The process of getting information into memory is called: |
Encoding |
According to the information processing model of memory, acquisition is to retention as ________ is to ________. |
encoding; storage |
The process of retrieval refers to: |
c. getting information out of memory storage. |
The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system is called ________ memory. |
c. long-term |
Short-term memory is ________ permanent and ________ limited than long-term memory. |
a. less; more |
After looking up his friend’s phone number, Alex was able to remember it only long enough to dial it correctly. In this case, the telephone number was clearly stored in his ________ memory. |
b. short-term |
The three-stage processing model suggests that information from long-term memory can be ________ into ________ memory. |
d. retrieved; short-term |
Short-term memory could best be characterized ________ memory. |
b. working |
Automatic processing involves: |
c. the effortless encoding of certain types of information. |
Encoding that occurs with no effort or a minimal level of conscious attention is known as: |
c. automatic processing. |
While reading a novel at a rate of nearly 500 words per minute, Megan effortlessly understands the meaning of almost every word. This ability highlights the importance of: |
b. automatic processing. |
Hasher and Zacks observed that people recall the frequency of specific words in a list just as accurately whether or not they are forewarned of the recall task prior to seeing the list. This finding provides evidence for: |
d. automatic processing. |
Effortful processing can only occur with: |
b. conscious attention. |
When first introduced to someone, Marcel effectively remembers the person’s name by repeating it to himself several times. Marcel makes use of a strategy called: |
e. rehearsal. |
Priming is to retrieval as ________ is to encoding. |
c. rehearsal |
Which pioneering researcher made extensive use of nonsense syllables in the study of human memory? |
e. Ebbinghaus |
Ebbinghaus’s retention curve best illustrates the value of: |
d. rehearsal. |
The next-in-line effect best illustrates: |
a. encoding failure. |
Taped information played during sleep is registered by the ears but is not remembered. This illustrates that the retention of information often requires: |
d. effortful processing. |
The tendency for distributed study to yield better long term retention than massed study is known as: |
c. the spacing effect. |
Students often remember more information from a course that spans an entire semester than from a course that is completed in an intensive three-week learning period. This best illustrates the importance of: |
e. the spacing effect. |
On the telephone, Melvin rattles off a list of 10 grocery items for Pilar to bring home from the store. Immediately after hearing the list, Pilar attempts to write down the items. She is most likely to forget the items: |
c. in the middle of the list. |
The serial position effect best illustrates the importance of: |
a. rehearsal. |
Proactive and retroactive interference contribute most strongly to the: |
c. serial position effect. |
Most people misrecall the sentence, "The angry rioter threw the rock at the window" as "The angry rioter threw the rock through the window." This best illustrates the importance of: |
d. semantic encoding. |
The process by which information is encoded by its meaning is called: |
e. semantic encoding. |
Wei Dong was asked to memorize a long list of words that included "ship, effort, professor, and inquire." He later recalled these words as "boat, work, teacher, and question." This suggests that the four original words had been encoded: |
c. semantically. |
Your ability to immediately recognize the voice over the phone as your mother’s illustrates the value of: |
d. acoustic encoding. |
After Jackie was presented with the letters "g, c, k, p, and d," she recalled them as "g, c, j, t, and d." Her recall errors best illustrate the importance of: |
a. acoustic encoding. |
Semantic encoding is to visual encoding as ________ is to ________. |
e. meaning; imagery |
Which of the following questions about the word pen would best prepare you to correctly remember tomorrow that you had seen that word in today’s test? |
c. Would the word fit in this sentence: "The boy put the ________ on his desk"? |
Rephrasing text material in your own words is an effective way to facilitate: |
a. semantic encoding. |
One reason adults typically recall little of their first 2 or 3 years of life is that during infancy they were unable to verbally label most of their experiences. This best illustrates that the formation of long term memories often requires: |
e. semantic encoding. |
The self-reference effect best illustrates the value of: |
a. semantic encoding. |
We remember words that lend themselves to mental images better than we remember abstract low-imagery words. This best illustrates the value of: |
b. visual encoding. |
