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Identify the thyroid gland. |
A The thyroid gland is located in the lower anterior throat superficial to the trachea at the level of the cricoid cartilage. |
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Identify the pancreas. |
D The pancreas occupies a retroperitoneal position partially behind the stomach. |
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Which of these glands is responsible for regulating minerals in the body but is also part of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system? |
C The adrenal glands have a medulla that contains postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. Its cortex helps regulates mineral levels in the body, along with other functions. |
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Which of the following is NOT representative of endocrine glands? They drain into blood vessels. |
They have ducts. |
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Which of the following is NOT an endocrine gland? |
adenoid |
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What is the primary function of hormones? |
alter cell activity |
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Steroid hormones are synthesized from amino acids. |
False |
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What property of a hormone would allow it to pass unassisted through a plasma membrane? protein-based |
lipid-soluble |
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At which point has the hormone bound to its intracellular receptor but not yet entered the nucleus? |
B The receptor-hormone complex has formed and is about to enter the nucleus. |
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What amino acid-based hormone uses the direct gene activation method illustrated in this image? mineralocorticoids |
Thyroxine |
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The benefit of using a second messenger signaling system is rapid speed of communication. |
False |
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Which of the following is NOT a major type of stimulus that triggers endocrine glands to manufacture and release hormones? humoral |
enzymatic |
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Which of the following occurs in situations where more than one hormone produces the same effects at the target cell and their combined effects are amplified? antagonism |
synergism |
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Water-soluble hormones are metabolized quickly by the liver. |
False |
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What allows a cell to respond to a hormone? |
the presence of a specific hormone receptor |
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Which of the following is NOT characteristic of water-soluble hormones? short half-life in blood |
intracellular receptors |
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Up-regulation involves the loss of receptors and prevents the target cells from overreacting to persistently high hormone levels. |
False |
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__________ is the situation when one hormone exaggerates the effects of another hormone at the target cell? Permissiveness |
Synergism |
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A blow to the head may cause diabetes insipidus by ______. triggering the hypersecretion of hypothalamic-inhibiting hormones |
interfering with the normal transmission of ADH to the posterior pituitary via the axons of hypothalamic neurons |
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Acromegaly may be caused by all EXCEPT which of the following? hypersecretion of GHRH (growth hormone-releasing hormone) |
positive feedback by GH (growth hormone) on the anterior pituitary |
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Hyperprolactinemia may be caused by ______. hyposecretion of dopamine |
hyposecretion of dopamine |
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What area of the brain is designated by letter A? hypothalamus |
hypothalamus |
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What hormone released into the blood (shown by letter D) by the posterior pituitary inhibits or prevents urine formation? |
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
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Where are the hormones oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) stored? |
C The axon terminals of neurons of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tracts store and secrete ADH and oxytocin in the capillaries of the inferior hypophyseal artery. |
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Hypersecretion of what hormone can produce the effects of gigantism in the individual in the center of this image? aldosterone |
growth hormone (GH) |
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What gland secretes growth hormone? anterior pituitary |
anterior pituitary |
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Undersecretion of anterior pituitary hormones in children causes several of the following conditions. Which of these would NOT be linked to insufficient hormones form the anterior pituitary? failure to sexually mature |
All of the listed responses are correct. |
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Where is thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) made? posterior pituitary |
hypothalamus |
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What is the target organ of thyroid hormones’ metabolic effects? hypothalamus |
cells of the body |
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Which of these would be an effect of an excess of thyroid hormones? A would release less TRH. |
A would release less TRH |
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Which of the following hormones helps the body avoid dehydration and water overload? follicle-stimulating hormone |
antidiuretic hormone |
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What is the name for the type of hormone, secreted by the pituitary that regulates other endocrine organs? somatotropins |
tropins |
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Which of the following hormones stimulates an increase in basal metabolic rate as a tropic hormone? follicle-stimulating hormone |
thyroid-stimulating hormone |
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The hypothalamus is known to control the activity of the thyroid, which has traditionally been called the master endocrine gland. |
False |
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Which of the following is a hormone produced by the posterior pituitary? oxytocin |
