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When the organism expresses a set of genes, the result is the characteristics of that organism. These characteristics are called its ____________. |
Phenotype |
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The term "transcription" means the process of reading a base sequence in ____________ to generate a complementary base sequence in ____________. |
DNA RNA |
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Information from DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is then transported to ribosomes. This phrase describes the role of ____________ in ____________ expression. |
Life Information |
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Why is the word "translation" used for protein production? |
The process of reading a sequence of bases in RNA and generating from it an encoded sequence of amino acids that comprises a polypeptide chain or protein. |
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Describe 2 major problems that transcription solves for the cell. |
Expressing information selectively Finding space to express it |
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In the process of transcription, the base sequence in the molecule ____________ is read by the molecule ____________, an enzyme that makes RNA molecules. |
RNA RNA Polymerase |
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In the translation process, tRNA molecules are also called "adapter" molecules. Why? What is their function? |
In binding to codons on mRNA, they’ve also arranged amino acids in the correct sequence needed for translation |
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There are more than four kinds of amino acids in proteins. Each kind of amino acid must be coded for in mRNA. Thus, a short sequence of mRNA bases called a(n) ____________ is used to code for each amino acid in the translation process. |
Codons |
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What is a general name for a three-dimensional, folded molecule shaped like an "L," with an anticodon at one end and an amino acid attachment site at the other end? |
Transfer RNA |
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Transferring correct amino acids to the ribosome during elongation is a good description of the role of ____________ in the cell cytoplasm. |
tRNA Synthetases |
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The role of the ribosome or its subunits: creating a channel for ____________ to enter and exit. |
Proteins |
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The ____________ is often represented as a chart in which a specific sequence of bases in mRNA (a codon) is used to represent each amino acid building block found in the world of proteins. |
Genetic code |
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The genetic code is said to be degenerate. What does this mean? |
A code in which several code words have the same meaning. The genetic code is degenerate because there are many instances in which different codons specify the same amino acid. A genetic code in which some amino acids may each be encoded by more than one codon. |
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What are the 3 essential resources that a daughter cell must get from a parent cell or from nature in order to succeed in living life? |
Good supply of monomers , persistent supply of energy, and a continuous source of information to direct growth. |
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Life perpetuates itself at the ____________ level by acquiring monomers and energy sources at the microscopic level and by carrying out absorption, processing and growing "for" the organism. |
Highest |
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When DNA is replicated, the two strands are first separated through breakage of ____________; each strand then becomes a ____________ against which two new strands are made. |
Polymerizing nucleotides Template |
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List the 4 symbols/names for the 4 stages of the cell cycle. |
1. Mitosis- 2. G1- 3. S- 4. G2- |
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List in order the stages of mitosis. |
1. Prophase – Chromosomes become visible, spindle fibers form, nuclear envelope dissolves 2. Metaphase – Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell. 3. Anaphase – Chromosome pairs seperate to different sides of the cell by the spindle fibers. 4. Telophase – New nuclei are formed around each grouping of Chromosomes |
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The nuclear membrane of the cell disintegrates during which mitotic period of the cell cycle? |
Prophase 1 |
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The mitotic stage of metaphase is most clearly defined by what organelle activity with what result? |
stage of mitosis in the eukaryotic cell cycle in which chromosomes are at their most condensed and coiled stage. |
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The de-condensation of visible chromosomes back into chromatin fibers is a defining feature of which phase of the cell cycle? |
Telophase |
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List the 2 principle characteristics of the disease cancer. |
Divide uncontrollably, dedifferentiate, and spread into other tissue. |
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A ____________ is a mutated form of a gene that normally directs the activation of regulatory pathways moving a cell toward division. |
Oncogenes (tumor) |
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What would you call genes that normally direct the inhibition of cell division regulatory pathways? |
The proto-oncogenes? |
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In healthy cells, what is the normal function of the activated ras protein? |
Stimulates a cascade of regulatory alterations that results in the movement of a cell from G1, into S phase of the cell cycle. |
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Information for developing an animal comes from within the animal. This is a major difference between animal development and ____________ development. |
Human |
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List the recognized organ systems to be found within the human body. |
Nervous system, endocrine system, muscular system, skeletal system, intergumentary system, circulatory system, lymphatic/immune system, respitory system, digestive system, excretatory system, reproductive system. |
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Summarize the structure and function of the endocrine system. |
Consists of ductless glands that release hormones that are transported throughout the body by blood vessels. The endocrine system is composed of a network of glands that include the pituitary gland, adrenal glands, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, pancreas, testes (males), ovaries (females), and placenta (in females of most species). |
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A sequence of human cell divisions accompanied by some growth and cell differentiation convert an early, solid ball of cells called a ____________ into a hollow ball of cells called a ____________. |
Morula Blastocycst |
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List and distinguish all the terms that would be used to describe aspects of the three-dimensional adult form. |
-Dorsal -Ventral -Anterior -Posterior -Lateral -Medial |
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In the three-dimensional form of the adult Dalmatian dog, what would the "front" end of the animal be named? |
Anterior |
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Your primordial (early) ____________ began as a fusion of two endocardial tubes near your midline. |
Heart tube |
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List the 5 pre-specialized (early) regions of the brain found in a 7-week-old human embryo. |
1. Telencephalon 2. Diencephalon 3. Mesencephalon 4. Metencephalon 5. Myelencephalon |
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Successful differentiation of early brain regions requires that cells destined to form these regions have surface receptors for both the ____________ and ____________ signal proteins. |
Wnt SHH (sonic hedgehog) |
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What is the role of the adult cerebrum? |
Sensory and motor functions |
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Heart rate and respiratory inhalation rate functions in the mature human adult are controlled by the ____________ ____________. |
Medulla oblongata |
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Which part of the mature adult brain exerts a dominant control over the endocrine system? |
The Thalamus : Ventral hypothalamus and pituitary gland |
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The brain most directly interacts with and controls the ____________ ____________ and the peripheral ____________. |
Spinal Cord Periperal Nerves |
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