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Prevents backflow of blood into the left ventricle. |
Aortic semilunar valve |
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Formed elements in the blood _____ |
B. Include platelets and whole cells that slide past one another |
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The role of the coronary arteries is to: |
A. Supply blood to the heart tissue |
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In a healthy individual which of the following would be low? |
A. Afterload |
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What is the source of ATP for cardiac muscle contraction? |
A. Cellular respiration |
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What does the T wave of the electrocardiogram (ECG) represent? |
A. Ventricular repolarization (The T wave of the ECG represents ventricular repolarization as the heart rests and prepares to contract again) |
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The _____ valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle. |
A. Tricuspid |
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Which portion of the electrocardiogram represents the depolarization wave received from the Sinoatrial (SA) node through the atria? |
B. P wave |
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Which of the following would increase heart rate? |
C. Epinephrine |
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Which of the following terms refers to a lack of oxygen supply to heart muscle cells? |
D. Ischemia (Ischemia refers to a lack of oxygen supply to heart muscle cells) |
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Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets. |
|
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What causes heart sounds? |
A. Heart valve closure |
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Which of the following is NOT a difference between the left and right ventricles? |
A. The left ventricle receives a smaller percentage of coronary blood supply than the right ventricle (Since the demands of the left ventricle are so great, it receives the highest percentage of the coronary blood supply) |
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Which of the following is NOT a difference between cardiac and skeletal muscle? |
C. Cardiac muscle does not use the sliding filament mechanism for contraction, skeletal muscle does (Both skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle are striated, and both utilize the sliding filament mechanism for contraction) |
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Cardiac tamponade results in ineffective pumping of blood by the heart because the excessive amount of fluid in the pericardial cavity will ______. |
B. Prevent the heart from filling properly with blood (The heart is wrapped by a double-walled sac called the pericardium. The pericardial cavity lies between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium. It is filled with a very small amount of serous fluid. If additional fluid fills the pericardial space, it adds pressure on the outside of the heart, preventing it from filling normally) |
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Which of the following pacemaker cells generates impulses of approximately 75 depolarizations per minute in order to control the heart’s contraction rate? |
D. Sinoatrial (SA) node |
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Which chamber of the heart has the highest probability of being the site of a myocardial infarction? |
C. Left ventricle (The left ventricle has to pump blood around the entire body and overcome the largest pressures (120/80 mm Hg). This is the largest chamber in the heart and has the most muscle around it compared to the other chambers) |
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Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets. |
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Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets. |
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The first heart sound (the ‘lub’ of ‘lub-dup’) is caused by: |
A. Closure of the atrioventricular valves |
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If cardiac muscle is deprived of its normal blood supply, damage would primarily result from ______. |
C. Decreased delivery of oxygen |
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Which part of the conduction system initiates the depolarizing impulse, which spreads throughout the heart? |
D. SA Node (Yes, the SA node spontaneously depolarizes, causing the wave of depolarization that spreads through the rest of the conduction system and heart) |
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What does the ECG wave tracing represent? |
B. Electrical activity of the heart (Yes, the ECG waves show the depolarization and repolarization in various areas of the heart) |
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What does the QRS complex represent in the ECG wave tracing? |
C. Ventricle depolarization (Yes, the QRS complex represents depolarization in the ventricles, which have greater mass than the atria) |
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Contraction of the atria results from which wave of depolarization on the ECG tracing? |
A. P wave (Yes, the P wave represents atrial depolarization, which leads to atrial contraction) |
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Which part of the intrinsic conduction system delays the impulse briefly before it moves on to the ventricles? |
D. AV node (Yes, the AV node slows down the impulse giving the atria time to contract before the ventricles contract) |
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Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets. |
|
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Which of the following is NOT a factor that regulates stroke volume? |
E. All the factors above regulate stroke volume |
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The heart is actually (one, two, or three) pumps? |
C. Two pumps (Yes, the right side of the heart pumps to/from the lungs [pulmonary circuit] and the left side of the heart pumps to/from the rest of the body [the systemic circuit]) |
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Which chamber receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae? |
A. Right atrium (Yes, the right atrium receives unoxygenated blood from the systemic circuit) |
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Which heart chamber receives blood from the pulmonary veins? |
C. Left atrium (Yes, the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins) |
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Which heart chamber pumps unoxygenated blood out the pulmonary trunk? |
A. Right ventricle (Yes, the right ventricle pumps unoxygenated blood out the pulmonary trunk to the lungs) |
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Which chamber pumps oxygenated blood out the aorta to the systemic circuit? |
B. Left ventricle (Yes, the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood out the aorta to the entire body [systemic circuit]) |
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_____ prevents backflow into the left ventricle |
C. Aortic valve |
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_____ AV valve with three flaps |
B. Tricuspid valve |
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_____ prevents backflow into the right atrium. |
B. Tricuspid valve |
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_____ AV valve with two flaps. |
A. Mitral valve |
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_____ prevents backflow into the right ventricle. |
D. Pulmonary valve |
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_____ prevents backflow into the left atrium. |
A. Mitral valve |
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The order of impulse conduction in the heart, from beginning to end, is: |
B. SA node, AV node, bundle of His, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers |
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In an ischemic heart, the affected cardiac muscle cells are likely to have an altered _____. |
