|
The systematic uncovering of archaeological remains through the removal of the deposits of soil and other material covering them and accompanying them is called
Select one:
a. Ethnoarchaeology
b. Taphonomy
c. Survey archaeology
d. Excavation Correct
The correct answer is: Excavation
|
D
|
|
The sensing method that reflects pulsed radar waves off features below the surface is called
Select one:
a. Air photo analysis
b. Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
c. Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Correct
d. Satellite Imaging Technology (SIT)
The correct answer is: Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)
|
C
|
|
Looting archaeological sites
Select one:
a. Is a recent, tragic development that follows from the increase in public interest in archaeology
b. Can be stopped by improving security at archaeological sites and closing down shops that sell looted antiquities Incorrect
c. Makes any scientific analysis of a site impossible
d. By following the trail of looted artifacts, archaeologists can find new sites they had not known about
The correct answer is:
Makes any scientific analysis of a site impossible
|
C
|
|
A precise geographical location of the remains of past human activity is an archaeological
Select one:
a. Location
b. Place
c. Site Correct
d. Zone
The correct answer is:
Site
|
c
|
|
What is the preservation paradox referred to in the text?
Select one:
a. The concept of preservation is itself culturally conceived.
b. One group’s idea of preservation can be another group’s idea of destruction.
c. The desire to salvage objects by physically preserving them
d. Both A and B Correct
The correct answer is:
Both A and B
|
D
|
|
Janet Spector’s archaeological work was unusual because
Select one:
a. She was the first woman ever to direct an archaeological excavation
b. Dakota and non-Dakota were collaborating in teaching Dakota language, oral history, ethnobotany, ecology, and history at the site while digging continued
c. Her work brought to light detailed information about technological changes in Dakota textile production that had never before been documented archaeologically
d. She was able to show that stone-tool manufacture and use remained important at Village at the Rapids, even after settlers began importing metal tools
|
The correct answer is: Dakota and non-Dakota were collaborating in teaching Dakota language, oral history, ethnobotany, ecology, and history at the site while digging continued
|
|
Objects that have been deliberately and intelligently shaped by human or near-human activity are called
Select one:
a. Artifacts
b. Commodities Incorrect
c. Features
d. Midden
The correct answer is:
Artifacts
|
…
|
|
What is the preservation paradox referred to in the text?
Select one:
a. The concept of preservation is itself culturally conceived.
b. One group’s idea of preservation can be another group’s idea of destruction. Incorrect
c. The desire to salvage objects by physically preserving them
d. Both A and B
The correct answer is:
Both A and B
|
…
|
|
Today, many archaeologists are taking the view that they must
Select one:
a. Become cosmopolitan
b. Find a way to deal with a range of local and global stakeholders who have their own views of how cultural heritage should be managed
c. Divide the world up into distinct cultures
d. Both A and B Correct
The correct answer is:
Both A and B
|
…
|
|
A small, egalitarian social grouping whose members neither farm nor herd, but depend on wild food resources is called a
Select one:
a. Band
b. Tribe Incorrect
c. Chiefdom
d. State
The correct answer is:
Band
|
…
|
|
According to the text, _________ archaeology is critical of the assumption that the meanings of artifacts across space and over time should be interpreted in terms of a universal male-female division
Select one:
a. Gender
b. Post-processual
c. Post-modern Incorrect
d. Collaborative
The correct answer is:
Gender
|
…
|
|
A supporter of unilineal evolutionary theory who had widespread influence was
Select one:
a. Franz Boas
b. Bronislaw Malinowski
c. Lewis Henry Morgan
d. A. R. Radcliffe-Brown Incorrect
The correct answer is:
Lewis Henry Morgan
|
C
|
|
What concept does Chip Colwell-Chanthaphonh suggest as "a frame archaeologists can use to begin deliberations on ethical predicaments"?
Select one:
a. Positivist archaeology
b. Cultural resources management
c. Complex stewardship
d. "Hands-off" archaeology Incorrect
The correct answer is:
Complex stewardship
|
C
|
|
A stratified society that possesses a territory that is defended from outside enemies with an army and from internal disorder with police is called a
Select one:
a. Band
b. Tribe
c. Chiefdom
d. State Correct
The correct answer is:
State
|
D
|
|
A small, egalitarian social grouping whose members neither farm nor herd, but depend on wild food resources is called a
Select one:
a. Band Correct
b. Tribe
c. Chiefdom
d. State
The correct answer is:
Band
|
A
|
|
The study of the various processes that affect the formation of a particular site, explaining how certain objects in that site (such as bones or stone tools) came to be where they are found, is called
Select one:
a. Ethnoarchaeology
b. Taphonomy
c. Survey archaeology Incorrect
d. Excavation
The correct answer is:
Taphonomy
|
B
|
|
The study of the way people in present-day societies use artifacts and structures on the sites where they live, and how these objects become part of the archaeological record is called
Select one:
a. Ethnoarchaeology
b. Taphonomy
c. Survey archaeology
d. Excavation Incorrect
The correct answer is:
Ethnoarchaeology
|
A
|
|
What concept does Chip Colwell-Chanthaphonh suggest as "a frame archaeologists can use to begin deliberations on ethical predicaments"?
Select one:
a. Positivist archaeology
b. Cultural resources management Incorrect
c. Complex stewardship
d. "Hands-off" archaeology
The correct answer is:
Complex stewardship
|
C
|
|
The study of archaeological sites associated with written records is called
Select one:
a. Historical archaeology Correct
b. Collaborative archaeology
c. Feminist archaeology
d. Cultural resource management archaeology
The correct answer is:
Historical archaeology
|
A
|
|
The archaeological approach that takes as its objective explaining the cultural processes that led to ways of life and material cultures of different kinds is called
Select one:
a. Ethnoarchaeology
b. Processual archaeology
c. Postprocessual archaeology Incorrect
d. Survey archaeology
The correct answer is:
Processual archaeology
|
B
|
|
A small, egalitarian social grouping whose members neither farm nor herd, but depend on wild food resources is called a
Select one:
a. Band Correct
b. Tribe
c. Chiefdom
d. State
The correct answer is:
Band
|
A
|
|
CHAPTER SEVEN
|
…
|
|
A precise geographical location of the remains of past human activity is an archaeological
Select one:
a. Location
b. Place
c. Site Correct
d. Zone
The correct answer is: Site
|
C
|
|
A supporter of unilineal evolutionary theory who had widespread influence was
Select one:
a. Franz Boas
b. Bronislaw Malinowski
c. Lewis Henry Morgan Correct
d. A. R. Radcliffe-Brown
The correct answer is: Lewis Henry Morgan
|
C
|
|
A computer-aided system for the collection, storage, retrieval, analysis, and presentation of spatial data of all kinds is called
Select one:
a. Air photo analysis
b. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Correct
c. Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)
d. Satellite Imaging Technology (SIT)
The correct answer is:
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
|
B
|
|
In the text, the discussion of Chumash burial practices in the section on gender archaeology illustrates
Select one:
a. That gender differences are universal
b. The way "two-spirited" men remained male, even in burials
c. That status in Chumash society was based on gender, regardless of occupation Incorrect
d. That in burial, the status of undertaker was more significant than the gender of the individual
The correct answer is:
That in burial, the status of undertaker was more significant than the gender of the individual
|
D
|
|
A stratified society that possesses a territory that is defended from outside enemies with an army and from internal disorder with police is called a
Select one:
a. Band
b. Tribe
c. Chiefdom
d. State Correct
The correct answer is: State
|
D
|
|
Joan Gero’s analysis of stone-tool use over time at the site of Huaricoto in highland Peru argues that
Select one:
a. Female status may have been connected to stone-tool production during the early period, when the site was a ceremonial center
b. Female status may have been shifted to ceramic production during the later period, when the site had become a village settlement
c. Male status in the early period may have been connected to ceramic production during the early period, when the site was a ceremonial center Incorrect
d. Women probably made and used stone tools during the later period, when the site had become a village settlement, but they were utilitarian flake tools
The correct answer is:
Women probably made and used stone tools during the later period, when the site had become a village settlement, but they were utilitarian flake tools
|
D
|
|
The different ways that people in different societies go about meeting their subsistence needs are called
Select one:
a. Feeding techniques
b. Farming
c. Food production
d. Subsistence strategies Correct
The correct answer is: Subsistence strategies
|
D
|
|