Memory aids that involve the use of vivid imagery or clever ways of organizing material are called: |
d. mnemonic devices. |
Tim, a third grader, learns the sentence "George Eats Old Gray Rats And Paints Houses Yellow" to help him remember the spelling of "geography." Tim is using: |
a. a mnemonic device. |
Developed by the ancient Greeks, the method of loci is an illustration of: |
b. a mnemonic device. |
In order to remember a list of the school supplies she needs, Marcy mentally visualizes each item at a certain location in her house. Marcy’s tactic best illustrates the use of: |
d. the method of loci. |
Mnemonic devices such as the "peg-word" system make effective use of: |
b. visual imagery. |
The organization of information into meaningful units is called: |
c. chunking. |
The use of acronyms to improve one’s memory of unfamiliar material best illustrates the value of: |
b. chunking. |
The letters Y, M, O, M, R, E are presented. Jill remembers them by rearranging them to spell the word "MEMORY." This provides an illustration of: |
a. chunking. |
Dario Donatelli could recall more than 70 sequentially presented digits by using the technique of: |
e. chunking. |
By creating an outline in which specific facts and theories are located within the larger framework of major topics and subtopics, Jasmine can remember much more of what she reads in her college textbooks. This best illustrates the benefits of: |
d. hierarchical organization. |
By presenting research participants with three rows of three letters each for only a fraction of a second, Sperling demonstrated that people have ________ memory. |
d. iconic |
a. the encoded meanings of words and events in short-term memory. |
b. photographic, or picture-image, memory that lasts for only about a second. |
For a fraction of a second after the lightning flash disappeared, Ileana retained a vivid mental image of its ragged edges. Her experience most clearly illustrates the nature of _______ memory. |
a. iconic |
Sounds and words that are not immediately attended to can still be recalled a brief moment later because of our ________ memory. |
b. echoic |
Iconic memory is to echoic memory as ________ is to ________. |
c. visual stimulation; auditory stimulation |
Peterson and Peterson asked people to count aloud backward after they were presented with three consonants. This study was designed to study the durability of ________ memory. |
d. short-term |
Our immediate short term memory for new material is limited to roughly ________ units of information. |
b. 7 |
Short term memory is slightly better: |
a. for auditory information than for visual information. |
The human capacity for storing long term memories is: |
a. essentially unlimited. |
Which of the following provided evidence that past experiences were permanently and accurately stored in memory? |
d. none of the above |
Research on sea snails suggests that memory formation is facilitated by: |
a. RNA molecules. |
The increased efficiency of neural circuitry that contributes to memory storage is known as: |
d. long-term potentiation. |
Long-term potentiation refers to: |
c. an increased neural readiness for impulse transmission. |
A baseball strikes Carol in the head and she is momentarily knocked unconscious. The physical injury, though not serious, is most likely to interfere with Carol’s ________ memory. |
d. short term |
The temporary release of serotonin has been found to ________ memory formation, and the temporary release of stress hormones has been found to ________ memory formation. |
d. facilitate; facilitate |
The accuracy of the flashbulb memories of those who directly experienced the 1989 San Francisco Bay earthquake best illustrates that memory formation is facilitated by: |
e. the body’s release of stress hormones. |
Conscious memory of factual information is called ________ memory. |
c. explicit |
Many people retain their classically conditioned fears without any conscious recollection of how or when those fears were learned. This best illustrates ________ memory. |
a. implicit |
Implicit memory is to explicit memory as ________ is to ________. |
d. skill memory; fact memory |
Unlike implicit memories, explicit memories are processed by the: |
a. hippocampus. |
Damage to the hippocampus would most likely interfere with a person’s ability to learn: |
d. the names of the fifty United States. |
Although Mr. Yanagita has recently learned to play poker quite well, he cannot consciously remember ever having played poker. It is likely that he has suffered damage to his: |
d. hippocampus. |
The cerebellum plays a critical role in ________ memory. |
b. implicit |
Explicit memory is to ________ as implicit memory is to ________. |
e. hippocampus; cerebellum |
Infantile amnesia is largely associated with a lack of ________ memory. |
d. explicit |
An eyewitness to a grocery store robbery is asked to identify the suspects in a police lineup. Which test of memory is being utilized? |
