Ch.15

What is the main function of the rods in the eye?

A) accommodation for near vision
B) vision in dim light
C) depth perception
D) color vision

B) vision in dim light

What structure regulates the amount of light passing to the visual receptors of the eye?

A) iris
B) cornea
C) aqueous humor
D) lens

A) Iris

Receptors for hearing are located in the ________.

A) vestibule
B) tympanic membrane
C) cochlea
D) semicircular canals

C) cochlea

Which of the follow types of neurons are replaced throughout adult life?

A) auditory outer and inner hair cells
B) retinal ganglion cells
C) olfactory receptor cells
D) retinal bipolar cells

C) Olfactory Receptor cells

The oil component found in tears is produced by the ________.

A) tarsal glands
B) conjunctiva
C) lacrimal glands
D) ciliary gland

A) tarsal glands

The receptor for static equilibrium is the ________.

A) cochlear duct
B) utricle
C) semicircular canals
D) macula

D) macula

Farsightedness is more properly called ________.

A) presbyopia
B) hyperopia
C) myopia
D) hypopia

B) hyperopia

Seventy percent of all sensory receptors are located in the ________.

A) nose
B) skin
C) eye
D) ears

C) eye

Which of the following structures is not part of the external ear?

A) pharyngotympanic tube
B) tympanic membrane
C) pinna
D) external acoustic meatus

A) pharyngotympanic tube

Nerve fibers from the medial aspect of each eye ________.

A) cross over to the opposite side at the chiasma
B) divide at the chiasma, with some crossing and some not crossing
C) go to the superior colliculus only
D) pass posteriorly without crossing over at the chiasma

A) cross over to the opposite side at the chiasma

Ordinarily, it is not possible to transplant tissues from one person to another, yet corneas canbe transplanted without tissue rejection. This is because the cornea ________.

A) does not contain connective tissue
B) has no blood supply
C) is not a living tissue
D) has no nerve supply

B) has no blood supply

The oval window is connected directly to which passageway?

A) scala tympani
B) pharyngotympanic tube
C) scala vestibuli
D) external acoustic meatus

C) scala vestibuli

There are three layers of neurons in the retina. The axons of which of these neuron layersform the optic nerves?

A) rod cells
B) cone cells
C) bipolar cells
D) ganglion cells

D) ganglion cells

The first "way station" in the visual pathway from the eye, after there has been partialcrossover of the fibers in the optic chiasma, is the ________.

A) temporal lobe
B) visual cortex
C) superior colliculi
D) lateral geniculate body of the thalamus

D) lateral geniculate body of the thalamus

As sound levels increase in the spiral organ (of Corti), ________.

A) inner hair cells bend the cilia away from the kinocilium
B) inner hair cells stiffen the basilar membrane
C) outer hair cells stiffen the basilar membrane
D) outer hair cells bend the cilia away from the kinocilium

C) outer hair cells stiffen the basilar membrane

Which of the following is true about gustatory receptors?

A) All gustatory receptors have the same threshold for activation.
B) Complete adaptation occurs in about one to five minutes.
C) In order for a chemical to be sensed, it must be hydrophobic.
D) The receptors generate an action potential in response to chemical stimuli.

B) Complete adaptation occurs in about one to five minutes.

Taste buds are not found ________.

A) lining the buccal cavity
B) in circumvallate papillae
C) in fungiform papillae
D) in filiform papillae

D) in filiform papillae

Select the correct statement about olfaction.

A) Olfactory adaptation is only due to fading of receptor cell response.
B) Substances must be volatile and hydrophobic in order to activate olfactory receptors.
C) Olfactory receptors have a high degree of specificity toward a single type of chemical.
D) Some of the sensation of olfaction is actually one of pain.

D) Some of the sensation of olfaction is actually one of pain.

What prevents the eyelids from sticking together when the eyes close?

A) conjunctival fluid
B) tarsal gland secretions
C) lacrimal fluid
D) ciliary gland secretions

B) tarsal gland secretions

Which of the following taste sensations is incorrectly matched to the chemicals that produceit?

A) bitteralkaloids
B) saltymetal ions
C) sweetorganic substances such as sugar and some lead salts
D) souracids
E) umamiamino acids glutamate and lysine

E) umamiamino acids glutamate and lysine

U.S. employees must wear hearing protection at ________ dB or above.

A) 70
B) 80
C) 100
D) 90

D) 90

What is a modiolus?

A) a bony area around the junction of the facial, vestibular, and cochlear nerves
B) a bone pillar in the center of the cochlea
C) bone in the center of a semicircular canal
D) bone around the cochlea

B) a bone pillar in the center of the cochlea

Which statement about malnutrition-induced night blindness is most accurate?

