Sociology Chapter 7

The term deviance can be defined as:
Select one:
a. The act of notifying authorities when criminal acts are occurring.
b. A violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms, whether folkways, mores, or codified law.
c. Social reward for the violation of norms.
d. The regulation and enforcement of norms.

A violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms, whether folkways, mores, or codified law.

Sociologist Edwin Sutherland is best known for Strain theory.
Select one:
True
False

False

Which of the following is an example of a negative informal sanction?
Select one:
a. Mario being sent to jail after robbing a CVS.
b. Beatrix being booed off stage after telling an offensive joke during her comedy routine.
c. Eleanor being given a "Teacher of the Year" award for her work as a high school English teacher.
d. Meredith receiving compliments on her hair after visiting the salon.

Beatrix being booed off stage after telling an offensive joke during her comedy routine.

Which theorist studied the power elite, and the influence they had over society?
Select one:
a. Karl Marx
b. Carl Sagan
c. Émile Durkheim
d. C. Wright Mills

C. Wright Mills

The term secondary deviance can be defined as:
Select one:
a. When positive formal sanctions cause an individual to deviate from society’s expectations.
b. When a violation of norms does not result in any long-term effects on the individual’s self-image or interactions with others.
c. When negative informal sanctions encourage an individual to seek more positive behavioral choices.
d. When a person’s self-concept and behavior begin to change after his or her actions are labeled as deviant by members of society.

When a person’s self-concept and behavior begin to change after his or her actions are labeled as deviant by members of society.

The term crime can be defined as:
Select one:
a. A behavior that violates official law and is punishable through formal sanctions.
b. A harmful action directed at the authorities.
c. A sequence of events leading to incarceration.
d. An unintended consequence of necessary action.

A behavior that violates official law and is punishable through formal sanctions.

What is the difference between a violent crime and a hate crime?
Select one:
a. A violent crime is based on a person’s race, religion, or other characteristics.
b. A violent crime is punishable in a court of law; a hate crime is not.
c. A hate crime is punishable in a court of law; a violent crime is not.
d. A hate crime is based on a person’s race, religion, or other characteristics.

A hate crime is based on a person’s race, religion, or other characteristics.

Sociologist Travis Hirschi is best known for Control theory.
Select one:
True
False

True

In first grade, Scott is unfairly singled out by his teacher for bad behavior, partly because his older brothers had behavioral problems themselves. Throughout grade school, Scott gains a reputation as a "problem" child. Scott eventually drops out of school, thinking he was born to fail anyway. Which school of thought best fits Scott’s experience?
Select one:
a. Strain theory
b. Control theory
c. Differential association
d. Labeling theory

Labeling theory

Bernie Madoff, recently sentenced to 150 years in prison for creating a Ponzi scheme which caused clients to lose millions of dollars, engaged in which form of crime?
Select one:
a. Street crime
b. Corporate crime
c. Violent crime
d. Institutional crime

Corporate crime

Sociologists Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay are best known for Cultural deviance theory.
Select one:
True
False

True

An average of _____ people in the United States fall victim to hate crimes each year?
Select one:
a. 100,000
b. 150,000
c. 195,000
d. 200,000

195,000

Ally’s father was sent to prison when she was 12 for the trafficking of narcotics; her brother was arrested when she was 13 for possession of methamphetamines. By the age of 18, Ally has been arrested three times for possession of marijuana. Which theory best describes Ally’s experience?
Select one:
a. Differential association theory
b. Strain theory
c. Labeling theory
d. Opaque theory

Differential association theory

Strain theory:
Select one:
a. Argues that morality is based on wealth.
b. Asserts that motivation and personal responsibility are the key factors in living a healthy lifestyle.
c. Addresses the relationship between having socially acceptable goals and having socially acceptable means to reach those goals.
d. States individuals learn deviant behavior from those close to them who provide models of and opportunities for deviance.

Addresses the relationship between having socially acceptable goals and having socially acceptable means to reach those goals.

Deviance is always considered a crime.
Select one:
True
False

False

Social control is a system that has the authority to make decisions based on law.
Select one:
True
False

False

Sociologist Robert Merton is best known for Differential association theory.
Select one:
True
False

False

Jake receives a promotion at his law firm after winning an important case. This is an example of a positive formal sanction.
Select one:
True
False

True

Which of the following is not a branch of the U.S. Criminal Justice System?
Select one:
a. The police
b. The jury
c. The courts
d. The corrections system

The jury

Functionalist Émile Durkheim believed some deviance within society was dangerous; it encouraged disruptive behavior.
Select one:
True
False

False