In the United States, federal, state, and local legislative actions that require the consideration of environmental and cultural factors in the use of federal, state, or funds for development has led to the development of
Select one:
a. Historical archaeology
b. Collaborative archaeology
c. Feminist archaeology
d. Cultural resource management archaeology Correct
The correct answer is:
Cultural resource management archaeology
|
D
|
|
In the United States, the objections of Native American groups to the excavation of indigenous burials has become recognized in a law that is called
Select one:
a. Native People’s Protection Act
b. North American Research and Publication Protection Act
c. Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act Correct
d. Native American Graves Preservation and Relocation Act
The correct answer is:
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
|
C
|
|
The archaeological approach that takes as its objective explaining the cultural processes that led to ways of life and material cultures of different kinds is called
Select one:
a. Ethnoarchaeology
b. Processual archaeology Correct
c. Postprocessual archaeology
d. Survey archaeology
The correct answer is:
Processual archaeology
|
B
|
|
The different ways that people in different societies go about meeting their subsistence needs are called
Select one:
a. Feeding techniques
b. Farming
c. Food production
d. Subsistence strategies Correct
The correct answer is:
Subsistence strategies
|
D
|
|
Special-purpose groupings that may be organized on the basis of sex, economic role or personal interest are called
Select one:
a. Associations
b. Clubs
c. Sodalities Correct
d. Tribes
The correct answer is:
Sodalities
|
C
|
|
Traditional archaeological interpretations of stone tools
Select one:
a. Favor highly formalized, elaborately retouched, standardized core tools
b. Assume that stone tools were made for men to hunt with
c. Downplay or ignore the numerous flake tools that are found in sites
d. All of the above Correct
The correct answer is:
All of the above
|
D
|
|
A society generally larger than a band, whose members usually farm for a living is a
Select one:
a. Band
b. Tribe Correct
c. Chiefdom
d. State
The correct answer is:
Tribe
|
B
|
|
The approach in archaeology that stresses the role of individual human agency in the archaeological record is called
Select one:
a. Reconstructing the materials remains of the past
b. Reconstructing the lifeways of the past
c. Processual archaeology
d. Postprocessual archaeology Correct
The correct answer is:
Postprocessual archaeology
|
D
|
|
Janet Spector’s excavation of a site near Jordan, Minnesota, focused on
Select one:
a. Prehistory Incorrect
b. Post-European contact between indigenous people and settlers
c. Changes in stone-tool use at the site from prehistoric times until the nineteenth century
d. Changes in textile production at the site from prehistoric times until the nineteenth century
The correct answer is:
Post-European contact between indigenous people and settlers
|
B
|
|
According to the text, _________ archaeology is critical of the assumption that the meanings of artifacts across space and over time should be interpreted in terms of a universal male-female division
Select one:
a. Gender Correct
b. Post-processual
c. Post-modern
d. Collaborative
The correct answer is:
Gender
|
A
|
|
A research approach that explores why women’s contributions have been systematically written out of the archaeological record and suggests new approaches to the human past that include such contributions is
Select one:
a. Historical archaeology
b. Collaborative archaeology
c. Feminist archaeology Correct
d. Cultural resource management archaeology
The correct answer is:
Feminist archaeology
|
C
|
|
To an archaeologist, which of the following would be considered a feature at an archaeological site?
Select one:
a. Bison bones
b. A spear point
c. The wall of a house
d. All of the above Incorrect
The correct answer is:
The wall of a house
|
C
|
|
When archaeologists excavate a site, they always
Select one:
a. Refill the site with the unimportant artifacts when they are finished, since they may be of value later
b. Excavate a small part of a site to preserve the site for future archaeologists Correct
c. Excavate as much as they can of a site to try to record as much of the context of the artifacts as possible
d. Nonintrusive techniques like ground-penetrating radar and sonar to avoid destruction
The correct answer is:
Excavate a small part of a site to preserve the site for future archaeologists
|
B
|
|
In 2001, the Taliban in Afghanistan destroyed
Select one:
a. Ancient early hominid sites
b. Early Muslim sacred sites
c. Giant statues of the Buddha Correct
d. Ancient Hindu sculptures of Ganesh
The correct answer is:
Giant statues of the Buddha
|
C
|
|
Ian Hodder’s work among several contemporary ethnic groups in eastern Africa showed that
Select one:
a. Tool styles were symbols of group identity
b. Pottery styles were symbols of group identity
c. Ear ornaments were symbols of group identity Correct
d. Contemporary distribution of pottery styles corresponded to patterns of pottery style distribution discovered in the archaeological record of this region
The correct answer is:
Ear ornaments were symbols of group identity
|
C
|
|
What concept does Chip Colwell-Chanthaphonh suggest as "a frame archaeologists can use to begin deliberations on ethical predicaments"?
Select one:
a. Positivist archaeology
b. Cultural resources management
c. Complex stewardship Correct
d. "Hands-off" archaeology
The correct answer is:
Complex stewardship
|
C
|
|
When artifacts and structures from a particular time and place are grouped together, they are called a( n )
Select one:
a. Assemblage Correct
b. Archaeological culture
c. Artifact distribution
d. Material culture
The correct answer is:
Assemblage
|
A
|
|
Which of the following factors prevents artifacts from decaying?
Select one:
a. Extreme cold
b. Extreme heat and dryness
c. Waterlogged sites free of oxygen
d. All of the above Correct
The correct answer is:
All of the above
|
D
|
|
A person’s social position in a group is that person’s
Select one:
a. Ranking
b. Role
c. Status Correct
d. Hierarchy
The correct answer is:
Status
|
C
|
|
The study of the way people in present-day societies use artifacts and structures on the sites where they live, and how these objects become part of the archaeological record is called
Select one:
a. Ethnoarchaeology Correct
b. Taphonomy
c. Survey archaeology
d. Excavation
The correct answer is:
Ethnoarchaeology
|
A
|
|
When the Western interpretation of the Ponzo illusion is compared with the African interpretation of the man, elephant, and antelope drawing, what important discovery emerges?
Select one:
a. People who are not familiar with railroad tracks cannot recognize two-dimensional drawings of railroad tracks. Incorrect
b. Both sets of drawings are potentially open to distortion.
c. Both sets of drawings are ambiguous AND are potentially open to distortion
d. Both sets of drawings are ambiguous
The correct answer is:
Both sets of drawings are ambiguous AND are potentially open to distortion
|
C
|
|
Richard Meadow argues that herding represents a complete change in human attitudes toward and relationships with animals. Why?
Select one:
a. Animals are no longer for eating, they are for herding
b. The focus shifts from the hunted animal to their offspring
c. The focus shifts from meat to animal byproducts, especially milk and hides
d. Animals become the objects of affection rather than fear Incorrect
The correct answer is:
The focus shifts from the hunted animal to their offspring
|
B
|
|
Archaeologists digging at a site in southwest Asia find a series of burials that differ in size, construction, and the quantity of objects found in each. The archaeologists might conclude that the society responsible for the burials was
Select one:
a. Egalitarian
b. Stratified
c. Unspecialized
d. Both B and C
The correct answer is:
Stratified
|
B
|
|
Which of the following is NOT an Andean society of the pre-Spanish conquest period?
Select one:
a. Chavín
b. Mole
c. Tiwanaku Incorrect
d. Wari
The correct answer is:
Mole
|
B
|
|
The earliest evidence for goat herding dates to about
Select one:
a. 7,0000 years ago
b. 11,000 years ago
c. 15,000 years ago Incorrect
d. 21,000 years ago
The correct answer is:
11,000 years ago
|
B
|
|
According to the text, both Belfer-Cohen and Henry argue that extensive Natufian artistic activity was connected with
Select one:
a. Burial activities
b. Handling social tensions
c. Hunting magic Incorrect
d. Trade
The correct answer is:
Handling social tensions
|
B
|
|
The appearance of domesticated plants is taken to be the end of one great cultural period and the beginning of another. The period that ENDS with the beginning of domestication is called the
Select one:
a. Neolithic
b. Natufian
c. Paleolithic Correct
d. Premodern
The correct answer is:
Paleolithic
|
C
|
|
The distinctive Andean pattern of integrating economic resources from a variety of environments is called the
Select one:
a. Horizontal integration system
b. Late intermediate period
c. Local option system Incorrect
d. Vertical archipelago system
The correct answer is:
Vertical archipelago system
|
D
|
|
A form of social organization in which people have unequal access to wealth, power, and prestige is called
Select one:
a. Egalitarian
b. Simple
c. Social stratification Correct
d. Complex
The correct answer is:
Social stratification
|
C
|
|
Which of the following is NOT evidence for animal domestication?
