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In which of the following animals are the blood and the interstitial fluid considered to be the same body fluid?
a. dogs
b. fishes
c. sparrows
d. jellyfish and cnidarians
e. grasshoppers
|
e
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Arteries carry blood _____.
a. away from capillaries
b. away from the heart and away from the lungs
c. to the heart and away from the lungs
d. to the heart only
e. away from the heart only
|
e
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Blood returns to the heart via the _____.
a. aorta
b. pulmonary arteries
c. pulmonary veins
d. aorta and pulmonary arteries
e. aorta and pulmonary veins
|
c
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From the pulmonary veins, blood flows to the _____.
a. right atrium
b. left atrium
c. aorta
d. capillaries of the lungs
e. posterior vena cava
|
b
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From the anterior vena cava, blood flows to the _____.
a. right atrium
b. left atrium
c. aorta
d. capillaries of the lungs
e. posterior vena cava
|
a
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From the capillaries of the abdominal organs and hind limbs, blood flows to the _____.
a. right atrium
b. left atrium
c. aorta
d. capillaries of the lungs
e. posterior vena cava
|
e
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Carbon dioxide enters the blood at the _____.
a. capillaries of the lungs
b. capillaries of the abdominal organs
c. capillaries of the hind limbs
d. capillaries of the head and forelimbs
e. capillaries of the head, forelimbs, abdominal organs, and hind limbs
|
e
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The _____ has(have) the thinnest walls.
a. aorta
b. capillaries
c. posterior vena cava
d. pulmonary artery
e. right ventricle
|
b
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Blood pressure is highest in the _____.
a. aorta
b. posterior vena cava
c. anterior vena cava
d. pulmonary artery
e. capillaries
|
a
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What is the function of a circulatory system?
a. It is the site of blood cell production.
b. It brings a transport liquid into close contact with all cells in the body.
c. It acts as a reservoir for the storage of blood.
d. It exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with the outside air.
|
b
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Why do the circulatory systems of land vertebrates have separate circuits to the lungs and to the rest of the body?
a. The circuits increase the amount of surface area available for the diffusion of gases and nutrients in the body.
b. Blood is pumped to the lungs to be oxygenated before being pumped to the rest of the body.
c. Land vertebrates are bigger and require more tubing to reach all areas of the body.
d. The large decrease in blood pressure as blood moves through the lungs may prevent efficient circulation through the rest of the body.
|
d
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True or false? The circulatory systems of land-dwelling vertebrates are composed of two pumping circuits: the systemic circulation, which is a lower-pressure circuit to the lung, and the pulmonary circulation, which is a higher-pressure circuit to the rest of the body.
True
False
|
False
|
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What is the function of the left ventricle?
a. It pumps oxygenated blood around the body via the systemic circulation.
b. It receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.
c. It pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary circulation.
d. It receives deoxygenated blood from the lungs.
|
a
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Which of the following statements about blood circulation in the body is true?
a. Deoxygenated blood flowing through the pulmonary veins is carried to the right atrium.
b. Valves prevent the backflow of blood into the atria and ventricles.
c. During one cardiac cycle, the two ventricles contract first, and then the two atria contract.
d. As the right ventricle contracts, it sends oxygenated blood through the aorta to all tissues of the body.
|
b
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Which event occurs first during diastole?
a. The atria contract while blood flows into the relaxed ventricles.
b. The atria and ventricles are relaxed, and blood flows into the atria.
c. The atria and ventricles contract simultaneously.
d. Blood flows into the relaxed atria while the ventricles contract.
|
b
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Which event of the cardiac cycle occurs when systolic blood pressure is measured?
a. The atria contract while blood flows into the relaxed ventricles.
b. The atria and ventricles contract simultaneously.
c. The atria and ventricles are relaxed, and blood flows into the atria.
d. The ventricles contract, carrying blood into the aorta, and blood flows into the relaxed atria.
|
d
|
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Which of the following best describes an artery?
a. Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
b. Arteries carry oxygenated blood.
c. Arteries contain valves.
d. Arteries have thin walls compared with veins.
e. Arteries carry blood away from capillaries.
|
a
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Stroke occurs when _____.
a. the pacemaker of the heart becomes defective, producing an irregular heartbeat
b. a blood clot dislodges from a vein and moves into the lung, where it blocks a pulmonary artery
c. a blood clot enters the cerebral circulation, blocking an artery and causing the death of brain tissue
d. the walls of an artery in the leg accumulate deposits and lose their flexibility and elasticity
e. a blood clot enters and blocks one of the coronary arteries
|
c
|
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Voice sounds are produced by the _____.
a. trachea
b. diaphragm
c. bronchioles
d. larynx
e. lungs
|
d
|
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The primary functions of the _____ are to warm, filter, and humidify air.
a. lungs
b. trachea
c. bronchus
d. nasal cavity
e. alveoli
|
d
|
|
The fluid that moves around in the circulatory system of a typical arthropod is
a. the intracellular fluid.