A) The impaired vision is caused by reduced cone function.
B) Visual pigment content is reduced in both rods and cones.
C) The most common cause is vitamin D deficiency.
D) Vitamin supplements can reverse degenerative changes.

D) Vitamin supplements can reverse degenerative changes.

Dark adaptation ________.

A) involves accumulation of rhodopsin
B) involves improvement of acuity and color vision
C) is much faster than light adaptation
D) results in inhibition of rod function

A) involves accumulation of rhodopsin

Conscious perception of vision probably reflects activity in the ________.

A) superior colliculus
B) chiasma
C) thalamus
D) occipital lobe of the cortex

D) occipital lobe of the cortex

In the visual pathways to the brain, the optic radiations project to the ________.

A) optic chiasma
B) primary visual cortex
C) medial retina
D) lateral geniculate body

B) primary visual cortex

Visual inputs to the ________ serve to synchronize biorhythms with natural light and dark.

A) suprachiasmatic nucleus
B) superior colliculi
C) pretectal nuclei
D) lateral geniculate body

A) suprachiasmatic nucleus

Information from balance receptors goes directly to the ________.

A) back muscles
B) brain stem reflex centers
C) motor cortex
D) visual cortex

B) brain stem reflex centers

Motion sickness seems to ________.

A) result from mismatch between visual and vestibular inputs
B) result from activation of nausea centers in the brain stem
C) respond best to medication taken after salivation and pallor begins
D) respond best to medication that "boosts" vestibular inputs

A) result from mismatch between visual and vestibular inputs

In the uterus ________.

A) scanty visual connections are made that proliferate greatly during infancy
B) despite the fact that the fetus cannot see, functional visual cortical connections are established
C) the fetus cannot see and therefore visual cortical connections are not made
D) the fetus can see only light and shadow, but not forms, so partial visual connections are made

B) despite the fact that the fetus cannot see, functional visual cortical connections are established

Most newborns ________.

A) cry with copious tears
B) see in tones of red and green only
C) are myopic
D) often use only one eye at a time

D) often use only one eye at a time

The blind spot of the eye is where ________.

A) the optic nerve leaves the eye
B) only cones occur
C) more rods than cones are found
D) the macula lutea is located

A) the optic nerve leaves the eye

The first vestiges of eyes in the embryo are called ________.

A) optic cups
B) optic vesicles
C) mesenchyme
D) optic discs

B) optic vesicles

Which pairing of terms is incorrectly related?

A) frequency: wavelength number
B) amplitude: sound intensity
C) frequency: loudness
D) quality: frequency number

C) frequency: loudness

Olfactory cells and taste buds are normally stimulated by ________.

A) movement of a cupula
B) the movement of otoliths
C) substances in solution
D) stretching of the receptor cells

C) substances in solution

Which of the following could not be seen as one looks into the eye with an ophthalmoscope?

A) optic disc
B) fovea centralis
C) macula lutea
D) optic chiasma

D) optic chiasma

The cells of the retina in which action potentials are generated are the ________.

A) amacrine cells
B) ganglion cells
C) rods and cones
D) bipolar cells

B) ganglion cells

During dark adaptation ________.

A) the cones are activated
B) rhodopsin accumulates in the rods
C) the sensitivity of the retina decreases
D) the rate of rhodopsin breakdown is accelerated

B) rhodopsin accumulates in the rods

Tinnitis, vertigo, and gradual hearing loss typify the disorder called ________.

A) motion sickness
B) strabismus
C) Ménière’s syndrome
D) conjunctivitis

C) Ménière’s syndrome

Which of the following is not a characteristic of olfactory receptor cells?

A) They have a short life span of about 60 days.
B) They are chemoreceptors.
C) They are ciliated.
D) They are unipolar neurons.

D) They are unipolar neurons.

An essential part of the maculae involved in static equilibrium is (are) the ________.

A) otoliths
B) scala media
C) spiral organ (of Corti)
D) cupula

A) otoliths

Which of the following is true about light and vision?

A) The greater the incident angle of light striking a refractive surface, the less the amount of lightbending.
B) Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation that slows down as it enters a medium ofrelatively less density.
C) Human photoreceptors respond to light in the 100-300 nm range.)
D) When we see the color of an object, all light is being absorbed by that object except for thecolor being experienced.

D) When we see the color of an object, all light is being absorbed by that object except for thecolor being experienced.

The tarsal plate of the eyelid ________.

A) assists in the act of winking
B) is connected to the levator palpebrae
C) is composed of connective tissue surrounding a thin cartilage plate
D) is connected to the superior rectus muscle

B) is connected to the levator palpebrae

Which of the following is true about photoreceptors?