c. recognition |
Fill in the blank test questions measure ________; matching concepts with their definitions measures ________. |
b. recall; recognition |
Which measure of memory did Ebbinghaus use in order to assess the impact of rehearsal on retention? |
c. relearning |
The smell of freshly baked bread awakened in Mr. Hutz vivid memories of his early childhood. The aroma apparently acted as a powerful: |
c. retrieval cue. |
The often unconscious activation of particular associations in memory is called: |
d. priming. |
Retrieval cues are most likely to facilitate a process known as: |
e. priming. |
Rehearsal is to encoding as retrieval cues are to: |
c. priming. |
Shortly after you see a missing child poster you are more likely to interpret an ambiguous adult-child interaction as a possible kidnapping. This best illustrates the impact of: |
a. priming. |
Reading a romantic novel caused Consuela to recall some old experiences with a high school boyfriend. The effect of the novel on Consuela’s memory retrieval is an illustration of: |
a. priming. |
The discovery that words heard underwater are later better recalled underwater than on land best illustrates the value of: |
d. retrieval cues. |
The eerie sense of having previously experienced a situation is known as: |
e. déjà vu. |
Information learned while a person is ________ is best recalled when that person is ________. |
e. drunk; drunk |
Zuhair was feeling depressed at the time he read a chapter of his history textbook. Zuhair is likely to recall best the contents of that chapter when he is: |
a. depressed. |
The association of sadness with negative life events contributes to: |
e. mood-congruent memory. |
Compared to formerly depressed people, those who are currently depressed are more likely to recall their parents as rejecting and punitive. This best illustrates: |
e. mood-congruent memory. |
In describing what he calls the seven sins of memory, Daniel Schacter suggests that encoding failure results from the sin of: |
a. absent-mindedness. |
In considering the seven sins of memory, transience is to the sin of ________ as suggestibility is to the sin of ________. |
c. forgetting; distortion |
An inability to recall the location of the number 0 on your calculator is most likely due to: |
c. encoding failure. |
George can’t remember Jack Smith’s name because he wasn’t paying attention when Jack was formally introduced. George’s poor memory is best explained in terms of: |
c. encoding failure. |
Although Arturo has looked at his watch thousands of times, he is unable to recall whether the watch features Arabic or Roman numerals. This is most likely due to a failure in: |
a. encoding. |
Using nonsense syllables to study memory, Ebbinghaus found that: |
d. the most rapid memory loss for novel information occurs shortly after it is learned. |
Harry Bahrick observed that 3 years after people completed a Spanish course, they had forgotten much of the vocabulary they had learned. This finding indicates that information is lost while it is: |
d. stored. |
When Jake applied for a driver’s license, he was embarrassed by a momentary inability to remember his address. Jake’s memory difficulty most likely resulted from a(n) ________ failure. |
d. retrieval |
Although Yusef was having difficulty recalling the capital of The Netherlands, he quickly and correctly identified it after being given a list of cities in The Netherlands. Yusef’s initial inability to recall the answer was due to a failure in: |
e. retrieval. |
Professor Maslova has so many vivid memories of former students that she has difficulty remembering the names of new students. The professor’s difficulty best illustrates: |
c. proactive interference. |
Which of the following best explains why Ebbinghaus found the task of learning new lists of nonsense syllables increasingly difficult as his research career progressed? |
c. proactive interference |
Retroactive interference refers to the: |
c. disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of previously learned material. |
After studying biology all afternoon, Abba is having difficulty remembering details of the chemistry lecture he heard that morning. Abba’s difficulty best illustrates: |
b. retroactive interference. |
In order to reduce interference, between the time you study for a test and the time you take the test you should: |
d. sleep. |
Motivated forgetting provides an example of forgetting caused by a failure in: |
d. retrieval. |
Research participants who were exposed to very convincing arguments about the desirability of frequent toothbrushing misrecalled how frequently they had brushed their teeth in the preceding two weeks. This best illustrates: |
c. motivated forgetting. |
Repression involves a failure in: |
b. retrieval. |
Who emphasized that we repress painful memories in order to minimize our own anxiety? |
e. Freud |
