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Based on research by Petitpas and Danish, which of the following is a psychological reaction associated with injury? |
identity loss, lack of confidence, fear and anxiety (all) |
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Which of the following has research shown to be predictive of athletic injury? |
life stress |
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Which of the following is a potential explanation for the relationship between stress and injury? |
stress disrupts athlete’s attention by causing a decline in peripheral vision and stress causes muscle tension, which disrupts coordination |
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Which type of attitude have consultants identified as being related to injury? |
Act tough and always give 110% and if you are injured, you are worthless |
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A study by Gould and colleagues (1997) concluded the greatest sources of stress for individuals rehabilitating from injury were |
psychological and social |
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Which is the first stage of the grief reaction response? |
denial |
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Which of the following factors influences the stress response, which in turn influences the probability of injury? |
coping resources and personality |
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How many children and adults are estimated to be injured in sport, exercise, and recreational settings each year? |
25 million |
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Which of the following is a guideline for providing social support for injury recovery? |
social support that athletes need varies across the rehabilitation phases |
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According to Cupal and Brewer’s (2001) study on recovery from injury, relaxation plus imagery versus a control or placebo control condition produced |
less reinjury anxiety and greater knee strength |
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In interviews with fast-and-slow-healing athletes, levleva and Orlick found that fast healers used more |
goal setting & positive self-talk |
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Which of the following is NOT one of the procedures used in the rehabilitation process? |
being overly optimistic |
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According to Hardy and Crace, social support may take the form of |
emotional support and informational support |
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Building rapport with an injured athlete can be accomplished by |
being there & showing empathy |
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According to a study of injured elite skiers, which of the following was NOT a recommendation to other athletes for coping with season-ending injuries and facilitating rehabilitation? |
focus on quantity training |
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Research by Perna and colleagues has shown that high levels of stress can affect the physiology of injury recovery by |
causing sleep disturbance, interfering with removal of damaged tissue, interfering with body’s healing process (all) |
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Which of the following statements is FALSE? |
Approximately 10 mill. children under the age of 14 experience an injury each season |
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The stress-injury model explains physical injuries but may also be used to explain |
physical illness |
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Imagery has been used in injury rehabilitation in which of the following ways? |
setting of goals, relaxation, and maintaining a positive attitude (all) |
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Which of the following is NOT a social factor related to injury prevalence in sport? |
people who are perfectionists are less likely to play with pain |
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The statement "winners never quit and quitters never win" exemplifies the notion of |
the sport ethic |
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Returning to play after injury includes many psychological challenges except for |
uncertainty of meeting expectations of others |
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Which of the following is a predictor of adherence to sport injury rehabilitation? |
personal attributes and adherence interventions |
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The two most abused substances in the U.S. are |
alcohol and tobacco |
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What percentage of athletes said they would take a performance-enhancing substance, even if it meant they would die from the side effects, if the substance guaranteed winning every competition for the next five years? |
60% |
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Unusual eating patterns are often one of the best indicators of an eating disorder. If a person hides food and disappears after eating, this could be a sign of |
bulimia |
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Which of the following is true? |
Approximately 40-60% of elite athletes report steroid use |
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In general, what percentage of collegiate athletes (football and basketball players) engage in some form of gambling? |
75% |
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Which of the following is a characteristic of compulsive gamblers? |
boastfulness and extreme competitiveness |
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Which of the following is a technique to reduce the probability of becoming negatively addicted to exercise |
setting realistic short and long-term goals |
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If we look at high school and college athletes’ use of steroids, certain gender differences appear. For instance, |
males use steroids 3-5 times as often as females |
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Educating athletes and exercisers about the harmful effects of drug use usually deters what percentage of people from using drugs? |
5% |
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The most common physical reason athletes use drugs is |
for performance enhancement |
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Which of the following is the most common recreational drug? |
alcohol |
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An effect of stimulants on performance is |
reduced fatigue |
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The major categories of drugs in sport and exercise are performance-enhancing drugs and recreational drugs. Performance-enhancing drugs include: |
anabolic steroids and beta-blockers |
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Which of the following is a psychological reason athletes use drugs? |
build confidence and reduce anxiety |