A) If all cones are stimulated equally, all colors are absorbed by the cones and the colorperceived is black.
B) Three types of color-sensitive photoreceptors exist: red, green, and yellow.
C) Rods absorb light throughout the visual spectrum but confer only gray tone vision.
D) In dim light, images are focused directly on the rods in the fovea centralis.

C) Rods absorb light throughout the visual spectrum but confer only gray tone vision.

Select the correct statement about equilibrium.
A) Due to dynamic equilibrium, movement can be perceived if rotation of the body continues ata constant rate.
B) Hair cells of both types of equilibrium hyperpolarize only, resulting in an increased rate ofimpulse transmission.
C) The weight of the endolymph contained within the semicircular canals against the maculae isresponsible for static equilibrium.
D) Cristae respond to angular acceleration and deceleration.

D) Cristae respond to angular acceleration and deceleration.

The eye muscle that elevates and turns the eye laterally is the ________.

A) medial rectus
B) inferior oblique
C) lateral rectus
D) superior oblique

B) inferior oblique

The receptor membranes of gustatory cells are ________.

A) taste buds
B) fungiform papillae
C) basal cells
D) gustatory hairs

D) gustatory hairs

Light passes through the following structures in which order?

A) aqueous humor, cornea, lens, vitreous humor
B) cornea, vitreous humor, lens, aqueous humor
C) vitreous humor, lens, aqueous humor, cornea
D) cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor

D) cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor

Damage to the medial recti muscles would probably affect ________.

A) pupil constriction
B) convergence
C) refraction
D) accommodation

B) Convergence

Which statement about sound localization is not true?

A) It is difficult to discriminate sound sources in the midline.
B) It uses time differences between sound reaching the two ears.
C) It requires processing at the cortical level.
D) It requires input from both ears.

C) It requires processing at the cortical level.

Which of the following is not a possible cause of conduction deafness?

A) otosclerosis
B) cochlear nerve degeneration
C) impacted cerumen
D) middle ear infection

B) cochlear nerve degeneration

Visual processing in the thalamus does not contribute significantly to ________.

A) movement perception
B) night vision
C) depth perception
D) high-acuity vision

B) night vision

Visible light fits between ________.

A) UV and infrared
B) microwaves and radio waves
C) X rays and UV
D) gamma rays and infrared

A) UV and infrared

Ceruminous glands are ________.

A) modified taste buds
B) glands found in the lateral corners of your eye
C) saliva glands found at the base of the tongue
D) modified apocrine sweat glands

D) modified apocrine sweat glands

Presbyopia is not ________.

A) called ʺold personʹs visionʺ
B) common in individuals over 50
C) the loss of elasticity of the lens
D) the unequal curvature of refracting surfaces

D) the unequal curvature of refracting surfaces

Inhibitory cells in the olfactory bulbs are called _________.

A) basal cells
B) sustentacular cells
C) mitral cells
D) granule cells

D) granule cells

There are three layers of neurons in the retina. The axons of which of these neuron layers form the optic nerves?

A) rod cells
B) cone cells
C) bipolar cells
D) ganglion cells

D) ganglion cells

Photoreceptors ________.

A) called cones possess a short conical inner segment
B) possess an inner segment, which is the receptor region
C) replicate to replace damaged cells, in order to maintain normal vision
D) package visual pigment in membrane-bound discs, which increases the efficiency of light trapping

D) package visual pigment in membrane-bound discs, which increases the efficiency of light trapping

Olfactory glands function to ________.

A) secrete mucus
B) produce Ca+ ions that are taken up by the olfactory receptor cells for their use
C) produce olfactory cells
D) assist in detection of odors

A) secrete mucus

The ciliary body does not ________.

A) attach to the iris
B) secrete aqueous humor
C) belong to the anterior chamber of the eye
D) pull on the ciliary zonule

C) belong to the anterior chamber of the eye

As sound intensity increases, we hear the sound as a louder sound at the same pitch. This suggests that ________.

A) inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) are building up in the auditory cortex
B) the timing of the cochlear vibrations encodes the pitch
C) 540-Hz-receptive cells are particularly refractory
D) cochlear cells that respond to the same pitch vary in responsiveness

D) cochlear cells that respond to the same pitch vary in responsiveness

________ is a disorder of the olfactory nerves.

A) Otalgia
B) Scotoma
C) Uncinate fits
D) Anosmias

D) Anosmias

What are the special senses?

smell, taste, sight, hearing, and equilibrium

What is the dominant sense?