Philippe has just completed medical school. In reflecting on his years of formal education, he is able to recall the names of all his instructors except the fifth grade teacher who flunked him. According to Freud, his forgetting illustrates: |
a. repression. |
We often alter our memories as we withdraw them from storage. This best illustrates: |
d. memory construction. |
When recalling a pleasant experience, we may picture ourselves in the scene. At the time of the experience we were not looking at ourselves, so our recollection illustrates: |
a. memory construction. |
When Loftus and Palmer asked observers of a filmed car accident how fast the vehicles were going when they "smashed" into each other, the observers developed memories of the accident that: |
d. portrayed the event as more serious than it had actually been. |
An attorney’s use of misleading questions may distort a court witness’s recall of a previously observed crime. This best illustrates: |
b. the misinformation effect. |
When Sharon told her roommate about the chemistry exam she had just completed, she knowingly exaggerated its difficulty. Subsequently, her memory of the exam was that it was as difficult as she had reported it to be. This best illustrates: |
b. the misinformation effect. |
Researchers asked university students to recall childhood events, including a false event such as having spilled a punch bowl at a wedding. They discovered that: |
d. it is surprisingly easy to lead people to construct false memories. |
After hearing stories of things they both had and had not actually experienced with "Mr. Science," preschool children spontaneously recalled him doing things that were only mentioned in the story. This best illustrates: |
e. source amnesia. |
After repeatedly hearing false, detailed accusations that he had sexually abused his daughter, Mr. Busker began to mistakenly recollect that such events had actually occurred. This best illustrates the dangers of: |
a. source amnesia. |
Compared to false memories, true memories are more likely to: |
c. contain detailed information. |
One indication that an individual is falsely remembering a word is the lack of increased brain activity in the: |
d. left temporal lobe. |
Those who are eager to use hypnosis in order to facilitate eyewitness recollections of the details of a crime should first be warned of the dangers of: |
b. the misinformation effect. |
When we fall in love, we tend to overestimate how much we liked our partner when we first began dating. This best illustrates the dynamics of: |
e. memory construction. |
Donald Thompson, an Australian psychologist, was an initial suspect in a rape case. The rape victim confused her memories of Thompson and the actual rapist because she had seen Thompson’s image on TV shortly before she was attacked. The victim’s false recollection best illustrates: |
d. source amnesia. |
Compared to adults, children are more susceptible to: |
c. the misinformation effect. |
When children are officially interviewed about their recollections of possible sexual abuse, their reports are especially unreliable if: |
c. after responding to an interviewer, they are repeatedly asked the same question they just answered. |
In one study, children were periodically asked whether they remembered going to the hospital with a mousetrap on their finger. This experiment best illustrated the dynamics of: |
a. memory construction. |
Adult incest survivors who have trouble remembering incidences of childhood sexual abuse have often been led to believe that their memory difficulties are due to: |
e. repression. |
Those who experience a so-called "false memory syndrome" are most likely to have: |
c. an excessive preoccupation with their false memory. |
Memory experts who express skepticism regarding reports of repressed and recovered memories emphasize that: |
c. therapeutic techniques such as guided imagery and dream analysis can easily encourage the construction of false memories. |
Psychologists on both sides of the controversy regarding reports of repressed and recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse agree that: |
c. we commonly recover memories of long-forgotten unpleasant events. |
Mrs. Ramos claims to remember being sexually abused by her father when she was less than a year old. Memory experts are most likely to doubt the reliability of her memory due to their awareness of: |
d. infantile amnesia. |
Participants in one experiment were given entirely fabricated accounts of an occasion in which they had been lost in a shopping mall during their childhood. Many of these participants later falsely recollected vivid details of the experience as having actually occurred. This experiment best illustrated: |
c. the misinformation effect. |
Memories of stressful and unpleasant life experiences are not likely to be: |
b. repressed. |
Answering practice test questions about textbook material you have studied is a useful strategy for: |
d. becoming aware of what you still need to learn. |
AP Psy Chapter 9
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