Social Psychology Chapter 11

Which of the following statements is true?

Physical attractiveness is more important to men than it is to women when seeking an opposite-sex dating partner.

When looking for dating partners, we generally choose people who are

About as attractive as we are.

John Gottman (1994,1998) noted that healthy marriages were NOT marked by

A lack of conflict.

When unacquainted male-female pairs gazed intently for two minutes into each other’s eyes for a research project, what was the result?

They felt attraction and affection.

According to Elliot Aronson, "as a relationship ripens toward greater intimacy, what becomes increasingly important is ___________."

Authenticity

Hatfield defines _______ as a state of intense longing for union with another.

Passionate love

In Rubin’s research, "strong-love" couples differed from "weak-love" couples in that they

Gazed more into each other’s eyes.

A motivation to bond with others in relationships that provide ongoing, positive interactions is the definition of

The need to belong.

Hatfield and her colleagues (1966) matched University of Minnesota freshmen for a Welcome Week dance. When the students were asked to evaluate their dates, what determined whether they liked each other?

Physical attractiveness

Research suggests that randomly assigned college roommates

Will most likely become friends.

Baumeister and others (2001) sum up research by noting in everyday life, _____ events have stronger and more lasting consequences than _____ events

Bad; good

_______ includes strategies, such as flattery, by which people seek to gain another’s favor.

Ingratiation

Which statement is NOT true?

Humans in only some cultures use ostracism to regulate behavior

Which item is NOT one of the aspects of love in Sternberg’s theory of love?

Attachment

According to Schachter and Singer’s (1962) two-factor theory of emotion, where should you take a person you really like on a first date?

On a roller coaster

Even when people have no strong feelings about a product or a candidate, _______ can increase sales or votes.

Repetition

April’s father reads her stories where the heroine is beautiful and the villain is hideous. April’s father may unwittingly helping April develop the

Physical-attractiveness stereotype.

According to research on the contrast effect, who is most likely to feel less attractive after viewing a dominant and successful person of the same sex?

Men

Which theory suggests that love is a function of physiological arousal along with the label that we give to our arousal?

Two-factor theory

Research on proximity and social attraction generally supports the view that

Proximity leads to liking.

Which is NOT one of the three ways people cope with a failing relationship, according to Rusbult and her colleagues?

Denial, denying the problem exists

In comparison to women, men fall in love more _______ and out of love more _______.

Readily; slowly

A stranger rides the same bus you do to school every day. According to the mere exposure effect, as the days pass you will come to view the stranger

More favorably.

Functional distance refers to

How often people’s paths cross.

Which of your friends is most likely to report a preference for a mate who is homely and warm over one who is attractive and cold?

Your best friend Carol

Studies on computer composites of faces show that

Perfectly average is quite attractive.

In terms of adult attachment styles, _______ individuals seem to be possessive and jealous, while _______ individuals are less invested in relationships and more likely to leave them.

Insecure; avoidant

Darley and Berscheid (1967) gave university women ambiguous information about two other women. Asked how much they liked these people, the participants reported feeling more attracted to the person whom they

Expected they would eventually meet.

Bill and Susie’s relationship becomes progressively more intimate as each engages in self-revelation in response to the other’s self-disclosure. Their relationship is marked by the _______ effect.

Disclosure reciprocity

The tendency for novel stimuli to be liked more after repeated exposure to them is referred to as

The mere exposure effect.

The advice to continue having romantic dinners, trips to the theatre, and vacations once married would most probably be offered by the

Reward theory of attraction.

If you are new in the office and want to make new friends, your best bet is to get a desk

Near where people hang out.

In many cases when persons are ostracized (rejected or excluded by others) these individuals

Try to restore the relationship, experience depressed mood or anxiety, and engage in self-defeating behavior (All of these are true)

The fact that people prefer letters appearing in their own name illustrates the

Mere exposure effect.

What you find is attractive depends on

What you are comparing it to.

Research on physical attractiveness has demonstrated all of the following except

People perceive physically attractive people to be more honest than less-attractive people.

Ruth is quite attractive (a 4 on a 5-point scale), but Naomi is strikingly attractive (a 5 on a 5-point scale). Research suggests that if Ruth makes $35,000 a year on her job, Naomi will probably make _______ doing the same job.

More money

Kenrick and his colleagues (1989) found that to men who have recently been viewing a television show featuring three beautiful women, average women seem _______ attractive, confirming the _______.

Less; contrast effect

Wendy just got a new job. Although she has not met the man she will report to, she expects that relationship to be pleasant and their personalities to be compatible. This is an example of

Anticipatory liking.

Amber just moved to a new town and is eager to make friends. When given the choice, she should select an apartment

Near the mailboxes.

Rosalinda, who is attractive, very intelligent, and high in social status, marries Jorge, who is also attractive, very intelligent, and high in social status. Their relationship is best understood as an example of

The matching phenomenon.

Which of these is NOT one of Rusbult and colleagues’ (1986, 1987, 1998) three ways of coping with a failing relationship?

Pragma

Kalick (1977) had Harvard students indicate their impressions of eight women, judging from photos taken before or after cosmetic surgery, and found that

Post-surgery women were judged to be kinder and more likable.