D. Resting membrane potential (Ischemia is cell and tissue damage that results from a lack of proper blood and oxygen delivery. The damaged tissue is normally replaced by scar tissue that lacks the normal cell structure of the original tissue. So "scarred" cardiac muscle would lack the pumps and channels that are necessary to establish resting membrane potential.) |
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Which of the following does not deliver blood to the right atrium? |
D. Pulmonary veins |
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In what direction does blood flow through the heart? |
A. From a region of high pressure to a region of low pressure (Blood moves through the heart from atria to ventricles and out large arteries, always from areas of high pressure to areas of lower pressure through one-way valves.) |
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Atrial pressure is greater than ventricular pressure during which phase of the cardiac cycle? |
A. Atrial contraction (Blood always flows from high to low pressure. During atrial contraction, blood flows from atria [high pressure] to ventricles [low pressure]. Similarly, this same pressure gradient exists during ventricular filling.) |
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At what point during the cardiac cycle does the AV valve close? |
D. When ventricular pressure becomes greater than atrial pressure (When ventricular pressure rises above atrial pressure, the AV valve closes. This prevents blood from flowing backward through the heart.) |
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At what point in the cardiac cycle does the semilunar valve open? |
D. When ventricular pressure becomes greater than aortic pressure (When pressure in the ventricle exceeds pressure in the aorta, the semilunar valve opens. This allows blood to be ejected from the ventricle.) |
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Ventricular pressure is greater than aortic pressure during which phase of the cardiac cycle? |
A. Ventricular ejection (While pressure in the ventricle is greater than pressure in the aorta, the semilunar valve remains open. This allows blood to be ejected from the ventricle.) |
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At what point in the cardiac cycle does the semilunar valve close? |
B. When pressure in the ventricle becomes less than aortic pressure (When pressure in the ventricle drops below aortic pressure, the semilunar valve shuts. This prevents blood from flowing backward through the heart.) |
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Isovolumetric relaxation is characterized by which of the following? |
The semilunar and AV valves are closed (During isovolumetric relaxation, all valves into and out of the ventricles remain closed. This prevents blood from flowing backward through the heart.) |
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At what point in the cardiac cycle does the AV valve open? |
C. When atrial pressure becomes greater than ventricular pressure (Blood flows through the heart in one direction [atria-ventricles-large arteries] and from high to low pressure. When pressure in the atrium becomes greater than ventricular pressure, the AV valve opens; and blood flows from the atrium into the ventricle.) |
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Which heart chamber sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs? |
D. Right ventricle (The right ventricle sends the deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary trunk.) |
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What is the main function of heart valves? |
A. To prevent backward flow of blood (Heart valves are one-way valves that prevent blood from flowing backward. For example, the AV valves only allow blood to flow from the atria to the ventricles. And the semilunar valves only allow blood to flow from the ventricles to the aorta and pulmonary trunk. When valves do not completely close, blood flows backward through the heart, creating an abnormal "sloshing" sound known as a heart murmur.) |
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When the atria contract, which of the following is true? |
A. The ventricles are in diastole (Atrial contraction fills each of the ventricles to their maximum capacity – the end diastolic volume [EDV]. This occurs towards the end of ventricular diastole while the ventricles are still relaxed.) |
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Which of the following is equivalent to the ventricular volume during isovolumetric contraction? |
D. The end diastolic volume (EDV) (Isovolumetric contraction occurs at the beginning of ventricular systole when the ventricular volume is at its maximum value – the end diastolic volume [EDV]. Because no volume changes occur during isovolumetric contraction, ventricular volume remains at this value throughout the phase.) |
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Which of the following is true during ventricular systole? |
D. The AV valves are closed (At the beginning of ventricular systole, the one-way AV valves are forced shut. The AV valves remain shut throughout the ventricular systole. This prevents blood from flowing back into the atria when the ventricles contract.) |
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During the ventricular ejection phase of the cardiac cycle, which of the following is true? |
D. The semilunar valves are open (During ventricular ejection, blood flows from the ventricles into the arteries. To do so, the blood must pass through the semilunar valves, which must be open during this phase. Narrowing of the left semilunar valve reduces blood flow out of the heart, a disease condition known as aortic stenosis.) |
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Most of the decrease in ventricular volume takes place during which phase of the cardiac cycle? |
A. Ventricular ejection (As the ventricles contract, blood is forced through the semilunar valves and out into the arteries, resulting in a reduction in ventricular blood volume. At the end of this phase, ventricular volume is at a minimum-the "end-systolic volume" [ESV].) |
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Which of the following is equivalent to the ventricular volume during isovolumetric relaxation? |
A. End systolic volume (ESV) (Isovolumetric relaxation occurs at the beginning of ventricular diastole when the ventricular volume is at tits minimum value – the end systolic volume (ESV). Because no volume changes occur during Isovolumetric relaxation, ventricular volume remains at this value throughout the phase.) |
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Most of the increase in left ventricular volume takes place during what phase of the cardiac cycle? |
A. Ventricular filling (During ventricular filling the AV valves remain open, which allows blood to flow from the atria into the ventricles. The passive flow of blood during this phase [before atrial contraction] accounts for roughly 80 percent of the increase in ventricular volume.) |
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Which layer of the heart wall contracts and is composed primarily of cardiac muscle tissue? |
D. Myocardium |
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Determine which ECG shows a mostly 2:1 ratio of P waves to QRS waves. Select from letters A-D. |
C |
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Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets. |
|
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The heart’s pacemaker is the _____. |
B. Sinoatrial node (The Sinoatrial node [SA node], which is the right atrial wall, is the heart’s pacemaker. The autorhythmic cells of this node generate the sinus rhythm that determines heart rate.) |
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Which statement regarding cardiac muscle structure is accurate? |
D. Myofibrils of cardiac muscle tissue vary in diameter and branch extensively |
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The heart has _____ chambers and _____ valves. |
C. 4; 4 |