b. the digestive juices.
c. the cytosol.
d. the interstitial fluid.
e. the blood plasma.
|
d
|
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The circulatory system of bony fishes, rays, and sharks is similar to
a. that of reptiles, with one pumping chamber driving blood flow to a gas-exchange organ, and a different pumping chamber driving blood to the rest of the circulation.
b. that of sponges, where gas exchange in all cells occurs directly with the external environment.
c. the portal systems of mammals, where two capillary beds occur sequentially, without passage of blood through a pumping chamber.
d. that of birds, with a four-chambered heart.
e. that of humans, where there are four pumping chambers to drive blood flow.
|
c
|
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Organisms with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body’s cells are likely to have
a. a gastrovascular cavity.
b. a closed circulatory system.
c. hemolymph.
d. an open circulatory system.
e. branched tracheae.
|
b
|
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In which of the following organisms does blood flow from the pulmocutaneous circulation to the heart before circulating through the rest of the body?
a. annelids
b. insects
c. fishes
d. frogs
e. molluscs
|
d
|
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Which of the following pairs of mammalian blood vessels has blood that is the least similar in its gas content?
a. the pulmonary vein and the jugular vein
b. the veins from the right and left legs
c. the inferior vena cava and the superior vena cava
d. the pulmonary artery and the vena cava
e. the pulmonary vein and the aorta
|
a
|
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Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow in reptiles and mammals?
a. right atrium → pulmonary artery → left atrium → ventricle
b. pulmonary vein → left atrium → left ventricle → pulmonary circuit
c. right ventricle → pulmonary vein → pulmocutaneous circulation
d. vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary circuit
e. left ventricle → aorta → lungs → systemic circulation
|
d
|
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Damage to the sinoatrial node in humans
a. would block conductance between the bundle branches and the Purkinje fibers.
b. would have a direct effect on blood pressure monitors in the aorta.
c. would disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions.
d. would have a negative effect on peripheral resistance.
e. is a major contributor to heart attacks.
|
c
|
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The material present in arterioles that is not present in capillaries is
a. fully oxygenated blood.
b. white blood cells and platelets.
c. a lining of endothelial cells.
d. circular smooth muscle cells that can alter the size of the arterioles.
e. plasma in which carbon dioxide has been added.
|
d
|
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The set of blood vessels with the slowest velocity of blood flow is
a. the capillaries.
b. the arterioles.
c. the veins.
d. the arteries.
e. the metarterioles.
|
a
|
|
The set of blood vessels with the lowest blood pressure driving flow is
a. the arteries.
b. the capillaries.
c. the arterioles.
d. the veins.
e. the metarterioles.
|
d
|
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The velocity of blood flow is the lowest in capillaries because
a. the capillaries are far from the heart, and blood flow slows as distance from the heart increases.
b. the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arteries or any other part of the circulatory system.
c. the diastolic blood pressure is too low to deliver blood to the capillaries at a high flow rate.
d. the systemic capillaries are supplied by the left ventricle, which has a lower cardiac output than the right ventricle.
e. the capillary walls are not thin enough to allow oxygen to exchange with the cells.
|
b
|
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In a healthy human, the typical life span of a red blood cell is
a. 24 hours.
b. one week.
c. one month.
d. four months.
e. 80 years or more.
|
d
|
|
Cyanide poisons mitochondria by blocking the final step in the electron transport chain. Human red blood cells placed in an isotonic solution containing cyanide are likely to
a. become unable to carry oxygen.
b. lyse as the cyanide concentration increases inside the cell.
c. switch to anaerobic metabolism.
d. be unaffected.
e. retain the normal cell shape, but the mitochondria will be poisoned.
|
d
|
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A normal event in the process of blood clotting is the
a. activation of prothrombin to thrombin.
b. synthesis of hemoglobin.
c. production of erythropoietin.
d. increase in platelets.
e. conversion of fibrin to fibrinogen.
|
a
|
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An advantage of gas exchange in fresh water, compared with gas exchange in air, is that _____.
a. water loss through evaporation across the respiratory surface can be minimized
b. ventilation requires less energy in water
c. the respiratory surface does not have to be as extensive in water
d. water usually contains a higher concentration of oxygen than air
e. water is easier to move over the respiratory surface
|
a
|
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The smallest airway through which inspired air passes before gas exchange occurs in the mammalian lungs is the _____.
a. larynx
b. bronchiole
c. bronchus
d. trachea
e. pharynx
|
b
|
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Sponges, cnidarians, and flatworms lack a specialized gas exchange surface because
a. they are too large for a circulatory system to operate well.
b. they do not produce carbon dioxide.
c. nearly all of their cells are in direct contact with the external environment.
d. they live without need for oxygen.
e. countercurrent exchange mechanisms cannot function well in their living conditions.