None of the listed responses is correct. |
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What is required for the production of anterior pituitary gland hormones? humoral stimuli |
hormonal stimuli |
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Which hormone aids in water resorption? |
antidiuretic hormone |
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Which of the following hormones has a different effect when it is released in males instead of females? |
follicle-stimulating hormone |
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You would predict that iodized salt would have no effect on any cases of ____________. cretinism |
Graves’ disease |
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What type of cell is shown at letter C? |
follicular cells |
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What material is stored in the thyroid follicles? thyroid hormones, ready to be immediately released |
iodinated thyroglobulin, from which thyroid hormone can be released |
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What hormone is released by the cells pictured in letter D? parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
calcitonin These humorally-stimulated cells respond to increasing levels of calcium in the blood and secrete calcitonin to counteract it. |
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Hypocalcemia could be caused by the ______. apoptosis of parathyroid cells |
All of the listed responses are correct. |
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What type of stimulation controls parathyroid release? |
humoral |
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Which of the following would result from hypoparathyroidism? neurons becoming more excitable and producing tingling sensations |
neurons becoming more excitable and producing tingling sensations |
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If a person’s parathyroids are responding properly to a drop in blood calcium, which of the following should result? Vitamin D levels in the blood drop. |
Less calcium is placed in the urine by the kidneys |
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Which of the following glands increases blood calcium levels? thyroid |
parathyroid |
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Aldosteronism will cause ______. decreased secretion of renin |
decreased secretion of renin |
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Cushing’s syndrome and aldosteronism have the same effects on ______. blood pressure |
blood pressure |
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Two adrenal glands make hormones that are essential for life. However, in adrenogenital syndrome, females develop a beard and a masculine pattern of body hair distribution; this occurs due to ______. negative feedback that inhibits estrogen production |
lack of enzymes the adrenal gland needs to make cortisol and aldosterone |
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Pheochromocytoma produces symptoms of uncontrolled sympathetic nervous system activity. Which of the following is common to both adrenal chromaffin cells and adrenergic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system? the presence of axons capable of secreting substances that are capable of increasing heart rate |
secretion of norepinephrine |
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What hormone, indicated by letter B, is released by the anterior pituitary to target the adrenal cortex when we are under stress? adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
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Which of these conditions would promote aldosterone release from the adrenal glands? An increase in blood pressure is sensed in the heart. |
A drop in blood pressure is sensed in the kidney. |
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Which letter represents the hormone that promotes a decrease in blood pressure and a loss of sodium and water in urine? |
D The letter D indicates atrial natriuretic peptide, which is released from the heart when high blood pressure is sensed. It causes more sodium ("natrium") to be placed in the urine ("uretic"). |
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Which of the following adrenal gland homeostatic imbalances is characterized by persistent elevated blood glucose levels, dramatic losses in muscle and bone protein, and water and salt retention, leading to hypertension and edema? Cushing’s syndrome |
Cushing’s syndrome |
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The adrenal medulla is stimulated to release catecholamines during sympathetic autonomic nervous responses. |
True |
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Which of the following hormones is stimulated by stress? thyroid-stimulating hormone |
adrenocorticotropic hormone |
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Which of the following pairs correctly matches the adrenal gland zone, or area, with the class of hormones it produces? zona fasciculata: catecholemines |
zona glomerulosa: mineralocorticoids |
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Which hormone is essential to our ability to maintain our fluid levels? cortisol |
aldosterone |
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One can predict that a person suffering from diabetes mellitus would probably have ______. increased secretion of ANP (atrial natiuretic peptide) |
increased secretion of ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) |
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Which of the following brain structures would cause central diabetes insipidus if it were damaged? cerebrum |
hypothalamus |
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Which testicular cell organelle is primarily responsible for producing the sex hormone testosterone? ribosomes |
smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
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Which of the following best describes the hypoglycemic effect of insulin? Insulin allows entry of glucose into most body cells. |
Insulin allows entry of glucose into most body cells. |
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All of the following conditions would stimulate the pancreatic beta cells to release insulin EXCEPT one. Which one? |
sympathetic activation |
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Variance in which of the following hormones is responsible for diabetes mellitus (DM)? glucagon |
insulin |
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Which of the following triggers the release of glucagon?