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(T/F) The left side of the heart is considered the systemic circuit pump. |
True. |
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Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets. |
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Which heart chamber sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs? |
C. Right ventricle |
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What causes normal heart sounds? |
A. Heart valve closure (Heart sounds are caused by heart valve closure.) |
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Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets. |
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The left ventricular wall of the heart is thicker than the right wall in order to _____. |
A. Pump blood with greater pressure |
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Isovolumetric relaxation and ventricular filling (two phases of the cardiac cycle) take place during _____. |
B. Ventricular diastole (Yes, both occur during ventricular diastole when the ventricles are not actively contracting and ejecting blood.) |
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Which of the following is correct about the filling of the ventricles? |
B. Most blood flows passively into the ventricles through open AV valves (Yes, most of the ventricular filling is passive; atrial contraction adds just a little more blood.) |
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Describe the pressures in the atria and ventricles that would cause the opening of the AV valves. |
B. Pressure in the atria would be greater than the pressure in the ventricles (Yes, higher pressure in the atria than in the ventricles forces the AV valves to open and blood moves into the ventricles.) |
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What causes the aortic semilunar valve to close? |
B. Greater pressure in the aorta than in the left ventricle (Yes, backflow of blood in the aorta [towards the left ventricle] closes the aortic semilunar valve.) |
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Put the phases of the cardiac cycle in the correct order, starting after ventricular filling. |
D. Isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, Isovolumetric relaxation (Yes, the ventricles must contract and eject blood before they relax and fill again.) |
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Increased pressure in the ventricles would close what valve(s)? |
C. AV valves only (Yes, increased pressure in the ventricles would close the AV valves.) |
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What is afterload? |
C. Back pressure exerted by atrial blood |
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What is correctly matched? |
C. Quiescent period: total heart relaxation between heartbeats |
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What structures connect the individual heart muscle cells? |
C. Intercalated discs |
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The QRS complex represents _____. |
A. Ventricular depolarization (The QRS complex shows ventricular depolarization.) |
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Which of the following would increase cardiac output to the greatest extent? |
A. Increased heart rate and increased stroke volume (Yes, cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume.) |
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Which of the following would increase heart rate? |
D. Epinephrine and norepinephrine (Yes, secreted by the adrenal medulla as a result of sympathetic stimulation, these hormones act as part of the sympathetic response, increasing heart rate.) |
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How would an increase in the sympathetic nervous system increase stroke volume? |
A. Increased contractility (Yes, an increase in sympathetic nervous system activity would increase contractility [by increasing available calcium], thus increasing stroke volume. Contractility causes an increase in stroke volume by decreasing end systolic volume; it does not change end diastolic volume) |
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By what mechanism would an increase in venous return increase stroke volume? |
C. Increased end diastolic volume (Yes, an increase in venous return increases the end diastolic volume. The fibers are stretched more, resulting in an increase in the force of contraction [preload, or the Frank-Starling Mechanism].) |
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How would a decrease in blood volume affect both stroke volume and cardiac output? |
A. Decreased stroke volume and no change in cardiac output (Yes, a decreased blood volume would decrease the end diastolic volume, thus lowering the stroke volume. Although this would initially lead to a decrease in the cardiac output, heart rate would increase because of increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system in an effort to maintain cardiac output.) |
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An abnormal P wave could be indicative of _____. |
D. Enlarged atria (The P wave on an ECG tracing represents SA node firing and subsequent atrial depolarization.) |
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Which of the following intrinsic mechanisms (autoregulation) for controlling arteriolar smooth muscle diameter promotes vasoconstriction? |
A. Endothelins |
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What do the ductus arteriosus and the foramen ovale become at birth? |
B. Ligamentum arteriosum; fossa ovalis |
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Which of the following would not move by diffusion across a capillary into the surrounding tissue? |
D. Proteins |
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Which of the following result(s) in an increase in fluid flow rate? |
C. Increase in pressure and increase in radius diameter |
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Describe the plot of pressure versus flow rate. |
B. It was linear, and the flow rate increased with increased pressure |
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In this activity, we changed the pressure delivered by the left beaker. This is analogous to _____. |
C. Increasing the force of contraction of the heart |
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The aorta is an example of a(n) _____. |
D. Elastic artery (Elastic arteries are thick-walled arteries near the heart. These arteries are the largest in diameter. Elastic arteries act as pressure reservoirs; they expand and contract as blood is ejected from the heart.) |
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In this activity, which of the following were kept constant? |
C. Blood vessel radius and blood vessel length |
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Which of the following describes the graph of flow versus viscosity? |
D. As viscosity increased, the flow rate decreased and the graph was curved |
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Which viscosity had the fastest flow rate? |
A. 1 |
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What is the typical range for viscosity of the blood? |
B. 3 to 5 |
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Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets. |
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What are the smallest blood vessels in the body? |
A. Capillaries (Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels both in terms of their overall diameter [only slightly bigger than a red blood cell] and the thickness of their vessel wall [in places, only one endothelial cell thick]. This small size is important for maximizing the rate of nutrient and waste exchange by diffusion – a process that only works quickly over short distances.) |
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Bulk fluid movement across capillary walls is typically through what structures? |
B. Intercellular clefts (Intercellular clefts are fluid-filled spaces between [iner-, between] capillary endothelial cells. These gaps allow bulk fluid flow across the capillary wall. Brain capillaries are the exception here. The absence of intercellular clefts in brain capillaries constitutes what is known as the blood-brain barrier.) |