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Which of the following is NOT among the guidelines for preventing eating disorders in athletes and exercisers? |
focus on body weight to prevent overeating |
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According to research, about what percentage of men desire to change their physique? |
50% |
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Which of the following personality traits is related to eating disorders in athletes? |
submissiveness and conformity |
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What percentage of high school girls admit to using steroids at least once? |
5% |
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In a 2003 survey, what percentage of male and female athletes, respectively, bet on sports? |
35 & 10% |
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Which of the following psychiatric disorders has the highest associated mortality rate (5%)? |
anorexia nervosa |
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A study by Kerr and colleagues (2006) found that, when compared to retired gymnasts looking back on their careers, gymnasts still active in their careers |
reported significantly more eating disorders |
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Research by Martens and colleagues (2008) found that athletes in the off-season were at risk for |
heavy drinking |
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Viagra may be on the banned list of substances in the future because it has the potential to |
increase endurance |
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A web-based individualized feedback program (Martens et al., 2006) has shown to |
significantly reduce drinking by athletes at high risk for drinking |
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Which of the following are internal factors to the onset of eating disorders? |
low self-esteem & perfectionism |
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Individuals can become exercise dependent if they use exercise to build |
self-esteem |
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Increased burnout among athletes in recent years is due to which of the following factors? |
year-round training and competition and increased financial rewards for success |
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According to the latest research on overtraining, if the source of the stressor is psychological, then the recovery strategy should focus on |
though management strategies |
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According to Morgan’s research, which of the following is true? |
the heavier the training stimulus, the greater the mood disturbance |
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Which of the following is NOT a symptom of burnout? |
elevated resting heart rate |
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Morgan’s research on athlete’s training stress and mood states has shown that |
positive mental health is associated with high performance levels and mood state disturbance is associated with decreases in performance |
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Which of the following is NOT a component of Smith’s model of burnout? |
cognitive responses |
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A new sport-specific burnout scale developed by Raedeke and Smith has three burnout subscales, including which of the following? |
reduced sense of accomplishment and sport devaluation |
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According to the new model of overtraining developed by Kentta and Hassmen, overtraining can lead to |
improved performance, no change in performance, and impaired performance (all) |
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Invarious research studies investigating staleness in athletes, at least ___ of athletes reported staleness occurring at least one time in their careeres |
30% |
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The difference between overtraining and periodized training depends largely on individual differences and |
capabilities |
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Overtraining refers to a training cycle of approximately |
a few days to a few weeks |
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Which of the following suggestions did youth tennis players suffering burnout give parents to help prevent burnout in the future? |
do not push your child at all & involve your child in decision making |
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Raedeke argues that burnout can be studied within a sport commitment approach. In essence, many athletes feel burned out but nevertheless continue to participate in their sport because of |
social pressure form others, perceived lack of control over the situation, and too much self-identity tied up in their sport (all) |
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Which of the following is a helpful treatment for burnout? |
Take relaxation breaks & keep a positive outlook |
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According to Murphy’s study of training loads and mood states among Olympic judo athletes, |
increased sport-specific training produced increases in negative mood states & increased conditioning training did not result in increases in negative mood state |
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According to the research on burnout among athletic trainers and officials, |
both athletic trainers and officials feel that role conflict is related to burnout |
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The factor that youth tennis players not most often regarding their reasons for burnout is |
psychological |
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In a series of studies involving competitive youth tennis players, Gould and colleagues found that burnout involved |
logistical concerns, social and interpersonal concerns, and physical concerns (all) |
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According to Silva’s model of burnout, the key component to producing burnout is |
the potential negative stress of too much training |
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According to the research on gender and coaches’ burnout. |
no conclusive gender differences have been found |
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According to research by Gould & colleagues, approximately what percentage of Olympians reported that they overtrained for the Olympics? |
50% |
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Research by Gastafsson (2007) indicates that severe burnout occurs in what percentage of elite adolescent athletes |
1-2% |
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Which of the following is related to overtraining? |
volume of physical training, intensity of physical training, and psychological and social stress (all) |
|
Graduate assistant student athletic trainers are prone to burnout because |
time needed to fulfill academic and clinical duties |
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