Select one:
a. Abrupt population increase of some species relative to others Incorrect
b. Morphological changes in animal populations
c. Absence of animal species outside its natural range
d. Remains of juvenile animals at a site
The correct answer is:
Absence of animal species outside its natural range
|
C
|
|
As reported in the text, Robbins Burling argues that primate call systems
Select one:
a. And human symbolic language are controlled by the same part of the brain Incorrect
b. Are organized in a way so different from human symbolic language that it is difficult to imagine a sequence that could convert a call system to language
c. Allowed our ape ancestors to communicate orally
d. Are directly related to the human use of language
The correct answer is:
Are organized in a way so different from human symbolic language that it is difficult to imagine a sequence that could convert a call system to language
|
B
|
|
Which term highlights the ways in which human beings must learn to pattern and adapt their behavior to what is considered appropriate in the society in which they are living?
Select one:
a. Socialization
b. Enculturation
c. Accommodation
d. Assimilation
The correct answer is:
Socialization
|
A
|
|
Linguistic messages can be false, and they can be meaningless in the logician’s sense. This highlights the linguistic design feature of
Select one:
a. Duality of patterning
b. Prevarication
c. Interchangeability Incorrect
d. Reflexiveness
The correct answer is:
Prevarication
|
…
|
|
Mary feels as though she really isn’t sure who she is. In some situations she is an excellent, serious student who works hard and feels respected for her knowledge. In other situations, she feels like a little girl trying to win her parents’ approval. In her religious practice, she is a leader who feels a powerful sense of emotional release and loss of control. At work, she is meek and follows orders. In contemporary psychological anthropology, she would be said to exhibit
Select one:
a. Psychosis Incorrect
b. A confused personality
c. A decentered self
d. A need to "find her real self"
The correct answer is:
A decentered self
|
C
|
|
People who grow up bilingual
Select one:
a. Are likely to be better adjusted than monolingual people
b. Tend to grow up with learning disabilities
c. May often suffer from a slight confusion of the two languages
d. Can switch readily from one language to the other Correct
The correct answer is:
Can switch readily from one language to the other
|
D
|
|
According to William Labov’s work in the 1960s, African American children living in urban areas did not perform well linguistically in the classroom because they
Select one:
a. Were linguistically deprived
b. Felt threatened in the classroom context Correct
c. All of the other answers are correct
d. Had nothing to say
The correct answer is:
Felt threatened in the classroom context
|
B
|
|
Adam Kuper (quoted in the text) shows how the rulers in apartheid South Africa used the plural concept of culture to
Select one:
a. Liberate themselves from control by the colonial government Incorrect
b. Enforce a racial theory of difference
c. Control indigenous African populations
d. Both B and C
The correct answer is:
Both B and C
|
D
|
|
Why is the discovery of remains of many immature male herd animals at a site taken as evidence of human involvement with a herd?
Select one:
a. Hunters kill animals they find; they do not go out of their way to kill only young males.
b. Only a small number of males are required for reproduction in a managed herd. Incorrect
c. Hunters are likely to kill the animals easiest to hunt; immature wild male herd animals are always on the outskirts of the herd.
d. Both A and B are true.
The correct answer is:
Both A and B are true.
|
D
|
|
Material goods paid by perpetrators to compensate their victims for their loss are referred to as
Select one:
a. Guilt money
b. Bloodwealth Correct
c. Bridewealth
d. Loss prevention
The correct answer is:
Bloodwealth
|
B
|
|
Which of the following describes the Early Horizon of Andean culture?
Select one:
a. It was the first time that many communities had adopted a single cultural tradition. Correct
b. It was the first known cultural tradition of the Chavín Horizon.
c. It was associated with the sixteenth-century cult of Pachacamac.
d. It was the first time a cultural tradition had been spread by conquest.
The correct answer is:
It was the first time that many communities had adopted a single cultural tradition.
|
A
|
|
The distinctive Andean pattern of integrating economic resources from a variety of environments is called the
Select one:
a. Horizontal integration system Incorrect
b. Late intermediate period
c. Local option system
d. Vertical archipelago system
The correct answer is:
Vertical archipelago system
|
D
|
|
Objects buried with a corpse are known as
Select one:
a. Grave goods
b. Memorials
c. Funeral objects
d. Surplus production
The correct answer is:
Grave goods
|
A
|
|
Which of the following is a consequence of domestication?
Select one:
a. Decline in quality of diet Incorrect
b. Reliance on smaller number of plants
c. Environmental degradation
d. All of the above
The correct answer is:
All of the above
|
D
|
|
Which of the following is evidence that the Natufians lived in relatively permanent settlements?
Select one:
a. Bones of young gazelles and migratory birds at the sites
b. Permanent buildings at settlement sites
c. Cemeteries
d. All of the above Correct
The correct answer is:
All of the above
|
D
|
|
Which of the following is not an assumption of cultural determinism regarding human nature and human society?
Select one:
a. Cultures have clear boundaries. Incorrect
b. Every culture offers people only one way to interpret their experience.
c. Every set of cultural practices contains fundamental contradictions.
d. Human beings are passively molded by culture.
The correct answer is:
Every set of cultural practices contains fundamental contradictions.
|
C
|
|
What did Boddy’s field research teach her about the meanings associated with infibulation in Hofriyat?
Select one:
a. Men and women in Hofriyat have been unable to resist cultural pressure in favor of infibulation. Incorrect
b. The meanings associated with female infibulation are reinforced by so many different aspects of everyday life that girls come to consider the operation a profoundly necessary and justifiable procedure.
c. A less radical form of the operation was promoted after 1969 but never gained acceptance among villagers.
d. All of the above
The correct answer is:
The meanings associated with female infibulation are reinforced by so many different aspects of everyday life that girls come to consider the operation a profoundly necessary and justifiable procedure.
|
B
|
|
Which of the following is NOT a form of monumental architecture?
Select one:
a. Farmhouse
b. Palace
c. Royal tomb
d. Temple
The correct answer is:
Farmhouse
|
D
|
|
Janice Boddy learned that to infibulate a female body in Hofriyat meant
Select one:
a. To renew and protect its fertility after giving birth
b. To make it clean and smooth and pure
c. To de-emphasize a woman’s sexuality and turn women in to "mothers of men"
d. All of the above Correct
The correct answer is:
All of the above
|
D
|
|
When immigrants and refugees from Africa bring traditions of female genital cutting to places like the United States and the European union, what has been the consequence?
Select one:
a. Growing awareness has led to public condemnation of the practice.
b. Laws have been passed that criminalize female genital cutting in 15 African states and 10 industrialized nations, including the United States. Incorrect
c. Immigrant or refugee mothers in the United States who seek to have their daughters ritually cut have been stigmatized in the media as "mutilators" or "child abusers. d. All of the above are true.
The correct answer is:
All of the above are true.
|
D
|
|
Critics identify problems with several assumptions of the traditional plural concept of culture in anthropology. Which of the following is not one of those problems?
Select one:
a. Group members uncritically accept the differences between themselves and other groups.
b. Group members end up having to live according to "their" culture and can’t change it.
c. Group members who challenge traditional ways of doing things are accused of being "traitors" to their group. Incorrect
d. All of the above are problems that are identified.
The correct answer is:
All of the above are problems that are identified.
|
D
|
|
African women who are trying to eliminate female genital cutting from their own societies are often not happy when American outsiders like Mary Daly and Alice Walker denounce the practice as a human rights abuse. Why?
Select one:
a. When outsiders publicly condemn traditional rituals like clitoridectomy and infibulation, they may do more harm than good. Incorrect
b. Outsiders’ condemnations of female genital cutting sound too much like the ethnocentric, reductionist critiques of "barbaric" African customs that Europeans once used to justify colonial conquest.
c. Western women who want to help eliminate female genital cutting are likely to be more effective if they pay close attention to what African women who are directly affected by the practice have to say about its meaning in their lives.
d. All of the above are true.
