APUSH 31

"Red Scare"

a nationwide crusade against those whose Americanism was suspect; caused by fear of Russia after the Bolshevik revolution of 1917, which spawned a communist party in America

A. Mitchell Palmer

Attorney General, rounded up many suspects who were thought to be anti-American and socialistic

Nicola Sacco & Bartolomeo Vanzetti

these two men were convicted in 1921 of the murder of a Massachusetts paymaster and his guard; given a trial, but the jury and judge were prejudiced against the men because they were Italians, atheists, anarchists, and draft dodgers; despite criticism from liberals and radicals all over the world, the men were electrocuted in 1927

nativism

the belief that native-born Americans are superior to foreigners; increased in the ’20s because of post-WW isolationism

KKK

antiforeign, anti-Catholic, anti-black, anti-Jewish, antipacifist, anti-Communist, anti-internationalist, antievolutionist, antibootlegger, antigambling, antiadultery, and anti-birth control; pro-Anglo-Saxon, pro-"native" American, and pro-Protestant

Emergency Quota Act of 1921

1921 legislation that limited immigration to 3% of the people of their nationality living in the US in 1910

Immigration Act of 1924

federal law limiting the number of immigrants that could be admitted from any country to 2% of the amount of people from that country who were already living in the U.S. as of the census of 1890

Prohibition

a law forbidding the sale of alcoholic beverages; supported by churches and women, was one the last peculiar spasms of the progressive reform movement; popular in the South, where white southerners were eager to keep stimulants out of the hands of blacks, and in the West, where alcohol was associated with crime and corruption.

18th Amendment

prohibited the sale and manufacture of alcoholic beverages

Volstead Act

bill passed by Congress to enforce the language of the 18th Amendment; made the manufacture and distribution of alcohol illegal within the borders of the United States

Women’s Christian Temperance Union

militant female anti-alcohol organization; helped influence the passing of the 18th amendment.

gangsters

violent organized crime members who took over the job of supplying alcohol to speakeasies; began to move into other profitable and illicit activities: prostitution, gambling, narcotics, and kidnapping for ransom

Al Capone

"Scarface"; a murderous booze distributor, began 6 years of gang warfare that generated millions of dollars; eventually tried and convicted of income-tax evasion and sent to prison for 11 years

St. Valentine’s Day Massacre

name given to the murder of seven people as part of a Prohibition Era conflict between two powerful criminal gangs in Chicago, Illinois, in 1929: the South Side Italian gang led by Al Capone and the North Side Irish gang led by Bugs Moran

Charles Lindbergh

United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean

Lindbergh Law

made interstate abduction in certain circumstances a death-penalty offense

John Dewey

United States pragmatic philosopher who advocated progressive education; set forth the principles of "learning by doing"; believed that "education for life" should be a primary goal of the teacher

Monkey Trial

legal case that tested the Butler Act, which made it unlawful "to teach any theory that denies the story of the Divine Creation of man as taught in the Bible, and to teach instead that man has descended from a lower order of animals" in any Tennessee state-funded school and university

John T. Scopes

biology teacher who voluntarily taught evolution and got arrested

William Jennings Bryan

United States lawyer and politician who prosecuted John Scopes for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school

Clarence Darrow

famed criminal defense lawyer for Scopes, who supported evolution; caused William Jennings Bryan to appear foolish when he couldn’t answer questions about the Bible

Andrew Mellon

Harding’s Secretary of the Treasury, successfully pushed congress to lower taxes

Henry Ford

father of the assembly line, created the Model T and erected an immense personal empire on the cornerstone of his mechanical genius

assembly-line production

mass-production of a product via a flow line (like a conveyor belt) based on the interchangeability of parts, pre-processing of materials, standardization and work division; each manufacturing task is divided up into basic stages.

The Man Nobody Knows

book by the American author and advertising executive Bruce Fairchild Barton; Barton presents Jesus as "the founder of modern business," in an effort to make the Christian story accessible to businessmen of the time

installment plan

payment plan that allows customers to make payments at set intervals over a period of time until the total debt is paid

Babe Ruth

famous baseball player who played for the Yankees; helped develop popularity for professional sports.

Jack Dempsey

United States prizefighter who was world heavyweight champion

Model T

the first widely available automobile powered by a gasoline engine; mass-produced by Henry Ford

automobile culture

America’s standard of living rose sharply, and new industries flourished while old ones dwindled; petroleum business experienced an explosive development and the railroad industry was hard hit by the competition; freed up women from their dependence on men, and isolation among the sections was broken down; responsible for thousands of deaths, while at the same time bringing more convenience, pleasure, and excitement into more people’s lives

Orville and Wilbur Wright

brothers, bicycle mechanics from Dayton, Ohio who built and flew the first plane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina on December 17, 1903.

Kitty Hawk, N.C.

site of the Wright brothers’ first flight

Spirit of St. Louis

a custom airplane used by Charles Lindbergh to make the first solo, non-stop trans-Atlantic flight

Guglielmo Marconi

Italian electrical engineer known as the father of radio

radio

in the 1920s, the first voice-carrying radio broadcasts reached audiences; kept people at home; made developments educationally and culturally

The Birth of a Nation

dramatic silent film from 1915 about the South during and after the Civil War; directed by D. W. Griffith; considered highly controversial for its portrayal of African-Americans.

The Jazz Singer

first movie with sound; this "talkie" was about the life of famous jazz singer, Al Jolson.

Margaret Sanger

United States nurse who campaigned for birth control and planned parenthood; challenged Gregory Pincus to develop a birth control pill

flappers

women who abandoned dress and conduct codes of the past; these rebellious girls became the symbol of the Roaring Twenties; shocked their elders with short skirts, slang, new dances, heavy makeup, and drinking or smoking in public

the Charleston

jazz dance that embodied the jazz age with wild and reckless moves; took over dance halls and ballrooms in the 1920s

Sigmund Freud

justified 1920’s sexual frankness by arguing that sexual repression was responsible for a variety of nervous and emotional ills

Langston Hughes

African American poet who described the rich culture of African American life using rhythms influenced by jazz music; wrote of African American hope and defiance, as well as the culture of Harlem; major player in the Harlem Renaissance

Harlem Renaissance

a period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished

Marcus Garvey

head of the Universal Negro Improvement Association; urged black economic cooperation and founded a chain of UNIA grocery stores and other business

United Negro Improvement Association

a group founded by Marcus Garvey to promote black cooperation and the settlement of American blacks in their own "African homeland"

Edith Wharton

United States novelist; wrote "Age of Innocence" (Pulitzer Prize) and "Ethan Frome"

H.L. Mencken

attacked marriage, patriotism, democracy, and prohibition in his monthly American Mercury

F. Scott Fitzgerald

writer of "This Side of Paradise" and "The Great Gatsby" who coined the term "Jazz Age"

Ernest Hemingway

among the writers most affected by the war; responded to propaganda and the overblown appeal to patriotism; wrote of disillusioned, spiritually numb American expatriates in Europe in The Sun Also Rises; aka best writer everrrr

Sinclair Lewis

United States novelist who satirized middle-class America in his novel Main Street

William Faulkner

United States novelist (originally Falkner) who wrote about people in the southern United States

Frank Lloyd Wright

influential United States architect