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a space station orbiting Earth |
Which of these is exhibiting kinetic energy? |
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energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be converted from one form to another |
"Conservation of energy" refers to the fact that _____. |
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potential |
Chemical energy is a form of _____ energy. |
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cellular respiration |
In your body, what process converts the chemical energy found in glucose into the chemical energy found in ATP? |
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heat, carbon dioxide, and water |
Which of these are by-products of cellular respiration? |
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γ-phosphate (the terminal phosphate) |
Which part of the adenosine triphosphate molecule is released when it is hydrolyzed to provide energy for biological reactions? |
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hydrolysis |
What type of reaction breaks the bonds that join the phosphate groups in an ATP molecule? |
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exergonic |
The following reaction A –> B + C + heat is a(n) _____ reaction. |
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exergonic |
A(n) _____ reaction occurs spontaneously. |
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endergonic |
Which of these reactions requires a net input of energy from its surroundings? |
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ATP |
In cells, what is usually the immediate source of energy for an endergonic reaction? |
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endergonic |
The reaction ADP + P –> ATP is a(n) _____ reaction. |
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exergonic |
The energy for an endergonic reaction comes from a(n) _____ reaction. |
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It is acquired by a reactant in an endergonic reaction |
What is the fate of the phosphate group that is removed when ATP is converted to ADP? |
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the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction |
What is energy coupling? |
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The terminal phosphate of ATP is bound to the substrate |
How do cells use ATP to raise the energy level of reaction substrates? |
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Triphosphate chains are unstable |
Why is ATP a good source of energy for biological reactions? |
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the free energy change for the reaction is positive, equilibrium favors the reactants, not the products |
A reaction is said to be unfavorable if … |
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The unfavorable reaction is replaced by two favorable reactions |
B is unfavorable by itself, but through energy-coupling, cells can use ATP to convert A into B. How is this done? |
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chloroplasts use light energy to synthesize ATP, mitochondria synthesize ATP using energy that’s released by oxidizing sugars and fats |
How do cells replace the energy-rich ATP that is destroyed in energy-coupled reactions? |
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proteins |
In general, enzymes are what kinds of molecules? |
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reducing EA |
Enzymes work by _____. |
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is an organic catalyst |
An enzyme _____. |
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substrate |
What name is given to the reactants in an enzymatically catalyzed reaction? |
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is unchanged |
As a result of its involvement in a reaction, an enzyme _____. |
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substrate |
In a catalyzed reaction a reactant is often called a ____. |
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active site |
A substrate binds to an enzyme at the _________, where the reaction occurs. |
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complex |
When properly aligned, the enzyme and substrate from an enzyme-substrate (ES) _____. |
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cofactor |
A ______, such as a vitamin, binds to an enzyme and plays a role in catalysis. |
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specific |
An enzyme is considered _______ because of its ability to recognize the shape of a particular molecule. |
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catalyst |
An enzyme is considered a catalyst because it speeds up chemical reactions without being used up. |
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denatured |
An enzyme is denatured when it loses its native conformation and its biological activity. |
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increasing the concentration of ammonia |
Which of the following would increase the rate of the reverse reaction? |
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The reaction rate would decrease . |
What would happen to the rate of the forward reaction if the concentration of nitrogen were decreased? |
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Both forward and reverse rates increase. |
What will happen to the rates of the forward and reverse reactions when a catalyst is added? |
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