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Net (positive) hydrostatic pressure tends to move fluid out of capillaries. The resulting bulk fluid movement is known as _____. |
A. Filtration (Net hydrostatic pressure, which is roughly equivalent to the "blood pressure" within capillaries, "pushes" water and solutes out through pores and gaps in the capillary walls. Making espresso coffee is analogous. High pressure steam forces water through a filter [analogous to the capillary wall] and into the espresso cup. Water and coffee flavor [nutrients] make it into the cup [interstitial space], but the coffee grounds [blood cells and plasma proteins] are left behind in the machine [capillary]). |
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Net (positive) osmotic pressure tends to move fluid into capillaries. The resulting bulk fluid movement is known as _____. |
B. Reabsorption (Net osmotic pressure is due to nondiffusible plasma proteins, such as albumin that "suck" fluid into capillaries from the interstitial space. This passive "reclamation" of fluid from the tissues is important in maintaining fluid balances [homeostasis] within the body.) |
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Near the arteriole end of a capillary, what is the relationship between net hydrostatic pressure and net osmotic pressure? |
C. Net hydrostatic pressure is greater than net osmotic pressure (Net hydrostatic pressure dominates near the arteriole end of a capillary. Because net hydrostatic pressure "pushes" fluid out of the blood, filtration occurs at this end. Pulmonary capillaries can be exposed to excessively high hydrostatic pressure during heart failure, which leads to excessive filtration and fluid build-up in the lungs [pulmonary edema]). |
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How do net hydrostatic pressure and net osmotic pressure each change along the length of a capillary (from arteriole to venule)? |
D. Net osmotic pressure stays about the same and net hydrostatic pressure decreases (Net osmotic pressure is an indication of the concentration of nondiffusible molecules in the blood. This concentration stays approximately the same throughout the circulation. In contrast, net hydrostatic pressure, which is essentially blood pressure, decreases between the arterial and venous ends of the capillary. The change in net hydrostatic pressure leads to a change in NFP along the length of the capillary, causing filtration near the arteriole and reabsorption near the venule.) |
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Which of the following most accurately describes how net filtration pressure (NFP) affects bulk fluid flow across capillary walls? |
A. Positive NFP causes filtration (As its name implies, positive net-filtration pressure causes filtration. This is the bulk movement of fluid out of the blood and into the tissues. Fluid flow in the opposite direction – reabsorption – is caused by negative net filtration pressure. |
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At a given point along a capillary, the net hydrostatic pressure (Net HP) is 20 mm Hg and the net osmotic pressure (Net OP) is 25 mm Hg. What is the Net Filtration (NFP) at the point? |
D. -5 mm Hg (The equation for Net Filtration Pressure is: NFP = Net HP – Net OP. Using the given values for Net HP and Net OP: 20 mm Hg – 25 mm Hg = -5 mm Hg. A negative value for NFP indicates the reabsorption is occurring at that point along the capillary.) |
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Overall, fluid moves out of capillaries and into the interstitial space. Which of the following best describes why this occurs? |
C. Capillary filtration is greater than capillary reabsorption (Filtration is the bulk movement of fluid out of a capillary and reabsorption is bulk movement of fluid into a capillary. Along a capillary, both filtration and reabsorption occur. But overall, filtration [due to net hydrostatic pressure] exceeds reabsorption [due to net osmotic pressure]. This means that capillaries constantly leak fluid into the interstitial space. This leaked fluid is eventually returned to the blood via the lymphatic system.) |
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Which of the following most correctly describes the need for a functional lymphatic system? |
D. Lymphatic vessels return interstitial fluid to the blood (With more bulk fluid flow out of the capillaries [filtration] than in [reabsorption], fluid is constantly accumulating in the tissues. To maintain homeostasis, the lymphatic system must remove this excess fluid from the tissues and return it to the cardiovascular system. Blockage of lymphatics, by tumor growth for example, causes severe localized swelling [edema]). |
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Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets. |
y |
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What is the value for the net filtration pressure (NFP) at the arteriolar end of the capillary? |
D. 10 mm Hg |
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Increasing blood vessel length _____. |
B. Has the same effect as decreasing blood vessel radius and increases resistance to flow |
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Which flow tube length had the greatest flow rate? |
D. 10 mm |
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Which of the following has the greatest effect on blood flow? |
D. Blood vessel radius |
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Which of the following describes why the body might need to increase vessel length? |
C. To accommodate weight gain and height changes |
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Which of the following is true about veins? |
C. Veins have valves; arteries do not |
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What pressure is responsible for reabsorption and for pulling fluids into the venous end of capillaries? |
B. Osmotic pressure in capillary (OPc) |
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Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets. |
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(T/F) A sustained blood pressure of 140/90 or greater indicates hypertension in the patient. |
True |
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(T/F) Vasodilation will result in increased blood flow to a given tissue. |
True |
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How does the body decrease the blood vessel radius? |
B. Vasoconstriction |
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When the radius of the flow tube is decreased, the _____. |
E. Fluid flow rate decreases |
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During exercise, we might expect blood vessels in the skeletal muscle to be somewhat _____ and the blood vessels in the digestive organs to be somewhat _____. |
D. Dilated, constricted |
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Laminar flow of the blood is achieved through _____. |
B. Vasodilation |
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Which of the following is NOT an important source of resistance to blood flow? |
D. Total blood volume (Total blood volume is not an important source of resistance to blood flow. However, blood volume does have a direct effect on blood pressure.) |
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Which of the following is directly involved in long-term blood pressure regulation? |
C. Renal mechanisms |
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In the capillaries, hydrostatic pressure (HP) is exerted by ______. |
B. Blood pressure (Yes, blood pressure is the driving force for filtration.) |
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The net hydrostatic pressure (HP) is the hydrostatic pressure in the _____ minus hydrostatic pressure in the _____. |
A. Capillary; interstitial fluid (Yes, the capillary hydrostatic pressure [HPc; caused by blood pressure] is much higher than the interstitial hydrostatic pressure [HPl]. The interstitial fluid is forced out of the capillaries.) |