The correct answer is:
All of the above are true.
|
D
|
|
A modern multiple-strand theory of domestication includes the local effects of
Select one:
a. Climate
b. Environment
c. Social organization
d. All of the above Correct
The correct answer is:
All of the above
|
D
|
|
A ranked group within a hierarchically stratified society whose membership is defined primarily in terms of wealth, occupation, or other economic criteria is referred to
Select one:
a. Complex society Incorrect
b. Caste
c. Class
d. Occupational specialization
The correct answer is:
Class
|
C
|
|
Why is the discovery of remains of many immature male herd animals at a site taken as evidence of human involvement with a herd?
Select one:
a. Hunters kill animals they find; they do not go out of their way to kill only young males. Incorrect
b. Only a small number of males are required for reproduction in a managed herd.
c. Hunters are likely to kill the animals easiest to hunt; immature wild male herd animals are always on the outskirts of the herd.
d. Both A and B are true.
The correct answer is:
Both A and B are true.
|
D
|
|
CHAPTER EIGHT
|
…
|
|
CHAPTER NINE
|
…
|
|
The systematically modified environment (or constructed niche) that becomes the only environment within which domesticated plants can flourish is referred to as
Select one:
a. Agriculture Incorrect
b. Agronomy
c. Agroecology
d. Humanization
The correct answer is:
Agroecology
|
C
|
|
Archaeologists are coming to agree that domestication was everywhere invented by
Select one:
a. Simple foragers living in marginal environments
b. Complex foragers living in areas of relatively abundant resources Correct
c. Herders who decided to settle down
d. Aliens from outer space
The correct answer is:
Complex foragers living in areas of relatively abundant resources
|
B
|
|
Michael Hoffman suggested that the massive expenditure of resources by early elites on luxury goods was a
Select one:
a. Motor for trade
b. Tribute to their leadership offered by the "ordinary people" of the society
c. Way of consolidating power by forcing possible enemies to work for them
d. Way of demonstrating the superior power of the rulers Correct
The correct answer is:
Way of demonstrating the superior power of the rulers
|
D
|
|
CHAPTER TEN
|
…
|
|
Compared with wild wheat, domesticated wheat
Select one:
a. Is better tasting
b. Has a larger seed head
c. Has six rows of kernels rather than two
d. All of the above Correct
The correct answer is:
All of the above
|
D
|
|
Which of the following is NOT evidence for animal domestication?
Select one:
a. Abrupt population increase of some species relative to others
b. Morphological changes in animal populations
c. Absence of animal species outside its natural range
d. Remains of juvenile animals at a site Incorrect
The correct answer is:
Absence of animal species outside its natural range
|
C
|
|
Particular dedication to various occupations or social roles usually found in socially complex societies is called
Select one:
a. Surplus production
b. Occupational specialization Correct
c. Social stratification
d. Social class
The correct answer is:
Occupational specialization
|
B
|
|
In which stage in human-animal relationships do people begin to control the movements of a herd?
Select one:
a. Controlled hunting
b. Herd following
c. Loose herding Correct
d. Close herding
The correct answer is:
Loose herding
|
C
|
|
The stage in human-animal relationships that is characterized by selective hunting of herds is called
Select one:
a. Random hunting
b. Controlled hunting Correct
c. Herd following
d. Loose herding
The correct answer is:
Controlled hunting
|
B
|
|
Which of the following has been an explanation proposed for the rise of complex societies?
Select one:
a. The need arose to construct and maintain irrigation systems in dry regions.
b. Population pressure required someone to exercise power to allocate resources and keep social chaos from erupting.
c. Sedentary life in farming villages gave people the leisure time to invent social and technological complexity.
d. All of the above Correct
The correct answer is:
All of the above
|
D
|
|
Sociocultural features that have been suggested as leading to the rise of social complexity include
Select one:
a. The presence of chiefdoms in the areas in which social complexity first began
b. Ineffective patterns of conflict resolution within the original social organization
c. The innate human need to control others
d. Both A and B Incorrect
The correct answer is:
Ineffective patterns of conflict resolution within the original social organization
|
B
|
|
Michael Hoffman suggested that the massive expenditure of resources by early elites on luxury goods was a
Select one:
a. Motor for trade
b. Tribute to their leadership offered by the "ordinary people" of the society
c. Way of consolidating power by forcing possible enemies to work for them
d. Way of demonstrating the superior power of the rulers Correct
The correct answer is:
Way of demonstrating the superior power of the rulers
|
D
|
|
Which period of history began with the domestication of plants 10,300 years ago, and is referred to as the "New Stone Age"?
Select one:
a. The Paleolithic
b. The Neolithic Correct
c. The Mesolithic
d. The Holocene
The correct answer is:
The Neolithic
|
B
|
|
7. The rise of the Inka state dates to about
Select one:
a. 375 b.c.e.
b. 1035 c.e.
c. 1445 c.e. Correct
d. 1525 c.e
The correct answer is:
1445 c.e.
|
C
|
|
The space a species occupies and what it eats is called its
Select one:
a. Constructed niche
b. Environment
c. Ecological niche Correct
d. Evolutionary niche
The correct answer is:
Ecological niche
|
C
|
|
A society in which one person and his relatives have privileged access to wealth, power, and prestige is called a
Select one:
a. Band
b. Chiefdom Correct
c. Rank society
d. Tribe
The correct answer is:
Chiefdom
|
B
|
|
Which of the following is archaeological evidence for social complexity?
Select one:
a. Burials Incorrect
b. Monumental architecture
c. Permanent settlements
d. Tools
The correct answer is:
Monumental architecture
|
B
|
|
Human interference with the reproduction of another species, with the result that specific plants and animals become more useful to people and dependent on them is called
Select one:
a. Domestication Correct
b. Sedentism
c. Niche construction
d. Dependency
The correct answer is:
Domestication
|
A
|
|
The term "transegalitarian society" is
Select one:
a. A substitute for "rank society"
b. A substitute for "tribe"
c. Designed to describe all societies that are neither egalitarian nor stratified
d. All of the above Correct
The correct answer is:
All of the above
|
D
|
|
The production of amounts of food that exceed the basic subsistence needs of the population is called
Select one:
a. Surplus production Correct
b. Agriculture
c. Pastoralism
d. Occupational specialization
The correct answer is:
Surplus production
|
A
|
|
Which of the following characteristics is NOT desirable in an animal if domestication is the goal?
Select one:
a. Suitable for food
b. Multiple uses for human beings
c. Herd animal
d. Difficult to control Correct
The correct answer is:
Difficult to control
|
D
|
|
Which of the following is NOT a theory for the cause of domestication?
Select one:
a. Broad spectrum foraging
b. Climatic changes
c. Independent invention Correct
d. Population pressure
The correct answer is:
Independent invention
|
C
|
|
The Inka Empire differed from the earlier Chimú culture because it was based in
Select one:
a. Great cities
b. The Pacific coast
c. Rural villages Correct
d. Centralized power
The correct answer is:
Rural villages
|
C
|
|
The main difficulty faced by theories that attempt to explain the origins of social complexity in terms of social relations, political culture, or religious beliefs is that
Select one:
a. Such phenomena leave no clear traces in the archaeological record Correct
b. Such phenomena are known to be unconnected to the origins of social complexity
c. Such phenomena ignore environmental factors
d. Both A and C
The correct answer is:
Such phenomena leave no clear traces in the archaeological record
|
A
|
|
Richard Meadow argues that herding represents a complete change in human attitudes toward and relationships with animals. Why?
Select one:
a. Animals are no longer for eating, they are for herding
b. The focus shifts from the hunted animal to their offspring Correct
c. The focus shifts from meat to animal byproducts, especially milk and hides
d. Animals become the objects of affection rather than fear
The correct answer is:
The focus shifts from the hunted animal to their offspring
|
B
|
|
Which of the following is characteristic of a state?
Select one:
a. A stratified society
b. Possesses a territory
c. Institutions to collect taxes
d. All of the above Correct
The correct answer is:
All of the above
|
D
|
|
The characteristic form of social organization among foragers is the
Select one:
a. Band Correct
b. Chiefdom
c. Tribe
d. State
The correct answer is:
Band
|
A
|
|
Which of the following is NOT a category of human societies to which archaeologists ordinarily assign assemblages?