|
c
|
|
The epiglottis of a human covers the glottis when he or she is
a. sleeping.
b. yawning.
c. breathing.
d. swallowing.
e. talking.
|
d
|
|
In mammals, most gas exchange between the atmosphere and the pulmonary blood occurs in the
a. larynx.
b. bronchi.
c. bronchioles.
d. alveoli.
e. trachea.
|
d
|
|
Countercurrent exchange in the fish gill helps to maximize
a. diffusion.
b. endocytosis.
c. osmosis.
d. active transport.
e. blood pressure.
|
a
|
|
Air-breathing insects carry out gas exchange
a. in their specialized external gills.
b. across all parts of their thin cuticular exoskeleton.
c. in the alveoli of their lungs.
d. across the finest branches of the trachea and cell membranes.
e. in their specialized internal gills.
|
d
|
|
Air rushes into the lungs of humans during inhalation because
a. the volume of the alveoli increases as smooth muscles contract.
b. pulmonary muscles contract and pull on the outer surface of the lungs.
c. gas flows from a region of lower pressure to a region of higher pressure.
d. a positive respiratory pressure is created when the diaphragm relaxes.
e. the rib muscles and diaphragm contract, increasing the lung volume.
|
e
|
|
The exhalation of air from human lungs is driven by
a. the expansion of the rib cage.
b. the closure of the epiglottis.
c. a decrease in the volume of the thoracic cavity.
d. a decrease in the residual volume of the lungs.
e. the contraction of the diaphragm.
|
c
|
|
True or false? The lungs of humans form from the embryonic foregut.
True
False
|
True
|
|
True or false? The pressure inside the human chest cavity is always positive, so the lungs stay relatively inflated even upon exhalation.
True
False
|
False
|
|
Which lung structure is a tiny sac that functions as an interface between air and blood?
a. Diaphragm.
b. Capillary.
c. Epithelium.
d. Alveolus.
|
d
|
|
Which barrier(s) must O2 and CO2 cross to pass between air and blood inside lungs?
Check all that apply.
a. epithelial cells
b. extracellular fluid
c. capillary wall
d. diaphragm
|
a b c
|
|
True or false? The driving force for the unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin into tissues is the difference in PCO2 levels between the blood and body tissues.
True
False
|
False
|
|
How is most carbon dioxide transported from tissues to the lungs?
a. As bicarbonate ions (HCO3−).
b. As protons (H+).
c. As carbon dioxide gas.
d. As carbonic acid.
|
a
|
|
Which of the following statements about the oxygen-hemoglobin interaction is true?
a. The oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is exponential, which means that hemoglobin can respond quickly to small changes in oxygen demand.
b. The binding of one oxygen molecule to hemoglobin stimulates the unloading of the oxygen molecules that are already bound.
c. Each hemoglobin molecule can bind one oxygen molecule.
d. The binding of one oxygen molecule to hemoglobin stimulates the binding of other oxygen molecules.
|
d
|
|
The amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin _____.
a. increases in the presence of high concentrations of oxygen
b. is called the Bohr shift
c. increases as the pH of tissues decreases
d. increases with increasing acidity at the tissue level
e. decreases in the presence of high concentrations of oxygen
|
a
|
|
An increase from pH 7.2 to pH 7.4 around hemoglobin causes
a. hemoglobin to denature.
b. an increase in the binding of H+ by hemoglobin.
c. hemoglobin to more readily give up its oxygen molecules.
d. hemoglobin to release all bound oxygen molecules.
e. an increase in the affinity of hemoglobin to bind oxygen molecules.
|
e
|
|
Most of the carbon dioxide produced by humans is
a. simply dissolved in the plasma.
b. transported in the erythrocytes as carbonic acid.
c. bicarbonate ions bound to hemoglobin.
d. bound to hemoglobin.
e. converted to bicarbonate ions by an enzyme in red blood cells.
|
e
|
|
The hemocyanin of arthropods and molluscs differ from the hemoglobin of mammals in that
a. hemocyanin has protein coupled to copper rather than iron.
b. hemocyanin carries appreciably more carbon dioxide.
c. hemocyanin includes cyanic acid.
d. the oxygen dissociation curve for hemocyanin is linear.
e. the protein of hemocyanin is not bound to metal.
|
a
|
|
Which of the following respiratory systems is not closely associated with a blood supply?
a. the skin of an earthworm
b. the gills of a fish
c. the lungs of a vertebrate
d. the tracheal system of an insect
e. the parapodia of a polychaete worm
|
d
|
|
Select the correct statement about capillary beds.
a. Capillary beds are the site of nutrient and oxygen delivery to tissues.
b. Capillary beds join arteries and veins.
c. Capillary beds have a total cross-sectional area much smaller than the total cross-sectional area of major arteries.
|
a
|
|
How are gases transported in insect bodies?
a. In open circulatory systems
b. In closed circulatory systems
c. In tracheal systems
|
c
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