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Which of the following would reflect the typical net hydrostatic pressure (HP) at the arterial end of the capillary? |
A. 34 mm Hg (Yes, HPc [35 mm Hg] – HPl [1 mm Hg] = 34 mm Hg, which is the net hydrostatic pressure at the arterial end. The hydrostatic pressure of the blood is much higher at the arterial end of the capillary, thus favoring filtration.) |
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The colloid osmotic pressure in the capillary is caused by _____. |
A. Proteins in the blood (Yes, the non-diffusible proteins in the plasma exert the colloid osmotic pressure, which pulls fluid into the capillary.) |
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Which net pressure draws fluid into the capillary? |
A. Net osmotic pressure (Yes, the proteins exert colloid osmotic pressure, which draws fluid into the capillary.) |
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Reabsorption of fluid into the capillary takes place at the arterial end or venous end of the capillary? |
A. Venous (Yes, because the hydrostatic pressure of blood [which favors filtration out of the capillary] is lowest in the venous end of the capillary.) |
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The force of the blood against the vessel wall. |
C. Blood pressure |
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The amount of friction blood encounters during flow through blood vessels. |
B. Total peripheral resistance |
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The volume of blood pumped out by one ventricle each minute. |
D. Cardiac output |
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The friction of red blood cells encounter when moving past each other. |
A. Blood viscosity |
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The free-flowing blood located in the middle of a blood vessel is called ____. |
A. Laminar flow |
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The flow rate of a liquid is _____. |
D. Directly proportional to the pressure gradient |
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Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched with the corresponding equipment used in this experiment? |
C. All of the above are matched correctly |
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Which of the following has the greatest effect on peripheral resistance? |
C. Blood vessel diameter |
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Why is it important that blood pressure drop to lower levels as it reaches the capillary beds? |
C. Because capillaries are fragile and extremely permeable (Low capillary pressures are desirable because capillaries are fragile and high pressures would rupture them. Most capillaries are extremely permeable and thus even the low pressure forces solute-containing fluids out of the bloodstream into the interstitial space.) |
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When blood vessel length increases, _____. |
D. Surface area increases |
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Which of the following is true of blood vessel length? |
B. It increases as we approach puberty |
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In this experiment, _____. |
E. Blood vessel radius will be kept constant and blood vessel length will be varied |
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Gas and nutrient exchange occur in the: |
B. Capillaries |
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Blood from the lower limbs is returned to the heart via the: |
C. Inferior vena cava |
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Which of the following would experience a decreased blood flow during exercise? |
B. Kidneys |
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What type of tissue is found in the walls of the arteries but not in the walls of capillaries and venules? |
B. Elastic tissue (The arteries contain elastic tissue because they receive blood under great pressure. They are pressure reservoirs, expanding and recoiling as blood is ejected from the heart. Capillaries are very thin, consisting of just a tunica intima, functioning as sites of gas and nutrient exchange between the blood and tissues. Large venules have one or two layers of smooth muscle cells [a scanty tunica media] and a thin tunica externa. Veins have all three tunics, but their walls are always thinner and their lumens larger than those of corresponding arteries.) |
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Which vessels carry blood away from the heart? |
A. Arteries |
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Which of the following is an example of autoregulation of blood flow? |
C. Nitric oxide |
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Which of the following will lower blood pressure? |
A. Atrial natriuretic peptide |
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Where are the sensors for the arterial baroreceptor reflex located? |
C. Carotid sinus and aortic arch (Yes, the sensors are the arterial baroreceptors themselves, located at the carotid sinus and aortic arch. They detect changes in blood pressure by the degree of stretch on the blood vessel.) |
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If blood pressure is increased at the arterial baroreceptors, what would happen with the activity level of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS)? |
B. Increased PNS activity and decreased SNS activity (Yes, the PNS activity would increase and the SNS activity would decrease in an attempt to lower blood pressure.) |
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Which of the following would cause vasodilation of arterioles? |
D. Decreased activity of the sympathetic nervous system (Yes, a decrease in the activity of the sympathetic nervous system would result in decreased activity of vasomotor fibers, resulting in vasodilation.) |
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Stimulation of the adrenal medulla would result in which of the following? |
D. An increase in heart rate and contractility (Yes, epinephrine and norepinephrine are released from the adrenal medulla and act as part of the sympathetic nervous system, increasing heart rate and contractility. Epinephrine and norepinephrine have other effects that would also increase blood pressure.) |
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A decrease in blood pressure at the arterial baroreceptors would result in which of the following? |
A. An increase in heart contractility (Yes, sympathetic nervous system activity would be increased because of the low blood pressure. Sympathetic fibers go to the ventricles of the heart and increase their contractility. An increase in contractili8ty would increase stroke volume which would lead to an increase in cardiac output and blood pressure.) |
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Which arteries carry deoxygenated blood? |
D. Pulmonary arteries |
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Polycythemia results in _____. |
E. Increased resistance to flow |
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What is the effect of increased viscosity? |
D. Decreased flow rate |
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Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched? |
C. Thrombocytes – plasma proteins |
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_____ is the pressure that propels blood to the tissues. |
B. Mean arterial pressure |
|
Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets. |
|
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How does inflating a blood pressure cuff affect brachial artery blood flow? |
A. It restricts local circulation |
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Other than the brain and heart, what organ would hypertension affect the most? |
B. Kidney |
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Which of the following would be a result of anaphylaxis (a systemic allergic reaction)? |
B. Vascular shock |
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Which organ’s blood flow pattern results in low oxygen levels causing vasoconstriction and high oxygen levels causing vasodilation? |