Select one:
a. Band
b. State
c. Tribe
d. Village Correct
The correct answer is:
Village
|
D
|
|
Which of the following was one of the first crops domesticated in Southwest Asia?
Select one:
a. Barley Correct
b. Corn
c. Rice
d. Millet
The correct answer is:
Barley
|
A
|
|
The systematic modification of the environments of plants and animals to increase their productivity and usefulness is called
Select one:
a. Agriculture Correct
b. Agronomy
c. Agroecology
d. Humanization
The correct answer is:
Agriculture
|
A
|
|
The culture in which the agricultural subsistence strategy expanded rapidly was the
Select one:
a. Anatolian
b. Natufian
c. PPNA
d. PPNB Correct
The correct answer is:
PPNB
|
D
|
|
Sociocultural features that have been suggested as leading to the rise of social complexity include
Select one:
a. The presence of chiefdoms in the areas in which social complexity first began
b. Ineffective patterns of conflict resolution within the original social organization Correct
c. The innate human need to control others
d. Both A and B
The correct answer is:
Ineffective patterns of conflict resolution within the original social organization
|
B
|
|
Play with form producing some aesthetically successful transformation-representation is a definition of
Select one:
a. Games Incorrect
b. Art
c. Sport
d. Ritual
Feedback
The correct answer is: Art
|
…
|
|
The anthropological definition of cultural relativism requires that we make an effort to __________ the practices of other cultures
Select one:
a. Approve
b. Excuse Incorrect
c. Judge
d. Understand
The correct answer is:
Understand
|
D
|
|
Hoyt Alverson discovered that U. S. Peace Corps volunteers in Botswana had difficulty with their assignments in part because
Select one:
a. People would always leave them alone
b. Actions that meant one thing to them meant something else to their tswana hosts Correct
c. The tswana were not interested in their projects
d. All of the above
The correct answer is:
Actions that meant one thing to them meant something else to their tswana hosts
|
B
|
|
When immigrants and refugees from Africa bring traditions of female genital cutting to places like the United States and the European union, what has been the consequence?
Select one:
a. Growing awareness has led to public condemnation of the practice.
b. Laws have been passed that criminalize female genital cutting in 15 African states and 10 industrialized nations, including the United States. Incorrect
c. Immigrant or refugee mothers in the United States who seek to have their daughters ritually cut have been stigmatized in the media as "mutilators" or "child abusers. d. All of the above are true.
The correct answer is:
All of the above are true.
|
D
|
|
Hoyt Alverson discovered that the tswana people he talked to in Botswana and the U. S. Peace Corps volunteers he interviewed differed with regard to
Select one:
a. How work should be done
b. The meaning of being alone
c. Walking through fields with crops still in them Incorrect
d. How anger should be expressed
The correct answer is:
The meaning of being alone
|
B
|
|
When anthropologist Janice Boddy carried out fieldwork in northern Sudan, what did she learn about genital cutting?
Select one:
a. Only girls were subjected to genital cutting. Incorrect
b. Female circumcision is required to make it possible for a girl to use her fertility.
c. Female circumcision is required for a girl to become a woman.
d. Females undergoing genital cutting in the village where she lived rarely suffered physically as a result of the procedure.
The correct answer is:
Female circumcision is required to make it possible for a girl to use her fertility.
|
B
|
|
According to anthropologist Eric Luke Lassiter, does the fact that Kiowas are Christians today show that federal officials and missionaries succeeded in their policies of Western cultural imperialism?
Select one:
a. Yes, because the Christianizing of the Kiowa is the story of how one set of beliefs replaced another one wholesale.
b. Yes, because the U. S. government put an end to the Kiowa sun dance, the centerpiece of kiowa ceremonies.
c. Yes, because missionaries arrived as the buffalo were disappearing and Kiowa people were being confined to reservations. Incorrect
d. None of the above
The correct answer is:
None of the above
|
D
|
|
Understanding another culture sympathetically enough so that it appears to be a coherent and meaningful design for living is called
Select one:
a. Cultural interactionism
b. Cultural relativism
c. Holism Incorrect
d. Cultural determinism
The correct answer is:
Cultural relativism
|
B
|
|
The result of the process of socialization/enculturation for an individual is an
Select one:
a. Emotional tone Incorrect
b. Personality
c. Self
d. Subject
The correct answer is:
Self
|
C
|
|
Genocide is
Select one:
a. The attempt to exterminate an entire people
b. Denying that another culture has an independent identity
c. The attempt to keep a group of people from living according to their own cultural patterns Incorrect
d. A symbolic act that denies the legitimacy of another group
The correct answer is:
The attempt to exterminate an entire people
|
A
|
|
Religious practitioners skilled in the practice of religious rituals, which they carry out for the benefit of the group are known as
Select one:
a. Shamans
b. Priests Correct
c. Oracles
d. Witches
The correct answer is:
Priests
|
B
|
|
Members of a speech community
Select one:
a. Live in the same place
b. Do not all possess identical knowledge about the language they share Correct
c. Use the varied resources of their common language in the same ways
d. Have no difficulties in understanding one another
The correct answer is:
Do not all possess identical knowledge about the language they share
|
B
|
|
Mary feels as though she really isn’t sure who she is. In some situations she is an excellent, serious student who works hard and feels respected for her knowledge. In other situations, she feels like a little girl trying to win her parents’ approval. In her religious practice, she is a leader who feels a powerful sense of emotional release and loss of control. At work, she is meek and follows orders. In contemporary psychological anthropology, she would be said to exhibit
Select one:
a. A confused personality Incorrect
b. A decentered self
c. A need to "find her real self"**
d. Psychosis
|
…
|
|
What is the difference between speech and language?
Select one:
a. Speech is spoken language. Correct
b. Language is a kind of speech.
c. Language must be written.
d. There is no difference between the two.
The correct answer is:
Speech is spoken language.
|
A
|
|
The transfer of information from one person to another is human
Select one:
a. Language
b. Talk
c. Speech
d. Communication Correct
The correct answer is:
Communication
|
D
|
|
When people encounter visual illusions, they resolve the ambiguity based on
Select one:
a. Mental structures that are characteristic of all human beings Incorrect
b. Their experiences with similar illusions in the past
c. The pattern of dark and light that falls on the retina and is carried by the optic nerve to the brain
d. What the visual signals represent in a culturally shaped world
The correct answer is:
What the visual signals represent in a culturally shaped world
|
…
|
|
As reported in the text, Robbins Burling argues that primate call systems
Select one:
a. Are organized in a way so different from human symbolic language that it is difficult to imagine a sequence that could convert a call system to language Correct
b. And human symbolic language are controlled by the same part of the brain
c. Allowed our ape ancestors to communicate orally
d. Are directly related to the human use of language
The correct answer is:
Are organized in a way so different from human symbolic language that it is difficult to imagine a sequence that could convert a call system to language
|
A
|
|
Human languages are patterned at different levels, and the patterns that characterize one level cannot be reduced to the pattern of any other level. Hockett recognized this phenomenon in which of his linguistic design features?
Select one:
a. Specialization Incorrect
b. Reflexiveness
c. Displacement
d. Duality of patterning
The correct answer is:
Duality of patterning
|
D
|
|
The scientific study of language is known as
Select one:
a. Communication studies
b. Linguistics Correct
c. Semantics
d. Morphology
The correct answer is:
Linguistics
|
B
|
|
A language with no native speakers that develops in a single generation between members of communities that possess distinct native languages is a
Select one:
a. Renn Incorrect
b. Creole
c. Pidgin
d. Dodoh
The correct answer is:
Pidgin
|
C
|
|
The exercise of at least some control over their lives by human beings is called
Select one:
a. Free will
b. Habitus
c. Human agency Correct
d. Historical.
|
C
|
|
When anthropologists distinguished between culture and cultures, they were distinguishing between _______ and __________.
Select one:
a. Different traditions of learned behavior / the ability to learn and create sets of behaviors and ideas
b. A defining attribute of human beings / ways of life of specific groups of people. Correct
c. The fine arts / local traditions of human beings
d. The genetic programming that sets humans apart from other animals / the ways in which that programming works in specific places
The correct answer is:
A defining attribute of human beings / ways of life of specific groups of people.
|
B
|
|
Critics identify problems with several assumptions of the traditional plural concept of culture in anthropology. Which of the following is not one of those problems?