somatostatin |
a decrease in blood glucose levels |
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Which of the following is NOT believed to be linked to the onset of type 2 diabetes (non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus)? predisposing genetic factors |
regular cardiovascular exercise |
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Which of the following best describes gluconeogenesis? conversion of glucose to fat |
synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources |
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Which of the following exhibits an antagonistic relationship? insulin/glucagon |
insulin/glucagon |
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Which pancreatic hormone functions to raise blood glucose levels? glucagon |
glucagon |
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Adult onset diabetes, diabetes type 2, can best be described using which of the following concepts? Constantly high blood sugar leads to high insulin release. High amounts of insulin lead to down-regulation of insulin receptors. |
Constantly high blood sugar leads to high insulin release. High amounts of insulin lead to down-regulation of insulin receptors. |
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The Role of Insulin Diabetes mellitus is a disease of sugar balance. In type 1 diabetes, the body’s immune system gradually destroys the cells that produce insulin. In type 2 diabetes, the body’s cells become less responsive to the hormone insulin. Insulin plays a vital role in carbohydrate metabolism. What is its role? Choose the answer that best describes the role of insulin. Insulin controls the rate of carbohydrate digestion; without insulin, less sugar enters the blood. |
Insulin is needed for cells to pick up glucose from the blood; without insulin, more glucose will remain in the blood. |
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Where is the thyroid gland located? |
adjacent to the trachea in the neck |
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Krista’s treatment will likely involve destroying or surgically removing her thyroid gland. What effect will this have on her level of TSH? |
TSH will increase. |
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Suppose Krista’s hyperthyroidism was a result of a tumor that causes the anterior pituitary gland to become overactive. Which of the following would Krista’s lab reports likely show? |
high thyroid hormone, high TSH |
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Under normal conditions, increased levels of thyroid hormone in the blood will cause _______. |
a decrease in TSH levels |
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What is the significance of the slight swelling (called a goiter) in Krista’s neck? |
It is a sign that her thyroid gland is overactive. |
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Which of the following is NOT secreted by the thyroid? |
thyroid-stimulating hormone |
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How is the adrenal gland related to glucose levels? |
If the adrenal does not produce cortisol, the child will not be able to increase blood glucose during illness or stress. |
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The doctor also ordered measurement of Wally’s Na+ and K+ levels. How is the adrenal gland related to these? |
If the adrenal does not produce aldosterone, Na+ cannot be reabsorbed from the urine, and K+ cannot be secreted into it. K+ will build up in the blood, and Na+ will be lost in the urine. |
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The adrenal glands produce several hormones. Based on what Wally’s mother has told you, which hormone(s) are not being produced normally in Wally’s case? |
Aldosterone Cortisol |
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As a child grows, his medication doses may need to be increased. The doctor has ordered glucose, sodium, and potassium measurements on Wally’s blood. If Wally’s medications are inadequate, what will happen to his blood glucose, sodium, and potassium levels, and why? Choose all the lab values that would indicate inadequate treatment of Wally’s problem. Elevated K+ |
Elevated K+ Decreased Na+ Decreased glucose |
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You are discussing Wally’s case with the other nurses when one of them says it does not make any sense. "It’s called adrenal hypertrophy," she says. "That means the adrenal is bigger than normal! So why are they giving him cortisol? His adrenal should be making more cortisol if it’s bigger than normal." How is the adrenal cortex controlled? Drag the components of the system controlling the adrenal cortex into position. |
Look at picture |
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One of the other nurses has questioned why Wally’s producing less cortisol than normal although his adrenal cortex is enlarged. Wally’s primary problem is that he cannot synthesize cortisol. Drag the changes this will cause in the system controlling the adrenal cortex into position. You may use the same term in more than one place on the diagram and it might be easier to start at the bottom, with the adrenal cortex and what it cannot do. |
Look at picture |
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When you go back to the office, the doctor is looking Wally’s chart over again. "I’m a little worried about his height. Did you notice anything else out of the ordinary?" What are cortisol’s other functions in the body? Do they suggest anything about Wally that you should bring to the doctor’s attention? Choose the best answer. Cortisol helps control the hypothalamus, so Wally might not be able to maintain homeostasis. |