C. Lungs (The pulmonary circulation is opposite what is seen in most tissues. Low pulmonary oxygen levels cause local vasoconstriction and high levels promote vasodilation.) |
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(T/F) All capillary beds are continuously perfused with blood. |
False |
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Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets. |
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Which capillaries are the most common in the body? |
B. Continuous capillaries (Continuous capillaries are the most common type of capillaries in the body.) |
|
What type of tissue is found in the walls of the arteries that leave the heart but not in the walls of the large veins that enter the heart? |
B. Elastic tissue |
|
Which of the following would decrease peripheral resistance to blood flow? |
C. Anemia |
|
Which lymphoid organ extracts aged and defective blood cells and platelets from the blood in addition to storing some of the breakdown products for later reuse? Select from letters A-D. |
C |
|
After surgical removal of the spleen (i.e., a splenectomy), some other organs take over most of its functions. Which of the following spleen functions in the adult can not be performed by bone marrow? |
C. Removal of aged and damaged red blood cells from the blood (The bone marrow lacks mature macrophages. Macrophages are essential in the destruction of red blood cells in the spleen.) |
|
Which of the following is a role of lymph nodes? |
A. They filter lymph (Lymph nodes are rich with macrophages, B cells, and T cells; therefore, the lymph nodes are primed for activating the immune system. Structurally, lymph nodes have a capsule and medullary chords and sinuses that serve to filter lymph fluid.) |
|
Which of the following is NOT considered a lymph node function? |
A. To filter blood |
|
What causes the increased size of an activated cervical lymph node during infection? |
C. Lymphocyte division |
|
To what organ do the lymphatic vessels return protein-rich escaped fluids to rejoin circulation? |
C. Heart |
|
Which of the following is NOT a part of the lymphatic system? |
D. Blood vessels |
|
Within buboes, bacteria are directly attacked by _____. |
C. Macrophages (Macrophages are large phagocytic cells (macro = big; phage = to eat). They are capable of directly destroying invading bacteria by engulfing and breaking them down using lysosomal enzymes. Buboes are lymph nodes that are inflamed due to a bacterial infection.) |
|
Lymphatic collecting vessels are most closely associated with: |
A. Capillary beds |
|
What is the main function of the lymphatic system? |
D. The lymphatic system returns leaked fluid and plasma proteins that escape from the bloodstream to the blood |
|
Which of these lymphoid organs destroys bacteria before it can breach the intestinal wall and generates "memory" lymphocytes for long-term memory? Select from letters A-D. |
D |
|
What is the role of the B lymphocytes (B cells) in lymphoid tissue? |
C. Produce plasma cells that secrete antibodies |
|
(T/F) The thymus functions strictly in maturation of T cells. |
True (See page 759 in the textbook. The thymus is prominent in newborns and it continues to increase in size until the child is about a year old. After puberty, the thymus begins to diminish in size. Unlike the other lymphoid tissues/organs, the thymus does not directly combat foreign antigens. Rather, the exclusive role of the thymus is to foster T cell maturation [not B cell maturation]. Structurally, the thymus is the only lymphoid tissue/organ that lacks reticular fibers.) |
|
Which lymphoid organ serves as the site where T lymphocytes become immunocompetent T cells? |
B. Thymus gland (The thymus gland is the site where T lymphocyte precursors mature to become immunocompetent T lymphocytes.) |
|
Lymphedema may be treated by all EXCEPT which of the following? |
D. Bed rest to allow enhanced blood flow and therefore healing of the affected area (Lymphedema is swelling that occurs when normal lymphatic drainage is blocked. If a person remains stationary, it decreases skeletal muscle contraction, which facilitates lymph drainage.) |
|
What is the role of the mini-valves in lymph capillaries? |
D. Increase permeability (The lymph capillaries owe their permeability to the mini-valves formed by the lack of tight junctions between the endothelial cells and the collagen filaments anchoring the endothelial cells to surrounding structures.) |
|
What do collecting lymphatic vessels NOT share in common with veins of the cardiovascular system? |
D. Thickness of the walls |
|
Where are the three large clusters of superficial lymph nodes? |
A. Cervical, inguinal, and axillary regions |
|
Which of the following are considered the primary immune system cells? |
D. Lymphocytes |
|
Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets. |
|
|
(T/F) Digested fats are absorbed from the intestine by the lymph capillaries. |
True |
|
Which lymphoid organ is primarily active during the early years of life? Select from letters A-D. |
B |
|
Lymphatic vessels: |
B. Return tissue fluid to the bloodstream |
|
Which lymphoid organ serves in immune surveillance and in filtering lymph? |
D. Lymph nodes (Lymph nodes function as lymph filters and immune surveillance units. They exist in large numbers and are located everywhere in the body, with the exception of the bones, teeth, bone marrow, and the entire central nervous system.) |
|
Peyer’s patches are located: |
D. Along the small intestine |
|
Lymph is most similar to _____. |
B. Interstitial fluid (Interstitial fluid and lymph are the same in composition. Interstitial fluid is renamed lymph as soon as it enters a lymphatic vessel.) |
|
Once collected, lymph is returned to _____. |
C. Venous circulation (From the terminal lymphatic ducts, lymph rejoins venous circulation via the subclavian veins.) |
|
(T/F) Lymph arrives to the lymph nodes via efferent lymphatic vessels. |
False |
|
During pulmonary circulation, blood leaves the _____. |
C. Right ventricle and flows directly to the lungs (The movement of oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle to the lungs is part of the pulmonary circuit.) |
|
During systemic circulation, blood leaves the _____. |
D. Left ventricle and flows directly to the aorta (The movement of oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to the aorta is part of the systemic circuit.) |
|
The endothelium is composed of _____. |
E. Simple squamous epithelium (The endothelium is the thin sheet of simple squamous epithelium lining all vessels.) |
|
The inferior vena cava brings blood from the lower regions of the body and empties into the _____. |
C. Right atrium (The right atrium receives blood both from the superior and inferior venae cavae.) |
|
Which of the following is the correct sequence of layers in the vessel wall from superior to deep? |
B. Tunica externa, tunica media, tunica intima (The tunica externa is the outermost layer, the tunica media is the middle layer, and the tunica intima lines the vessel.) |
|
The major long-term mechanism of blood pressure control is provided by the _____. |
D. Kidneys (The kidneys act both directly and indirectly to regulate arterial pressure and provide the major long-term mechanism of blood pressure control by altering blood volume.) |
|
Exchange of gases and nutrients occurs by diffusion between the _____. |
A. Capillaries and tissue cells (Oxygen, carbon dioxide, most nutrients, and metabolic wastes pass between the blood and interstitial fluid by diffusion through the capillaries.) |
|
Any condition in which blood vessels are inadequately filled and blood CANNOT circulate normally is called _____. |
E. Circulatory shock (Circulatory shock results in inadequate blood flow to meet tissue needs when blood vessels are inadequately filled and blood cannot circulate normally.) |
|
Reduction in the lumen diameter of a blood vessel as the smooth muscle contracts is known as _____. |
E. Vasoconstriction (Depending on the body’s needs, either vasoconstriction [reduction in lumen diameter as the smooth muscle contracts] or vasodilation [increase in diameter] occurs.) |