Select one:
a. Group members uncritically accept the differences between themselves and other groups. Incorrect
b. Group members end up having to live according to "their" culture and can’t change it.
c. Group members who challenge traditional ways of doing things are accused of being "traitors" to their group.
d. All of the above are problems that are identified.
The correct answer is:
All of the above are problems that are identified.
|
D
|
|
Understanding another culture sympathetically enough so that it appears to be a coherent and meaningful design for living is called
Select one:
a. Cultural interactionism
b. Cultural relativism Correct
c. Holism
d. Cultural determinism
The correct answer is:
Cultural relativism
|
B
|
|
The text quotes Michel-Rolph Trouillot, who claims that as the social sciences were becoming established at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth century, anthropology was assigned the "savage slot. " What does he mean by that?
Select one:
a. Early anthropologists were very difficult to deal with in universities.
b. It’s a metaphor for the way the categories of the social sciences were set up to cover the different categories of peoples and topics scholars thought relevant at the time.
c. Anthropologists became the experts on the societies that were being colonized by European countries and the United States. Incorrect
d. Both B and C
The correct answer is:
Both B and C
|
D
|
|
According to Rick Potts (as mentioned in the text), culture
Select one:
a. Represents a sharp break between human beings and other animals
b. Demonstrates continuity between the human and animal realms of behavior Correct
c. Is less important than genetics in shaping human behavior
d. First appeared about 100,000 years ago
The correct answer is:
Demonstrates continuity between the human and animal realms of behavior
|
B
|
|
Culture is
Select one:
a. Learned
b. Shared
c. Symbolic
d. All of the above Correct
The correct answer is:
All of the above
|
D
|
|
Which of the following is an example of ritual cutting associated with initiating girls and boys into adulthood?
Select one:
a. Clitoridectomy
b. Infibulation
c. Circumcision
d. All of the above Correct
The correct answer is:
All of the above
|
D
|
|
Hoyt Alverson discovered that the tswana people he talked to in Botswana and the U. S. Peace Corps volunteers he interviewed differed with regard to
Select one:
a. How work should be done
b. The meaning of being alone Correct
c. Walking through fields with crops still in them
d. How anger should be expressed
The correct answer is:
The meaning of being alone
|
B
|
|
Those parts of culture that are absorbed in the course of daily practical learning are called
Select one:
a. Cultural basics
b. Habitus Correct
c. Symbolic
d. Unaware culture
The correct answer is:
Habitus
|
B
|
|
According to anthropologist Eric Luke Lassiter, which of the following statements accurately describes how the Kiowa people dealt with Christianity?
Select one:
a. The Kiowa "Kiowanized" Christianity
b. Kiowa Christian hymns, sung in the Kiowa language, are as much Kiowa (if not more) than they are Christian
c. Some Kiowa Christians insist that Christianity is not the same as "the white man’s way"
d. All of the above are true Correct
The correct answer is:
All of the above are true
|
D
|
|
At the present time, anthropologists are seeing that the plural definition of culture
Select one:
a. Is used by indigenous groups to define themselves
b. Is being used by other scholarly disciplines
c. Can be used in ways to which anthropologists object
d. All of the above Correct
The correct answer is:
All of the above
|
D
|
|
Sets of leaned behavior and ideas that human beings acquire as members of society is an anthropological definition of
Select one:
a. Symbols
b. Culture Correct
c. Language
d. Cognition
The correct answer is:
Culture
|
B
|
|
To argue that "their culture made them do it" is to take the position of
Select one:
a. Cultural determinism Correct
b. Cultural relativism
c. Ethnocentrism
d. Environmental determinism
The correct answer is:
Cultural determinism
|
A
|
|
An approach that views human beings and environments as open systems that modify each other is called
Select one:
a. Biological reductionism
b. Cultural determinism
c. Coevolutionary Correct
d. Historical materialism
The correct answer is:
Coevolutionary
|
C
|
|
In Hofriyat, the ability of an object to retain moisture is likened to its ability to retain fertility, likening a woman’s infibulated body to
Select one:
a. A dried egg-shaped gourd with seeds that rattle inside it Incorrect
b. The squat, round pottery jar with a tiny opening at the top that is used to prepare the family’s staple food
c. The house and all enclosed areas of the village
d. All of the above
The correct answer is:
All of the above
|
D
|
|
Complex, variable, and enduring forms of cultural practice that organize social life are called
Select one:
a. Cultural universals
b. Social facts
c. Institutions Correct
d. Symbols
The correct answer is:
Institutions
|
C
|
|
Those parts of culture that are absorbed in the course of daily practical learning are called
Select one:
a. Cultural basics
b. Habitus Correct
c. Symbolic
d. Unaware culture
The correct answer is:
Habitus
|
B
|
|
According to anthropologist Eric Luke Lassiter, which of the following statements accurately describes how the Kiowa people dealt with Christianity?
Select one:
a. The Kiowa "Kiowanized" Christianity
b. Kiowa Christian hymns, sung in the Kiowa language, are as much Kiowa (if not more) than they are Christian
c. Some Kiowa Christians insist that Christianity is not the same as "the white man’s way"
d. All of the above are true Correct
The correct answer is:
All of the above are true
|
D
|
|
According to Rick Potts (as mentioned in the text), culture
Select one:
a. Represents a sharp break between human beings and other animals
b. Demonstrates continuity between the human and animal realms of behavior Correct
c. Is less important than genetics in shaping human behavior
d. First appeared about 100,000 years ago
The correct answer is:
Demonstrates continuity between the human and animal realms of behavior
|
B
|
|
Which of the following is not an assumption of cultural determinism regarding human nature and human society?
Select one:
a. Cultures have clear boundaries.
b. Every culture offers people only one way to interpret their experience.
c. Every set of cultural practices contains fundamental contradictions. Correct
d. Human beings are passively molded by culture.
The correct answer is:
Every set of cultural practices contains fundamental contradictions
|
C
|
|
Clifford Geertz, as quoted in the text, observes that human beings raised in isolation would be
Select one:
a. Failed apes
b. Fully human
c. Mental basket cases Correct
d. The real animal that is ordinarily hidden under the veneer of culture
The correct answer is:
Mental basket cases
|
C
|
|
The text quotes Michel-Rolph Trouillot, who claims that as the social sciences were becoming established at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth century, anthropology was assigned the "savage slot. " What does he mean by that?
Select one:
a. Early anthropologists were very difficult to deal with in universities.
b. It’s a metaphor for the way the categories of the social sciences were set up to cover the different categories of peoples and topics scholars thought relevant at the time.
c. Anthropologists became the experts on the societies that were being colonized by European countries and the United States.
d. Both B and C Correct
The correct answer is:
Both B and C
|
D
|
|
Perhaps the most profound lesson we can learn from the Kiowa experience of Christianity is
Select one:
a. That the way in which Kiowa Christians have been able to transform what began as an exercise in cultural imperialism into a reaffirmation of traditional Kiowa values challenges the presumption that "authentic cultures" never change Correct
b. That Christian missionaries and the U. S. Army effectively destroyed traditional Kiowa spirituality
c. That an indigenous society cannot remain authentic if its members abandon their traditional religious practices by converting to a different religion
d. That Kiowa conversion to Christianity hastened the demise of the Kiowa language
The correct answer is:
That the way in which Kiowa Christians have been able to transform what began as an exercise in cultural imperialism into a reaffirmation of traditional Kiowa values challenges the presumption that "authentic cultures" never change
|
A
|
|
African women who are trying to eliminate female genital cutting from their own societies are often not happy when American outsiders like Mary Daly and Alice Walker denounce the practice as a human rights abuse. Why?