Vision – 70 % of all the sensory receptors in the body are in the eyes and nearly 1/2 of the cerebral cortex is in involved in some aspect of visual processing

What part of the eye is called "the white of the eye"?

The Sclera

In which layer is the retina found?

Neural Layer

What are the protein fibers called that make up the lens?

A) collagens
B) crystallins

B) crystallins; collagen is important in the connective tissues and cornea. Crystallins appear in a precisely packed pattern in the lens.

What do we call the gel-like substance in the posterior chamber of the eyeball?

A) the aqueous humor
B) the vitreous body

B) the vitreous body; the aqueous humor is the fluid in the anterior chamber.

Which photoreceptor cells are responsible for sharp vision?

Cones

Which neural cells regulate action potential generation in the eye?

Bipolar Cells

What is the area called where your vision is the sharpest?

Fovea

The ________ are in the visual pathway and mediate the pupillary light reflexes.
pretectal nuclei

pretectal nuclei

The oval window touches the stapes and the ________.

scala vestibuli

The vestibulocochlear nerve first synapses with the ________ in the medulla.

cochlear nuclei

The apex of the ear hears sounds in the range of ________ Hz.

20

The mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and is reflected over the anterior surface of theeyeball is the conjunctiva.

True

In the optic ________ the visual fields of the axons are all ipsilateral.

tract

The photoreceptor cells are sensitive to damage from light.

true

Both the cornea and the lens are vascular

false

The optic disc is the location where the optic nerve leaves the eyeball

true

Sour taste receptors are stimulated by hydrogen ions of acidic food substances.

true

The fluid contained within the membranous labyrinth is called perilymph.

false

The extrinsic eye muscle motor units contain only 8 to 12 muscle cells and in some cases asfew as 2 or 3 muscle cells.

true

Retinal detachment always results in loss of vision.

false

The structure that allows equalization of the pressure in the middle ear with that outside thebody is the external auditory meatus.

false

The bending of light rays is called reflection.

false

The anterior chamber of the eye is filled with vitreous humor.

false (aqueous)

The neural layer of the retina prevents excessive scattering of light within the eye.

false

Sound is generally perceived in the occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex.

false

Light passes through the entire thickness of the neural layer of the retina to excite the photoreceptors.

true

Without a functioning crista ampullaris, the semicircular canals would not function.

true

Contraction of the ciliary muscle causes the lens to bend the light less.

false

Theoretically, an individual born without a middle ear would be able to hear by boneconduction with a hearing aid.

true

When we move from darkness to bright light, retinal sensitivity is lost, but visual acuity is gained.

true

The function of the lens of the eye is to allow precise focusing of light on the retina.

true

Each olfactory cortical neuron receives input from one receptor at a time.

false

Odorants must be volatile to be smelled.

true

5 Basic Taste Sensations

1. Sweet: sugars, alcohol, some amino acids, some lead salts 2. Sour: hydrogen ions in solution 3. Salty: metal ions 4. Bitter: alkaloids just as quinine and nicotine 5. Umami: amino acids glutamate and aspartate

Astigmatism

Uniqual curvatures in different parts of cornea or lens.

Astigmatism

Nyctalopia

Night blindness. Rod degeneration – commonly caused by vitamin A deficiency.

Nyctalopia

Presbyopia

loss of accommodation over age 50

Presbyopia

Cataracts

Clouding of lens – consequence of aging, diabetes mellitus, heavy smoking, frequent exposure to intense sunlight.

Cataracts

Glaucoma

Blocked drainage of aqueous humor increases pressure and causes compression of retina and optic nerve > blindness

Glaucoma

Strabimus

Congential weakness of the extrinsic muscles of the eye.

Strabimus

99% of refractive problems in the eye are related to

the length of the eye

Meniere’s syndrome

Disorder that affects the semicircular canals & cochlea that lads to attacks of vertigo & nausea and vomiting often accompanied by tinnitus

Meniere’s syndrome

Conduction deafness

When sound conduction to the fluid of the inner ear is impeded.

Conduction deafness (Middle ear inflammation (Otis media) and otosclerosis of the ossicles

Sensorineural deafness

Can be caused by damage to the receptors in the cochlea or brain damage in the auditory regions.

Sensorineural deafness

Otosclerosis

"Hardening of the inner ear" overgrowth of boney tissue fuses with the base of the stapes to the oval window. Or bones grow together.

Tinnitus

A ringing or clicking sound in the ears in the absence of auditory stimuli -Cochlear nerve damage -Inflammation of the middle ear -Analogous phantom limb pain

By week four the optic vesicles form from the diencephalon

True

Most babies are hyperopic, only see gray tones, and only use one eye at a time

True

Crista Ampullaris

Receptor for rotational acceleration