|
The only vessels that provide direct access to nearly ever cell in the body are the _____. |
C. Capillaries (If blood vessels are compared to a system of expressways and roads, the capillaries are the back alleys and the driveways that provide direct access to nearly every cell in the body.) |
|
Which of the following regulates blood flow at the entrance to each true capillary? |
C. Precapillary sphincter (The cuff of smooth muscle fibers surrounding the root of each true capillary at the metarteriole that acts as a valve to regulate blood flow into the capillary is a precapillary sphincter.) |
|
Loss of vasomotor tone that results in a huge drop in peripheral resistance is known as _____. |
A. Vascular shock (In vascular shock, blood volume is normal and constant but there is an abnormal expansion of the vascular beds, resulting in a huge drop in peripheral resistance, causing blood pressure to fall rapidly.) |
|
Which of the following abdominal arteries branches to form the common hepatic artery, left gastric artery, and splenic artery? |
E. Celiac trunk (The celiac trunk is a large, unpaired artery that branches into the hepatic, left gastric, and splenic arteries to supply much of the upper abdomen.) |
|
Which of the following veins is the longest in the body? |
E. Great saphenous vein (The great saphenous vein is the longest in the body, running from the sole of the foot up to the inguinal region [without changing names].) |
|
Which of the layers of an artery wall is regulated by the sympathetic nervous system and many hormones? |
B. Tunica media The sympathetic nervous system and many hormones do not regulate the subendothelial layer of an artery. |
|
Which of the following types of blood vessels have the proportionally thickest tunica media of all vessels? |
D. Muscular arteries (Muscular arteries have the proportionally thickest tunica media of all vessels.) |
|
_____ inhibits fibrinolysis by competing with plasminogen and may contribute to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. |
B. Lipoprotein (a) Lipoprotein (a) competes with plasminogen but cannot dissolve clots, and it participates in the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. |
|
The minute-to-minute blood flow through the capillary beds is determined by the _____. |
C. Diameter of arterioles (The diameter of arterioles determines the amount of blood flow through the capillary beds.) |
|
The presence of _____ stabilizes the wall of capillaries. |
B. Pericytes (Capillaries do not contain elastic fibers. The presence of pericytes stabilizes the walls of capillaries.) |
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At the arteriolar end of a capillary, _____ pushes fluid into the capillary. |
B. Hydrostatic pressure in the interstitial fluid (Hydrostatic pressure pushes fluids across the wall of the vasculature.) |
|
The flow of blood from the left ventricle to the right atrium is called the _____. |
B. Systemic circulation (The flow of blood from the left ventricle to the right atrium is called the systemic circulation.) |
|
A metarteriole is a vessel that _____. |
C. Is intermediate-between the arteriole and the capillary bed (A vessel that is intermediate between a capillary and a venule is referred to as a thoroughfare channel.) |
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Which of the following conditions would NOT increase the chances of developing varicose veins? |
D. Running in place (Running in place would not increase the chances of developing varicose veins.) |
|
Up to 65% of the body’s blood supply is found in _____. |
D. Veins (Up to 65% of the body’s blood supply is found in veins.) |
|
Changes in peripheral resistance are primarily driven by _____. |
D. Blood vessel diameter (Blood viscosity and vessel length are relatively constant in the short term; therefore, blood vessel diameter is the main driving force in changing peripheral resistance.) |
|
Most neural controls of blood pressure involve input from baroreceptors, which are sensitive to _____. |
D. Changes in blood pressure (Baroreceptors are sensitive to changes in blood pressure.) |
|
An elastic lamina on both sides of the tunica media is a characteristic of _____. |
B. Muscular arteries (Elastic arteries do not have an elastic lamina on both sides of their tunica media.) |
|
Which of the following blood vessels is the most susceptible to atherosclerosis? |
D. The aorta (Although all arteries are susceptible to atherosclerosis, the aorta is the most susceptible.) |
|
Which of the following is the major force generating blood flow? |
D. The pumping action of the heart (The pumping action of the heart generates blood flow.) |
|
Blood services the myocardium of the heart by coronary vessels that originate from the _____. |
C. Aorta (The coronary artery branches from the base of the aorta.) |
|
The vessel layer that has a direct role in vasoconstriction is the ______. |
A. Tunica media |
|
Blood flows directly from _____ into capillary beds. |
A. Arterioles |
|
The vessels that exhibit the lowest level of permeability are the _____. |
C. Continuous capillaries (Continuous capillaries are the most abundant type of capillary. The lining of these capillaries is continuous; there are tight junctions between the endothelial cells that make up continuous capillaries. Fenestrated capillaries have pores, or fenestrations. These pores make fenestrated capillaries more permeable to small solutes and fluids than continuous capillaries. Fenestrated capillaries are found wherever active filtration or absorption occurs (e.g., small intestines and kidneys). Sinusoid capillaries are leaky capillaries because of large intercellular clefts among the endothelial cells. These capillaries allow large molecules and even blood cells to pass into the surrounding tissue. Sinusoid capillaries are found in the liver, bone marrow, spleen, and adrenal medulla. ) |
|
When would the capillary beds surrounding the gastrointestinal organs be open? |
A. When digesting a meal |
|
(T/F) Baroreceptors are effective in long-term regulation of blood pressure. |
False (Short-term blood pressure regulation involves both neural and hormonal controls. Neural control is regulated by higher order brain centers, chemoreceptors, and baroreceptors. Long-term control of blood pressure is achieved through direct and indirect renal (kidney) control mechanisms.) |
|
Which of the following is true when comparing arteries and veins? |
C. Arteries carry blood away from the heart; veins carry blood to the heart (Veins are less muscular than arteries and have a larger lumen; unlike arteries, veins also have valves to prevent the backflow of blood. At any given time, there is more blood present in the veins than in the arteries. Arteries conduct blood away from the heart; veins carry blood to the heart. ) |
|
Blood flow would be increased by _____ |
B. Increasing cardiac output (The greater the amount of peripheral resistance, the lower the blood flow. The three main sources of peripheral resistance are blood viscosity, total blood vessel length, and vessel diameter. Increasing the viscosity or vessel length will result in increased resistance. Anemia can lead to decreased blood viscosity, decreasing peripheral resistance. Increasing the vessel diameter (vasodilation) would decrease resistance and thus increase blood flow. Decreased vessel diameter (vasoconstriction) would increase resistance, decreasing blood flow. Increased cardiac output would increase blood flow. Atherosclerosis can dramatically increase resistance when fatty plaques obstruct the normally smooth laminar blood flow. ) |
|
The difference between systolic and diastolic pressures. |
C. Pulse pressure |
|
Lowest level of aortic pressure. |
B. Diastolic pressure |
|
Peak of aortic pressure. |
A. Systolic pressure |
|
Pressure that propels blood through the tissues. |
D. Mean arterial pressure |
|
Which of the following acts on the kidneys and blood vessels to raise blood pressure? |
A. Antidiuretic hormone |
|
Hypertension is defined physiologically as a condition of sustained arterial pressure of _____ or higher. |
B. 140/90 (A sustained blood pressure of 140/90 is indicative of hypertension.) |
