|
Which secretion is not a barrier that prevents pathogens from entering the body? Antigens. |
Antigens |
|
True or false? The leukocytes of the innate immune system are B cells, macrophages, and neutrophils. True |
F |
|
How do cells involved in the innate immune response detect the presence of pathogens? Antibodies bind to the pathogens. |
Leukocytes recognize unique molecules on pathogens. |
|
Which of the following cells can engulf a pathogen? Platelets. |
Macrophages |
|
Which of the following statements best describes the role of mast cells in the inflammatory response? They release chemicals that dilate blood vessels near the wound site, allowing blood components to enter the region from the bloodstream. |
They release chemicals that dilate blood vessels near the wound site, allowing blood components to enter the region from the bloodstream. |
|
Which of the following events occurs first when a wound that breaks the skin has occurred? Macrophages present bacterial proteins as antigens on their plasma membrane. |
Platelets release proteins that form clots and decrease bleeding. |
|
The site of inflammation may become swollen due to the increased numbers of cells and fluids at the site and painful due to signals from pain receptors. True |
T |
|
Innate immunity and acquired immunity are both _____. dependent exclusively on cell-mediated responses characteristics of all vertebrate animals dependent on surface secretions from sebaceous and sweat glands, which give the skin an acidic pH that is unfavorable for bacterial colonization dependent on tears, saliva, and mucous secretions that contain lysozyme, an enzyme that digests bacterial cell walls based on the trapping of microbes by mucus |
characteristics of all vertebrate animals |
|
Macrophages are _____. the best defense against parasites cells that induce the lysis of virus-infected body cells antigen-presenting cells that originate from neutrophils large, phagocytic cells that can leave the circulation and enter the tissues of the body short-lived cells that self-destruct soon after engulfing foreign invaders |
large, phagocytic cells that can leave the circulation and enter the tissues of the body |
|
The cells and signaling molecules involved in the initial stages of the inflammatory response are _____. lymphocytes and interferons |
mast cells and histamines |
|
Inflammatory responses typically include _____. increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area inhibiting the release of white blood cells from bone marrow reduced permeability of blood vessels to conserve plasma release of substances to decrease the blood supply to an inflamed area |
increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area |
|
Acidity in human sweat is an example of _____. cell-mediated immune responses |
innate immunity |
|
An antigen _____. is a foreign molecule that evokes a specific response by a lymphocyte is a protein molecule that helps defend the body against disease could be an invading bacterium induces development of white blood cells in the bone marrow is a protein attacked by an invading microorganism |
is a foreign molecule that evokes a specific response by a lymphocyte |
|
The fact that there are about a million different antigen receptors possible in human B cells is based on _____. having one million different immunoglobulin genes recombination of the segments of the receptor DNA that make up the functional receptor genes of differentiated B cells constant changes in the splicing pattern of receptor genes after the differentiation of the B cell the capacity of memory cells to produce antibodies temporary changes in the ways that RNA is spliced in the B cells |
recombination of the segments of the receptor DNA that make up the functional receptor genes of differentiated B cells |
|
Clonal selection is an explanation for how _____. HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) can disrupt the immune system V, J, and C gene segments are rearranged macrophages can recognize specific T cells and B cells an antigen can provoke production of high levels of specific antibodies |
an antigen can provoke production of high levels of specific antibodies |
|
Immunological memory accounts for _____. the ancient observation that someone who had recovered from the plague could safely care for those newly diseased the observation that some strains of the pathogen that causes dengue fever cause more severe disease than others the human body’s ability to distinguish self from non-self the ability of a helper T cell to signal B cells via cytokines |
the ancient observation that someone who had recovered from the plague could safely care for those newly diseased |
|
How does an antihistamine reduce allergy symptoms? An antihistamine blocks receptors for inflammatory chemicals released from granules within mast cells. An antihistamine kills mast cells, blocking an allergic reaction. An antihistamine binds pollen antigens, preventing them from provoking an allergic reaction. |
An antihistamine blocks receptors for inflammatory chemicals released from granules within mast cells. |
|
Lymphocytes mature in the _____. I, II, and III |
only II and III |
|
Vaccination increases the number of _____. epitopes that the immune system can recognize lymphocytes with receptors that can bind to the pathogen major histocompatability (MHC) molecules that can present an antigen macrophages specific for a pathogen |
lymphocytes with receptors that can bind to the pathogen |
|
What major advantage is conveyed by having a system of adaptive immunity? It enables a rapid defense against an antigen that has been previously encountered. |
It enables a rapid defense against an antigen that has been previously encountered. |
|
Which of the following is a difference between B cells and T cells? One binds a receptor called BCR (B-cell receptor), while the other recognizes a receptor called TCR (T-cell receptor). |
One has a major role in antibody production, while the other has a major role in cytotoxicity. |
|
Cell-mediated immunity differs from humoral immunity in that _____. a humoral response is mounted more quickly |
they respond differently to invaders |
|
Helper T cells are part of _____. innate immunity |
cell-mediated immune responses |
|
B cells interacting with helper T cells are stimulated to differentiate when _____. cytotoxic T cells present the class II MHC molecule-antigen complex on their surface |
helper T cells release cytokines |
|
When antibodies bind antigens, the clumping of antigens results from _____. disulfide bridges between the antigens |
the antibody having at least two binding regions |
|
For the successful development of a vaccine to be used against a pathogen, it is necessary that _____. the major histocompatability (MHC) molecules are heterozygous |
the surface antigens of the pathogen stay the same |
|
A primary reason for needing a new vaccine for influenza each year is that _____. mutation in the influenza virus is frequent |
mutation in the influenza virus is frequent |
Share This
Flashcard