When asked to judge, based on looks alone, the winners of U.S. Senate and House of Representatives elections. More often than note, participants correctly guessed the winners. Participants believed that voters preferred _____ candidates.

Competent-looking

Research by Aronson and Linder (1965) suggested that more often than not, we like people more if they

Reverse an earlier criticism and come to evaluate us positively.

The tendency for one person’s intimacy of self-disclosure to match that of a conversational partner is referred to as

Disclosure reciprocity.

The relationship between mimicry and rapport is

Positive

Physically attractive people tend to be all of the following EXCEPT

More humorous.

Mita et al. (1977) asked women to select which of a series of pictures taken of them they preferred. Which photographs were women most likely to select?

Pictures of their mirror image

Psychologist Robert Sternberg views love as a triangle whose three sides include all BUT which of the following?

Attachment

When volunteers in a research experiment spent time with strangers in self-disclosing conversations, they felt

Remarkably close to their partners.

According to the text, which characteristic is NOT true of people who usually stay married?

They cohabited or became pregnant before marriage.

All things being equal, when compared to others, people typically assume beautiful people are

Kinder.

Which of the following proverbs is clearly NOT supported by the research findings?

"Opposites attract."

Which adult attachment style is marked by individuals being less invested in relationships and more likely to engage in one-night stands?

Avoidant

When unacquainted male-female pairs gazed intently for two minutes into each other’s eyes for a research project, what was the result?

They felt attraction and affection.

Schafer and Keith (1980) conducted surveys of several hundred married couples and found that spouses who perceived inequity in their marriage felt more

Distressed and depressed.

At a party, Ellie meets Rob and Blake. The three get involved in a philosophical discussion that lasts through the evening. By the end of the evening, Ellie has discovered that she and Blake see things eye-to-eye, whereas she and Rob see things differently. All else being equal, Ellie will probably like

Blake better.

Individualistic cultures have _______ divorce rates than communal cultures

Higher

Which theory provides the best explanation for the effects of proximity, similarity, and attractiveness on liking?

Reward theory

Roszell and her colleagues (1990) found that in a national sample of Canadians, those that others rated as more attractive earned, on average

Around $2,000 more annually.

You feel obligated to vote in the next election, especially because you are usually the first one to complain about the incumbent president. However, you have not had the time to research the positions taken by the candidates. Social psychologists would confidently predict that you are likely to choose the candidate

Whose name you have heard most often.

You are a regular contributor to an Internet chat room. One day the other participants seem to ignore every comment you make. Research suggests you will likely

Experience stress and a depressed mood.

When benefits are proportional to contributions in a relationship,

Equity exists.

Those involved in relationships marked by long-term equity

Are unconcerned with short-term equity.

Research on the two-factor theory of love supports which of the following conclusions?

"Adrenaline makes the heart grow fonder."

Who is likely to receive the most responses to his personal ad?

Bill, who emphasizes his income

The affection we feel for those with whom our lives are deeply intertwined is called

Companionate love.

Studies of the relationship between exposure and attraction indicate that

Familiarity breeds content.

Jen is more in love with Stan today than the day she married him. According to research on the relationship between love and perceived attractiveness,

Jen probably finds Stan to be more attractive today than the day she married him.

Generally speaking, to be really attractive is to be

Perfectly average.

According to the text, the relationship between the extent to which we are in love with someone and how physically attractive we find that person to be is

Positive.

In studies at the University of Maryland, Clark and Mills found that tit-for-tat exchanges _______ people’s liking for each other when _______.

Diminished; they sought true friendship

Research on physical attractiveness has demonstrated all of the following except

People perceive physically attractive people to be more honest than less-attractive people.

Spouses are more likely than random paired people to share common attitudes, beliefs, and values. The _____ the similarity the _____ they are.

Greater; happier

Hatfield gave university women evaluations, affirming the self-esteem of some and wounding others with negative evaluations. Each participant was then asked to evaluate a man who had earlier asked her for a date. Women whose evaluations had been _______ expressed _______ the man.

Negative; more liking of

Research by Aronson and Linder (1965) suggested that more often than not, we like people more if they

Reverse an earlier criticism and come to evaluate us positively.

In an experiment by Zajonc and his colleagues, participants were exposed to brief novel passages of music while they focused their attention on other tasks. Results indicated that mere exposure led to liking

even when people were unaware of what they had been exposed to.

In a study of whether or not mimicry increases rapport, van Baaren and his colleagues (2003) found that restaurant servers earned higher tips if they

repeated the order back to the customer.

The tendency for opposites to mate or marry

has never been reliably demonstrated.

Mary, a talkative, extraverted young woman, is strongly attracted to Shane, a quiet, introverted, middle-aged man. Mary’s attraction to Shane would be predicted by the

complementarity hypothesis.

"Negative information carries more weight because being less usual, it grabs more attention." This statement is an example of the

bad is stronger than good principle.

In research conducted at the University of Warsaw, Lewicki (1985) asked students to choose which person in two photographs looked friendlier. Lewicki found that their choices were almost always influenced by whether or not the photographs

reminded them of friendly or unfriendly experimenters.