Cortisol helps adapt the body to stresses like illness, so Wally might not be able to cope with an infection. |
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On the follow-up exam, the doctor checks Wally for axillary hair growth and signs of puberty. How is the adrenal related to male sexual development? Why might a boy who cannot make his own cortisol go into puberty early? Wally cannot synthesize cortisol. Let’s review the changes that will cause in his hypothalamo-pituitary axis again − and this time, let’s add the hormones his adrenal cortex CAN make! |
Look at picture |
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Insulin and glucagon release from the pancreas is a vital part of the negative feedback loop that regulates blood glucose levels. Let’s review how insulin and glucagon release change in response to plasma glucose levels and how that helps keep plasma glucose constant. Drag the labels onto the figure to create a flow chart of how insulin and glucagon release change in different circumstances to keep blood glucose within a normal range. |
Look at picture |
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You are working in the free clinic when Father X comes in. You know him well; he is a type 2 diabetic who keeps his sugar under control with diet and exercise but is often in the clinic with homeless patients from the shelter he runs in the Episcopalian church down the block. Many of Joe’s signs and symptoms can be related to the loss of glucose in his urine. Normally, urine does not contain glucose. When plasma glucose levels are elevated, however, some of the glucose from the plasma passes into the urine. Apply the principle of osmosis to explain why Joe was getting up all night to use the bathroom and why he has low blood pressure and signs of dehydration. Choose the most accurate explanation for Joe’s problem. |
The frequent urination is happening because when glucose moved into his urine, water also followed it. This removed water from his plasma, decreasing his blood volume and dehydrating him. |
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You have explained Joe’s dehydration and low blood pressure. But he had some other unusual signs and symptoms. Let’s look again: Joe appears confused and lethargic. He is breathing heavily and has a strong fruity odor. His respirations are more rapid than normal, 25 breaths/min, and heavy. His blood glucose is elevated at 240 mg/dL. His urine also has a lower pH than normal. Insulin does not explain these problems. They are due to a hormone from the alpha cells of the pancreas − glucagon. This hormone is released in response to many stimuli, including the sympathetic nervous system. Let’s apply the functions of glucagon to explain why Joe has a low urine pH and a fruity odor. Drag the steps of the pathway into the proper positions. |
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One of the more experienced nurses says it is easy to spot a patient with ketoacidosis because of his/her heavy breathing. Why would somebody with ketones and fatty acids in his/her blood breathe heavily? |
Joe’s heavy breathing is a response to the acid in his blood. By exhaling more, he will remove CO2 from his blood and bring the blood’s pH up. |
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The doctor wants to give Joe an insulin injection, but Joe is unwilling to take it. He tells you that his little sister was on insulin and died in the night after taking her shot. |
Giving too much insulin can lower plasma glucose levels until the brain and heart do not get enough glucose to function properly. |
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Joe is becoming more confused and uncoordinated. When he tries to get up to leave the examination room, he stumbles and falls down. He is semiconscious and breathing even more heavily. One of the aides says he needs some orange juice, right away. |
The doctor is right − Joe’s plasma glucose is elevated, so he cannot have hypoglycemia. |
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What do steroids and amino acid-based hormones have in common? |
Steroids and amino acid-based hormones are secreted by endocrine glands. |
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What is the role of the protein kinases in a cell? |
When activated, they phosphorylate other proteins, including other enzymes |
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Which of the following is a characteristic of thyroid hormone? |
Thyroid hormone is lipid soluble. |
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How do steroid hormones and thyroid hormone affect change in their target cells? |
The hormone passes through the cell membrane and activates intracellular receptors that enter the nucleus to activate genes. |
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Which of the following hormones has the greatest effect on the overall metabolic rate? |
TSH |
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If the anterior pituitary failed to produce LH appropriately, what might be the result? lowered levels of testosterone or ovarian hormones |
lowered levels of testosterone or ovarian hormones |
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The anterior pituitary gland does NOT produce __________. |
thyroid hormone |
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Which endocrine gland produces cortisol? parathyroid glands |
adrenal gland |
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