) renin.
C) angiotensinogen.
D) aldosterone.
E) vasopressin.
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B) renin.
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Renal tubule cells in the kidney medulla are constantly exposed to high extracellular osmolarity. How do they maintain normal cell volume?
A) They synthesize organic solutes as needed to match the osmolarity.
B) They synthesize water molecules through increased metabolism to offset volume loss.
C) They maintain a water-impermeable membrane.
D) They add or remove aquaporins as needed.
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A) They synthesize organic solutes as needed to match the osmolarity.
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When the pH of body fluids begins to fall, proteins will
A) become more active.
B) lose three-dimensional structure.
C) fold into tertiary structures.
D) not be affected.
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B) lose three-dimensional structure.
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When the pH of the extracellular fluid declines, the kidneys
A) excrete more sodium ions.
B) excrete more bicarbonate ions.
C) reabsorb more potassium ions.
D) reabsorb more hydrogen ions.
E) reabsorb less water.
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C) reabsorb more potassium ions.
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Two hours before major surgery is to begin, the patient experiences "jitters," an elevated heart rate and blood pressure. These symptoms are the result of
A) sympathetic activation.
B) decreased levels of epinephrine in the blood.
C) decreased activity of sympathetic centers in the hypothalamus.
D) increased parasympathetic activity.
E) All of these mechanisms.
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A) sympathetic activation.
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An explorer has been lost in the desert for two days with very little water. As a result, you would expect to observe
A) elevated vasopressin levels.
B) decreased blood osmolarity.
C) normal urine production.
D) increased blood volume.
E) cells enlarged with fluid.
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A) elevated vasopressin levels.
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Which effect would a decrease in pH have on the amount of potassium ion in the urine?
A) increase
B) decrease
C) no effect
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B) decrease
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In response to a rapid increase of organic acid in the body, you would expect to observe
A) increased alveolar ventilation.
B) decreased blood pressure.
C) decreased heart rate.
D) increased blood pH.
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A) increased alveolar ventilation.
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Dehydration may cause some ions to become concentrated. If a person was suffering from severe hyperkalemia, you would expect
A) the potassium ion concentration of the interstitial fluid to be less than normal.
B) the membrane potential of nerves and muscles to be more negative.
C) abnormal cardiac rhythms.
D) muscle weakness and increased strength of twitch contractions.
E) All of the answers are correct.
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C) abnormal cardiac rhythms.
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Which of the following leads to the lowest water loss during a day?
A) metabolism
B) feces
C) skin
D) lungs
E) kidneys
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B) feces
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The most potent stimulus for vasopressin release is
A) plasma osmolarity.
B) blood volume.
C) blood pressure.
D) low potassium.
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A) plasma osmolarity.
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