Select one:
a. When outsiders publicly condemn traditional rituals like clitoridectomy and infibulation, they may do more harm than good.
b. Outsiders’ condemnations of female genital cutting sound too much like the ethnocentric, reductionist critiques of "barbaric" African customs that Europeans once used to justify colonial conquest.
c. Western women who want to help eliminate female genital cutting are likely to be more effective if they pay close attention to what African women who are directly affected by the practice have to say about its meaning in their lives.
d. All of the above are true. Correct
The correct answer is:
All of the above are true.
|
D
|
|
The anthropological definition of cultural relativism requires that we make an effort to __________ the practices of other cultures
Select one:
a. Approve
b. Excuse
c. Judge
d. Understand Correct
The correct answer is:
Understand
|
D
|
|
To say that culture and the human brain coevolved is to say that
Select one:
a. Each provided key features of the environment to which the other needed to adapt Correct
b. Genetic changes in human beings are related to language
c. Biology is less important to modern human beings than it was in the ancient past
d. Human social organization is ancient
The correct answer is:
Each provided key features of the environment to which the other needed to adapt
|
A
|
|
Invisible forces to which people address questions and whose responses they believe to be truthful are called
Select one:
a. Magic
b. Oracles Correct
c. Witchcraft
d. Channeling
The correct answer is:
Oracles
|
B
|
|
The term anthropologists use for stories that recount how various aspects of the world came to be the way they are is
Select one:
a. Folktales
b. Metaphors
c. Myths
d. Narrative
The correct answer is:
Myths
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C
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Which term highlights the ways in which human beings must learn to pattern and adapt their ways of thinking and feeling to the ways of thinking and feeling considered appropriate in the culture in which they were born?
Select one:
a. Socialization
b. Assimilation
c. Accommodation
d. Enculturation
The correct answer is:
Enculturation
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D
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The research on African American language ideology by Marcyliena Morgan reveals the importance of _________.
Select one:
a. Rhythmic speech I
b. Secrecy
c. Silence
d. Indirectness
The correct answer is:
Indirectness
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D
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The principle which asserts that language has the power to shape the way people see the world is
Select one:
a. The principle of cultural determinism
b. Linguistic activity principle Incorrect
c. The linguistic relativity principle
d. The principle of cultural relativism
The correct answer is:
The linguistic relativity principle
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C
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Encompassing pictures of reality created by the members of a particular society are called
Select one:
a. Experiential gestalts
b. Metaphors Incorrect
c. Schemas
d. Worldviews
The correct answer is:
Worldviews
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D
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Members of a speech community
Select one:
a. Have no difficulties in understanding one another Incorrect
b. Live in the same place
c. Use the varied resources of their common language in the same ways
d. Do not all possess identical knowledge about the language they share
The correct answer is:
Do not all possess identical knowledge about the language they share
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D
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A child cannot tie her own shoes by herself, but if her best friend is there to talk her through it, she can tie them. Which theory accounts for this situation?
Select one:
a. Socialization/enculturation
b. Zone of proximal development Correct
c. Game stage
d. Superego development
The correct answer is:
Zone of proximal development
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B
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Which term highlights the ways in which human beings must learn to pattern and adapt their behavior to what is considered appropriate in the society in which they are living?
Select one:
a. Accommodation
b. Enculturation
c. Socialization
d. Assimilation
The correct answer is:
Socialization
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C
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The ability of native speakers of a language to distinguish correctly between grammatical and ungrammatical sentences is called
Select one:
a. Interchangeability
b. Duality of patterning
c. Linguistic competence
d. Communicative competence Incorrect
The correct answer is:
Linguistic competence
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C
|
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Human languages are patterned at different levels, and the patterns that characterize one level cannot be reduced to the pattern of any other level. Hockett recognized this phenomenon in which of his linguistic design features?
Select one:
a. Reflexiveness
b. Duality of patterning Correct
c. Displacement
d. Specialization
The correct answer is:
Duality of patterning
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B
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The design feature of language called "openness" refers to the
Select one:
a. Capacity of putting the speaker’s true feelings into words Incorrect
b. Ability to create new linguistic messages freely and easily
c. Possibility of speaking without fear of a censor
d. Connection between sound and brain
The correct answer is:
Ability to create new linguistic messages freely and easily
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B
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"Primitive" human languages
Select one:
a. Lack elaborate grammatical structure Incorrect
b. Do not exist
c. Make use of a reduced set of sounds
d. Have a limited vocabulary
The correct answer is:
Do not exist
|
B
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The ability of native speakers of a language to distinguish correctly between grammatical and ungrammatical sentences is called
Select one:
a. Linguistic competence Correct
b. Duality of patterning
c. Communicative competence
d. Interchangeability
The correct answer is:
Linguistic competence
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A
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The ability of native speakers of a language to use words in ways that are socially and culturally appropriate is called
Select one:
a. Communicative competence Correct
b. Specialization
c. Linguistic competence
d. Discreteness
The correct answer is:
Communicative competence
|
A
|
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In Java it is impossible to
Select one:
a. Give a one-word answer
b. Refer directly to your mother-in-law
c. Say anything without communicating your relative social position Correct
d. None of the above
The correct answer is:
Say anything without communicating your relative social position
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C
|
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Encompassing pictures of reality created by the members of a particular society are called
Select one:
a. Metaphors
b. Experiential gestalts
c. Schemas
d. Worldviews Correct
The correct answer is:
Worldviews
|
D
|
|
The transfer of information from one person to another is human
Select one:
a. Communication Correct
b. Language
c. Talk
d. Speech
The correct answer is:
Communication
|
A
|
|
Language, like culture, is
Select one:
a. Learned
b. Coded in symbols
c. Shared
d. All of the above
The correct answer is:
All of the above
|
D
|
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The result of the process of socialization/enculturation for an individual is an
Select one:
a. Subject
b. Self Correct
c. Emotional tone
d. Personality
The correct answer is:
Self
|
B
|
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Linguistic messages can be false, and they can be meaningless in the logician’s sense. This highlights the linguistic design feature of
Select one:
a. Reflexiveness
b. Interchangeability
c. Duality of patterning
d. Prevarication Correct
The correct answer is:
Prevarication
|
D
|
|
Examples of typical instances, elements, relations, or experiences within a particular culturally relevant domain are called
Select one:
a. Denotations
b. Prototypes Correct
c. Schemas
d. Metaphors
The correct answer is:
Prototypes
|
B
|
|
To the Azande, witches are
Select one:
a. Neighbors
b. Antisocial
c. Those whose behavior is out of line
d. All of the above Correct
The correct answer is:
All of the above
|
D
|
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An orienting context that is consciously adopted by the actors, somehow pleasurable, and systemically related to what is considered to be the normal or everyday context is called
Select one:
a. Art Incorrect
b. Myth
c. Play
d. Ritual
The correct answer is:
Play
|
C
|
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Which of the following is NOT a minimal category of religion, according to Anthony F. C. Wallace?
Select one:
a. Prayer
b. Exhortation
c. Reflexiveness
d. Physiological exercise
The correct answer is:
Reflexiveness
|
C
|
|
Part-time religious practitioners who are believed to have the power to travel or contact supernatural forces directly on the behalf of individuals or groups are known as
Select one:
a. Shamans Correct
b. Priests
c. Oracles
d. Witches
The correct answer is:
Shamans
|
A
|
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Which of the following does NOT reflect the anthropological understanding of ritual?
Select one:
a. Rituals are exclusively religious in nature. Correct
b. Rituals are repetitive social practices composed of a sequence of symbolic activities.
c. Through ritual performance, the ideas of a culture take on a concrete form.
d. Ritual shapes action as well as thought.
The correct answer is:
Rituals are exclusively religious in nature.
|
A
|
|
Which of the following is NOT a minimal category of religion, according to Anthony F. C. Wallace?
Select one:
a. Prayer
b. Exhortation
c. Reflexiveness Correct
d. Physiological exercise
The correct answer is:
Reflexiveness
|
C
|
|
Which of the following does NOT reflect the anthropological understanding of ritual?
Select one:
a. Rituals are exclusively religious in nature. Correct
b. Rituals are repetitive social practices composed of a sequence of symbolic activities.
c. Through ritual performance, the ideas of a culture take on a concrete form.
d. Ritual shapes action as well as thought.