|
(T/F) If the net filtration pressure (NFP) is positive, then fluid is reabsorbed into the blood. |
False |
|
Which of the following would experience increased blood flow during exercise? |
A. Skin |
|
Fluids are likely to leave or filter out of the capillary if _____. |
D. Net hydrostatic pressure (HP) is greater than net osmotic pressure (OP) (A positive net filtration pressure (NFP) would result in filtration. A negative NFP would result in reabsorption. NFP is affected by net hydrostatic pressure (HP) and net osmotic pressure (OP). If net HP is greater than net OP, filtration results. If net HP is less than net OP, reabsorption occurs. This is easier to remember if you think of HP as a filtration force and OP as a reabsorption force. ) |
|
Cardiogenic shock is most likely to result from _____. |
A. Multiple heart attacks |
|
Blood flows from the lungs to the ______ via the ______. |
A. Left atrium; pulmonary veins |
|
Blood from the brain is returned to the heart via the _____. |
B. Superior vena cava (The inferior vena cava returns blood from all body regions below the diaphragm to the heart. The superior vena cava returns blood from all areas superior to the diaphragm, except the heart wall, to the heart.) |
|
The hepatic portal system collects blood from the _____ and then routes it to the _____. |
D. GI tract; liver (Substances that are absorbed into the capillaries surrounding the GI tract will be transported to the liver via the hepatic portal system.) |
|
Metabolic control of blood flow |
A. Nitric oxide |
|
Hormonal control of blood flow. |
D. Angiotensin II |
|
Nervous system control of blood flow. |
C. Sympathetic impulses |
|
Myogenic control of blood flow. |
B. Stretch of vascular smooth muscle |
|
Cardiac output is ____. |
A. The amount of blood pumped out of the heart during every ventricular contraction (Cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume) |
|
Choose the correct sequence of electrical current flow through the heart wall. |
C. SA node, AV node, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches, subendocardial conducting network (Impulses generated by the SA node spread to the AV node, then to the AV bundle, then to the bundle branches, and finally to the subendocardial conducting network (Purkinje fibers).) |
|
During pulmonary circulation, blood leaves the _____ |
D. Right ventricle and flows directly to the lungs |
|
During systemic circulation, blood leaves the _____. |
E. Left ventricle and flows directly to the aorta |
|
From the perspective of blood returning from the systemic circuit, identify the correct sequence of blood flow through the chambers of the heart. |
A. Right atrium, right ventricle, lungs, left atrium, left ventricle |
|
The absolute refractory period refers to the time during which _____. |
D. The muscle cell will not respond to a stimulus of any strength |
|
The cardiac cycle includes all of the following events EXCEPT _____. |
B. The number of times the heart beats in one minute |
|
The coronary arteries arise from the _____. |
A. Aorta |
|
The endocardium is composed of _____. |
E. Squamous epithelium |
|
The inferior vena cava brings blood from the lower regions of the body and empties into the _____. |
B. Right atrium |
|
The structure just deep to the fibrous pericardium is the _____. |
A. Parietal layer of the serous pericardium |
|
The interventricular septum forms a dividing wall between the _____. |
B. Left and right ventricles |
|
The normal pacemaker of the heart is the _____. |
C. SA node |
|
The tricuspid valve is located between the _____. |
E. Right atrium and right ventricle |
|
When the mitral valve closes, it prevents the backflow of blood from the ____. |
E. Left ventricle into the left atrium |
|
Which is the correct sequence of layers in the heart wall, starting with the outer layer? |
A. Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium |
|
Which of the following statements is NOT true about the shape, position, and location of the heart? |
D. The heart is enclosed in a double-layered sac called the pleural membrane |
|
The vessels that carry oxygen to the myocardium are called _____. |
D. Coronary arteries |
|
The contractile cardiac muscle fibers of the myocardium behave as a single, coordinated unit called a _____ |
D. Functional syncytium |
|
The noncontractile cardiac muscle cells that initiate their own depolarization and cause depolarization of the rest of the heart are called _____. |
D. Pacemaker cells |
|
Guided by powerful signaling molecules, the human heart develops from _____. |
C. Mesoderm |
|
Which of the following structures is superficial to the heart wall and serves to protect the heart, anchor the heart, and prevent the heart from overfilling? |
C. The epicardium |
|
The trabeculae carneae are located in the: |
C. Ventricles |
|
What part of the heart is considered the systemic circuit pump? |
C. The left ventricle |
|
The _____ are attached to the AV valve flaps. |
B. Chordae tendineae |
|
Which of the following valves is most often faulty in the heart? |
C. The mitral, or bicuspid, valve |
|
Which of the following factors gives the myocardium its high resistance to fatigue? |
B. A very large number of mitochondria in the cytoplasm |
|
The _____ nerve carries parasympathetic fibers to the sinoatrial (SA) node. |
A. Vagus |
|
An enlarged R wave on an ECG would indicate _____. |
D. An enlarged ventricle |
|
A doctor puts his stethoscope on a patient’s chest over the location of the heart and hears an abnormal swishing sound. Which of the following conditions is the best diagnosis for the patient’s condition? |
A. Incompetent cardiac valve |
|
Which of the following is NOT a role of the fibrous pericardium? |
A. It facilitates heart contraction |
|
The lining of the heart chambers is called the ______ |
A. Endocardium |
|
The superior chambers of the heart are called the _____ |
C. Atria |
|
Freshly oxygenated blood is delivered to the _____, and then it passes into the _____ to be pumped to the body tissues (systemic circuit). |
D. Left atrium; left ventricle |
|
Into which chamber of the heart do the pulmonary veins deliver blood? |
B. Left atrium |
|
Supplies blood to the lateral right side of the myocardium |
A. Right marginal artery |
|
Runs to the apex of the heart. |
B. Posterior interventricular artery |
|
Supplies blood to the left atrium and posterior walls of the left ventricle. |
C. Anterior interventricular artery |
|
Supplies blood to the interventricular septum and anterior walls of both ventricles. |
D. Circumflex artery |
|
The most muscular chamber of the heart is the _____. |
C. Left ventricle |
|
Prevents backflow of blood into the right ventricle. |
D. Pulmonary semilunar valve |
|
Prevents backflow of blood into the left ventricle. |
C. Aortic semilunar valve |
|
Valve between the right atrium and right ventricle. |
B. Mitral (bicuspid) valve |
|
Valve between the left atrium and left ventricle. |
A. Tricuspid valve |
|
Which of the following is a difference between cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle? |
D. Unlike skeletal muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells can be autorhythmic |
|
The role of the atrioventricular node (AV node) is to _____. |
C. Slow down impulses so that the atria can contract to fill the adjacent ventricles with blood |
|
Which of the following are correctly paired? |
C. Ectopic focus: an abnormal pacemaker |
|
The P wave of an electrocardiogram represents _____. |
B. Atrial depolarization |
|
The second heart sound (the "dup" of "lub-dup") is caused by the _____. |
B. Closure of the semilunar valves |
|
Contraction. |
B. Systole |
|
Relaxation |
C. Diastole |
|
The amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute. |
E. Cardiac output |
|
The volume of blood pumped by one ventricle with each heartbeat |
D. Stroke volume |
|
The events associated with blood flow through the heart during one complete heartbeat |
A. Cardiac cycle |
|
Which of the following would lead to a decrease in heart rate? |
C. Parasympathetic stimulation |
|
(T/F) In the fetus, blood from the left and right sides of the heart normally mix. |
True |
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