The correct answer is:
Rituals are exclusively religious in nature.
|
A
|
|
Liminal, from the Latin word limen, means
Select one:
a. Sprite
b. Containing
c. Transporting
d. Threshold Correct
The correct answer is:
Threshold
|
D
|
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For many anthropologists, using the term "supernatural" in a definition of religion is
Select one:
a. A problem because it may distort how informants perceive the forces at work in the world Correct
b. A problem because it implies an invisible world
c. Necessary in order to capture the distinction between the world human beings can see and the one they cannot
d. Necessary because it is found universally
The correct answer is:
A problem because it may distort how informants perceive the forces at work in the world
|
A
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A repetitive social practice composed of a sequence of culturally-recognizable symbolic activities in the form of dance, song, speech, gestures, or the manipulation of objects, set off from the routines of everyday life, and closely connected with a specific set of ideas is known as a
Select one:
a. Ritual Correct
b. Myth
c. Play
d. Art
The correct answer is:
Ritual
|
A
|
|
Play with form producing some aesthetically successful transformation-representation is a definition of
Select one:
a. Games
b. Art Correct
c. Sport
d. Ritual
The correct answer is:
Art
|
B
|
|
Some scholars have proposed that play is connected with
Select one:
a. Developing cognitive and motor skills involving the brain
b. Exercise
c. Learning
d. All of the above
The correct answer is:
All of the above
|
D
|
|
"Art by intention" includes
Select one:
a. Objects that are found and exhibited
b. Objects that have been made for religious purposes
c. Objects that are made to be art Correct
d. Objects that carry meaning for the people who make them or use them
The correct answer is:
Objects that are made to be art
|
C
|
|
According to Michael Brown, channeling brings together several important strands of North American culture, including
Select one:
a. The personal recovery movement
b. Nineteenth century spiritualism
c. Individualism
d. All of the above
The correct answer is:
All of the above
|
D
|
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Every religious system in the world has a customary way of addressing the supernatural. This feature is captured by the minimal category of religion called
Select one:
a. Prayer
b. Exhortation
c. Mana
d. Taboo
The correct answer is:
Prayer
|
A
|
|
The movement to ritual is based on the premise of
Select one:
a. "Let’s continue"
b. "Let’s make-believe"
c. "Let’s believe" Correct
d. "Let’s play"
The correct answer is:
"Let’s believe"
|
C
|
|
The anthropologist who argued that myths are tools for overcoming logical contradictions that cannot otherwise be overcome was
Select one:
a. E. E. Evans-Pritchard Incorrect
b. Claude Lévi-Strauss
c. Bronislaw Malinowski
d. Victor Turner
The correct answer is:
Claude Lévi-Strauss
|
B
|
|
The term anthropologists use for stories that recount how various aspects of the world came to be the way they are is
Select one:
a. Folktales
b. Metaphors
c. Myths
d. Narrative
The correct answer is:
Myths
|
C
|
|
A conscious, deliberate, and organized attempt by some members of a society to create a more satisfying culture in a time of crisis is known as a
Select one:
a. Syncretism
b. Revitalization
c. Communitas
d. Nativism
The correct answer is:
Revitalization
|
B
|
|
An orienting context that is consciously adopted by the actors, somehow pleasurable, and systemically related to what is considered to be the normal or everyday context is called
Select one:
a. Art Incorrect
b. Myth
c. Play
d. Ritual
The correct answer is:
Play
|
C
|
|
The synthesis of old religious practices with new religious practices introduced from outside is called
Select one:
a. Syncretism
b. Revitalization Incorrect
c. Communitas
d. Nativism
The correct answer is:
Syncretism
|
A
|
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How do channels and their clients explain misfortune?
Select one:
a. Victims have been attacked by witchcraft made by unknown enemies.
b. Victims have chosen their own fate at a deep soul level.
c. Victims have been afflicted by an uncaring universe.
d. Victims have been hurt by social forces beyond their control.
The correct answer is:
Victims have chosen their own fate at a deep soul level.
|
B
|
|
The Azande use chicken for
Select one:
a. Stir fry
b. Celebrations
c. Detecting witches
d. Enhancing the powers of witchcraft
The correct answer is:
Detecting witches
|
C
|
|
Liminal, from the Latin word limen, means
Select one:
a. Sprite
b. Containing
c. Transporting
d. Threshold
The correct answer is:
Threshold
|
D
|
|
Which of the following does NOT reflect the anthropological understanding of ritual?
Select one:
a. Rituals are exclusively religious in nature.
b. Rituals are repetitive social practices composed of a sequence of symbolic activities. Incorrect
c. Through ritual performance, the ideas of a culture take on a concrete form.
d. Ritual shapes action as well as thought.
The correct answer is:
Rituals are exclusively religious in nature.
|
A
|
|
The principle that sacred things are to be touched so that power may be transferred refers to which of the following minimal categories of religion?
Select one:
a. Prayer
b. Sacrifice Incorrect
c. Mana
d. Taboo
The correct answer is:
Mana
|
C
|
|
The anthropologist who argued that myths serve as "charters" or "justifications" for present-day social arrangements was
Select one:
a. E. E. Evans-Pritchard
b. Claude Lévi-Strauss Incorrect
c. Bronislaw Malinowski
d. Victor Turner
The correct answer is:
Bronislaw Malinowski
|
C
|
|
"Art by intention" includes
Select one:
a. Objects that are found and exhibited Incorrect
b. Objects that have been made for religious purposes
c. Objects that are made to be art
d. Objects that carry meaning for the people who make them or use them
The correct answer is:
Objects that are made to be art
|
C
|
|
Test
|
…
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A conflict among scholars concerning domestication centers on
Select one:
a. Whether were people were aware of what they were doing in intervening in the gene pool of wild plants Correct
b. How plants could have evolved to meet the needs of the people who were eating them
c. How specialized plants could have been made to thrive in disturbed environments
d. How people were able to domesticate plants and animals at the same time
Feedback
The correct answer is: Whether were people were aware of what they were doing in intervening in the gene pool of wild plants
Question 2
Correct
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Question text
The sensing method that reflects pulsed radar waves off features below the surface is called
Select one:
a. Air photo analysis
b. Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
c. Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Correct
d. Satellite Imaging Technology (SIT)
Feedback
The correct answer is: Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)
Question 3
Correct
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Question text
Which of the following is NOT a minimal category of religion, according to Anthony F. C. Wallace?
Select one:
a. Prayer
b. Exhortation
c. Reflexiveness Correct
d. Physiological exercise
Feedback
The correct answer is: Reflexiveness
Question 4
Correct
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Question text
Robert Fagen proposes that play in animals communicates the message
Select one:
a. "All’s well" Correct
b. "Back off"
c. "Let’s cooperate"
d. All of the above
Feedback
The correct answer is: "All’s well"
Question 5
Correct
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Question text
The process of increasingly permanent human habitation in one place is called
Select one:
a. Agriculture
b. Niche construction
c. Sedentism Correct
d. Domestication
Feedback
The correct answer is: Sedentism
Question 6
Correct
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Question text
The scientific study of language is known as
Select one:
a. Morphology
b. Semantics
c. Communication studies
d. Linguistics Correct
Feedback
The correct answer is: Linguistics
Question 7
Correct
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Question text
The principle that sacred things are to be touched so that power may be transferred refers to which of the following minimal categories of religion?
Select one:
a. Prayer
b. Sacrifice
c. Mana Correct
d. Taboo
Feedback
The correct answer is: Mana
Question 8
Correct
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Question text
The systematic uncovering of archaeological remains through the removal of the deposits of soil and other material covering them and accompanying them is called
Select one:
a. Ethnoarchaeology
b. Taphonomy
c. Survey archaeology
d. Excavation Correct
Feedback
The correct answer is: Excavation
Question 9
Correct
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Question text
Cultural relativism
Select one:
a. Requires us to abandon the values our own culture has taught us
b. Makes it possible for us to prove the way a people’s culture makes them do things is wrong, whether they like it or not
c. Requires us to take many things into account before we form opinions about other cultural practices Correct
d. Frees us from having to face choices between alternatives whose "rightness" and "wrongness" is less than clear-cut
Feedback
The correct answer is: Requires us to take many things into account before we form opinions about other cultural practices
Question 10
Correct
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The Blue people control access to power among the Grugenach people. In the old days, before time began, the Red people had arrived first on the Island, before the Blue people, but they had married their father’s sister’s daughters, and had so forfeited their rights to power. The Blue people, true to the ways of the ancestors, always married their father’s brother’s daughters, and so displaced the Red people. This case demonstrates myth being used as
Select one:
a. A social charter Correct
b. History
c. A structural methodology
d. Flawed history
Feedback
The correct answer is: A social charter
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